...UNRISD U NITED N ATIONS R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE FOR S OCIAL D EVELOPMENT Religion, Fundamentalism and Ethnicity A Global Perspective Jeff Haynes UNRISD Discussion Paper 65 May 1995 UNRISD Discussion Papers are preliminary documents circulated in a limited number of copies to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. Current research themes include: Crisis, Adjustment and Social Change; Socio-Economic and Political Consequences of the International Trade in Illicit Drugs; Environment, Sustainable Development and Social Change; Integrating Gender into Development Policy; Participation and Changes in Property Relations in Communist and Post-Communist Societies; and Political Violence and Social...
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...April Calderon Professor Julie Moore-Felux ENGL 1302 15 August 2013 Final Exam: Question No.: 1 & 3 Question #1: “With friends like these ...” Tom Hodgkinson article question(s): In the article written by Tom Hodgkinson, his clear intention was to convince the viewer/reader to deny, reject, negate social media specifically, Facebook. The writer focuses on the aspect that social media, specifically, Facebook, destroys people’s ability to connect with one another. He further states that the essence of social media is controlled by a select few whose sole motive is control and profit and their own agendas. (Hodgkinson 327, 328) It is obvious from the beginning of the article Hodgkinson, is opposed to social media. The writer attempts to narrow his thesis into specific principles or burdens, which is difficult. He supports his thesis and supporting arguments with the criterion or value premise of a moralistic or ethical intent of social media. The writer attempts to prove this in three ways. One, he demoralizes social media by stating it erodes the interaction of intrapersonal skills. Meaning social media takes away the person to person interaction. This results in antisocial behavior and desolation of verbal speech. He then moves on to disclose the unique background of the primary investors in the largest social media corporation, Facebook. The representation of the primary investors is very disturbing. He presents data that is very disturbing about the three...
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...Hypothesis: Communalization of Education is leading to increasing tension/alienation amongst religious communities and is being utilized as a tool for vote bank politics by politicians. Case Study 1: The Saffronization of Educational Institutions One of the first moves taken by Murli Manohar Joshi, HRD minister in 2000 was to appoint Mr. BR Grover as Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research. It was a widely held view that Mr. Grover was a historian of mediocre status and a RSS sympathizer of high standing. This decision elicited much indignation, however knowing the BJP’s policy of ‘pro-Hindutva,’ one could hardly have been much surprised. Mr. Grover, did everything in his power to promote RSS ideology and even managed ‘evidence’, as the VHP representative on a Govt. panel on the Babri Masjid dispute, to argue that a Ram temple indeed existed on the Babri Masjid site and that it was destroyed during Babar’s regime to build the mosque. The weight of historical scholarship and archaeological evidence which suggests the contrary was totally discounted. A few months prior to this the Council of ICHR was reconstituted to achieve a near monopoly for the RSS in this important institution. The Indian Council of Social Science Research has been given an even more ‘august’ scholar as Director. Mr. ML Sondhi is a person of long standing service to the RSS and has been a Jan Sangh MP in 1967. Earlier, the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (Simla), the Indian Institute...
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...SECURITY RESEARCH PAPER A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM Piers Hutt piershutt@hotmail.com 1 March 2015 A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM ABSTRACT Purpose: To critically examine the threat of modern terrorism to Western society. Design/methodology: An assessment was made of publically available documentation. The paper is then divided into a number of sections. It initially deals with the difficulties of defining terrorism, followed by its symbiotic relationship with the media. The next section looks at the modern Islamic Fundamentalist threat and the primarily neocon response since 9/11. Whilst the US has withdrawn combat forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, a bipartisan approach has been maintained to counterterrorism. The dangers of such an approach are examined along with emerging threats. Table of Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Define * Role of the Media * Psychology * Modern Terrorism * The Response * Counterview – The Dangers * Looking Ahead – The Next Potential Threats * Another Approach * Conclusion INTRODUCTION “Terrorism has become part of our daily news diet. Hardly a day goes by without news of an assassination, political kidnapping, hijacking or bombing somewhere in the world. As such, incidents of terrorism have increased in the past decade, the phenomenon of terrorism has become one of increasing concern to governments....” Introduction. With the recent high profile terrorist attacks in Sydney...
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...character of the protagonist a glocal one, (A mixture of global and local), a term newly coined by Postcolonial scholars to show the ever clashing mixture of global and local dualities in immigrants’ personalities. The basis for this research paper is the postcolonial theories of Edward Said, Fanon and Homi K. Bhabha. The aim is to question simply and sardonically the human cost of empire building, moreover it is discussed how the people in a totally alien culture are faced with different cultural predicaments, dilemmas as well as contradictions threatening their identity. Identity is supposed to be stable, while as this novel indicates, it is more of glocal identity which is at risk due to the cultural conflicts, as a result of which identity and ethnicity are subjected to change for the benefit of the hegemony. In line with Edward Said’s: “the East writes back” it is shown how this novel is a reaction to the discourse of colonization from the Pakistani side (which stands for the East) and welcomes de-colonization. Moreover it reflects the laments of the author for the terrorist label ascribed to Muslims, in terms of globalization, supported by the hegemony, being interpreted as * Email: dhayati@iaulamerd.ac.ir receipt: 14-8-2010 Acceptance:21-2-2011 East meets West: a Study of Dual Identity in Mohsin Hamid’s … 32 essentialism. Key words: globalization,...
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...Dated: Friday, December 3rd 2004 Table of Contents Topic Pg. no. An introduction to Kashmir and a history of the region…………….1 Why is Kashmir so important? …………………………………………3 Analysis of terrorism in Kashmir and the India-Pakistan dispute…7 Other factors supporting the rise of terrorism in Kashmir……….10 Impact of terrorism and the proxy war……………………………..12 Potential steps towards a peaceful solution………………………..15 Latest developments………………………………………………….18 Appendix I: List of Works Cited/Bibliography……………….......20 Appendix II: Map of the region.……………………………………21 Appendix III: Copy of instrument of Accession of Kashmir to India…22 War and Peace: An Analysis Of The Kashmir Issue And A Possible Path To Peace Today, the word Kashmir has become synonymous with death, destruction and religious genocide in South Asia. Although the roots of the Kashmir issue lie in a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, it has evolved into a multi-faceted issue over the years. This paper discusses this dispute, its history, its effects and potential steps towards a peaceful resolution. An introduction to Kashmir and a history of the region Kashmir is a landlocked region in South Asia, sandwiched between India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and China. It is spread across an area of 86,000 square miles, an area bigger than 87 sovereign...
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...Abstract This paper aims to investigate the state female entrepreneurs with an emphasis on female entrepreneurs from Saudi Arabia. The paper will employ a qualitative approach to try and understand how female entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia have managed to start and manage their enterprises. The reasons that motivated women to take this approach in the business world will be interrogated, the challenges that face them and the means used to mitigate those problems will also be investigated. This thesis will look at the internal and external barriers that are faced by female entrepreneurs. The factors that form the conventional support network for women in business around the globe will be analyzed in a bid to show the to which they have been applied in Saudi Arabia. Using established research literature, the common problems faced by female entrepreneurs are well stated, this paper will go further to show how progress has been achieved and the factors that have facilitated a resurgence of entrepreneurship in this Middle Eastern country. Female Entrepreneurship In Saudi Arabia Female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia could the next frontier for the improvement of the Middle Eastern economy. A sector long overlooked due to the conservative nature of the Islamic society (Elamin & Omair, 2010), men have traditionally been looked upon to lead the way in business. However, recent development point to a paradigm shift as more Saudi women are making their mark in the business world. The...
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...institutions and the U.S. Treasury recommended, especially during the period of the eighties and early nineties, before they became such a subject of vilification in both the North and the South, not the more subtle work of John Williamson, who actually coined the term.2 Whatever, its original content and intent, the term “Washington Consensus”, in the minds of most people around the world, has come to refer to development strategies focusing around privatization, liberalization, and macro-stability (meaning mostly price stability); a set of policies predicated upon a strong faith – stronger than warranted --in unfettered markets and aimed at reducing, or even minimizing, the role of government.3 That development strategy stands in 1 Initiative for Policy Dialogue and university professor, Columbia University. The author would like to thank the Ford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, and the Mott Foundation for financial support. Research assistance from Megan Torau is also gratefully acknowledged. This is a slight revision of a paper presented at a conference sponsored by Foundation CIDOB and the Initiative for Policy Dialogue held in Barcelona in September 2004, “From the Washington Consensus towards a new Global Governance”. 2 Williamson, J. [1990] “What...
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...varieties of terrorist activity. The convergence of limited institutional capacities in governments and law-enforcement agencies with grievances about widespread corruption, underdevelopment, socioeconomic marginalization, and the sometimes problematic role of the state, make South Asia an attractive operating base for terrorist groups. The recent horrific acts of terrorism, such as the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai, underscore the regional nature of the terrorist threat in South Asia, and they highlight the need for greater cooperation within the region to address it. There are no quick-fix solutions when it comes to combating terrorism. The aim of the paper to place the nature of terrorism in South Asia from Bangladesh perspective by analyzing the ways to counter terrorism and how can the threat of the phenomenon be reduced. 2. Terrorism in South Asia Every nation in South Asia is currently a victim of the debilitating brutality of terrorism. In South Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and the Maldives, are presently affected by terrorism and extremist violence on their soil. In this region, terrorism has long been a factor influencing interstate relations. With the proximity of states this, terrorism quickly becomes transnational and...
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...Discrimination against Women Abstract This paper looks into the various forms of discrimination against women, which prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. Women are faced with discriminatory behavior in all stages of their adult life. Throughout history, women normally have had less career opportunities and legal rights and than men. In this paper, we look at how women are discriminated against based on their gender in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Introduction Research data have revealed that discriminatory practices against women prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Discrimination against women based on their gender occurs in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Women make up half of the population of the world and carry out two-thirds of the globe’s labor hours. Women obtain a tenth of the income of the world and possess less than a hundredth of the world’s property. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. For example, women perform 50 to 70% of all agricultural...
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...Uniform Civil Code for India: Prospects and Constraint The need for a Uniform Civil code in India has been discussed and argued several times and it still remains one of the most controversial issues remarked in our Constitution. The uniform civil code would mean the codification of laws pertaining to all citizens, be they Hindus, Muslims or Christians. But now in India personal laws are the main cause of communal conflict among people. It is also intimately connected to the issue of gender justice. The present paper describes personal laws in India, the issues of uniform civil code and gender justice from a human rights point of view. KEYWORDS: India, Personal Laws, Uniform Civil Code, Gender Justice Introduction India is a secular state, world’s largest democracy and second most populous country (1,205,073,612 in 2012) emerged as a major power in the 1990s'. It is militarily strong, has major cultural influence and a fast-growing and powerful economy. With its many languages, cultures and religions, India is highly diverse. This is also reflected in its federal political system, whereby power is shared between the central government and 28 states. Religions not only have been serving as the foundation of the culture of India, but have had enormous effect on Indian politics and society. In India, religion is a way of life. It is an integral part of the entire Indian tradition. A vast majority of Indians, (over 93%) associate themselves with a religion. According to the...
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...Exporting lamb to the Saudi Arabian Market Introduction Samex Australian Meat Company is a long established Meat Trading Company based in Australia & it has been supplying the finest quality Beef / Lamb / Mutton & Goat to a wide variety of markets around the world.Samex was established in 1978 in Australia and quickly become one of the country’s principal meat trading companies. An extensive supply network means Samex can source everything from high-value chilled lamb and beef via airfreight to bulk mutton & goat shipments all Halal Certified products for Middle East markets. Samex had developed live sheep export trade over the years, but it had been under struggle for many years because of ethical issues related to the trade. Some important customers were found live sheep in the Middle East who preferred to process the meat themselves. When pressure groups attacked the trade as unethical Problems arose. It made worse when the Egyptian government did not accept a shipment of live sheep because it claimed the sheep were in poor condition. Among the customers Governments in the Middle East that require highly efficient, time critical deliveries for their armed forces. Another important point of difference at Samex, it is well-known global retail sector. Company’s founders were master butchers and have invested extensive market research in producing meat products valued by the consumer. It also provides in-house shipping and export documentation department’s who...
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...Islamic minority to carry out jihad against Western infidels. Al Qaeda, while claiming to represent the entire Muslim world, has never had a real home or a consistent base to draw upon; inversely, a large proportion of the Irish people are steadfast in their support for the cause. Al Qaeda’s indiscriminate killing of innocent civilians has resulted in a falling out with a large percentage of its former supporters. Finally, the IRA had a distinct, tangible, and realistic goal of expelling the British from Ireland, while Al Qaeda seeks to establish a new caliphate based on Islamic fundamentalist rule, something that very few people believe can really happen. As a result, its ranks are disillusioned by this relative lack of achievement. This paper will show how the comparison of Al Qaeda and the IRA serves as an excellent case study in attempting to see why the latter has become a stalwart in the history of terrorism, and why the former is ultimately destined to...
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...“The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works, whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.” – Barack Obama The world is in economic crisis bringing upheaval throughout the planet. Experts disagree about the best ways to manage paths to stability and prosperity for global societies. The severity of the crisis pressures policy makers toward pragmatism, whatever their ideologies. The big question for every leader involves the effectiveness of their intended actions. Will those actions work? The issues before world leaders range from short-term economic recovery necessitated by the failure of capital markets, to long term survival of humans on the planet earth challenged by climate change and ecological systems, natural resources, and population growth. Potential consequences for world societies and civilizations are enormous. World leaders need confidence that they can predict outcomes when they implement their plans. They cannot manage their policies without prediction. W. Edwards Deming tells us that management is prediction (Rienzo, 1993). How does the human mind find confidence in predictions? From where does confidence come? Confidence comes from knowing the systems we are attempting to manage. The purest expressions of knowledge that we have as human beings are scientific laws. Scientific laws allow scientists to predict outcomes with certainty...
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...International Journal of Social Science Studies Vol. 2, No. 2; April 2014 ISSN 2324-8033 E-ISSN 2324-8041 Published by Redfame Publishing URL: http://ijsss.redfame.com Social Norms and Impediments of Women Development in Bangladesh Abul Kalam Lecturer in Sociology, Department of Economics, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)Mirpur-2, Dhaka, Bangladesh Correspondence: Md. KALAM, 32-44 Steinway Astoria, NY11103, United States. Received: January 11, 2014 doi:10.11114/ijsss.v2i2.365 Accepted: February 17, 2014 Available online: March 3, 2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v2i2.365 Abstract This study focuses upon the contemporary process of Social Norms and Impediments of Women Development in Bangladesh. The development of women in organizations, Decision making, Political participation and gender mainstreaming is currently seen as the dominant conceptual model for promoting social justice and women equality. This study intends to see the position of women, discourses and various political, economic and social factors that surrounded these events. The impediments of women in Bangladesh were being pulled in different directions as a result, the context of social norms and gender inequality that existed at global, national, community and domestic levels. Child marriage is one of the main impediments of women empowerment and implementation of the government‟s vision-2021. In Bangladesh, the patriarchal capitalism puts women...
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