...The Pantheon vs. The Parthenon The Pantheon and the Parthenon are both ancient temples. While the Pantheon was built in Rome to celebrate all the Roman gods, the Parthenon was built in Ancient Greece for the goddess Athena. The Parthenon pre-dates the Pantheon by about six centuries; it was built around 447-438 BCE, while the Pantheon was built in 126 CE. The Pantheon was originally built by Marcus Agrippa in 27 BC, during this time he was part of the senate for the third time. The entire Pantheon was destroyed except for the facade, then Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it on the same site in 126 AD. The Parthenon was built during the Classical period between 447 and 438 BC by Iktinos and Kallikrates as a temple to Athens to honor the patron goddess, Athena. Romans were particularly skilled at concrete construction, and the Pantheon is the first temple to combine this technique with Greek classical orders. The 142-foot-diameter rotunda is the focal point of the building and reigned for nearly 2 millennia (until 1960) as the largest dome ever built. Today's Pantheon ("Temple of All the Gods") is not the original. Marcus Agrippa's Pantheon burned down in 80 AD, was rebuilt by Domitian, and again burned down in 110 AD. Emperor Hadrian completely restored the building in 126 AD. The Pantheon is the first temple to combine concrete construction, a technique in which the Romans were especially innovative with the more conservative, if not decorative use of Greek...
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...Parthenon in Athens VS Pantheon in Rome The Parthenon and Pantheon are ancient temples found in Athenian Acropolis, Greece and Rome, Italy. While the Parthenon was built between 447-438 BC for the goddess Athena, Pantheon was built in 126 AD to celebrate Roman gods. The Parthenon was built by Iktinos and Kalikrates while Pantheon was built by Publius Aelius Hadrianus. Today, the Pantheon serves as a Roman catholic church while the Parthenon serves as a museum (Langmead, and Christine, 240). This paper identifies similarities and differences between the two structures in terms of design, style, history, and usage. Perhaps, one of the most remarkable and prominent works of architecture; the Parthenon was built under the rule of Pericles as a temple for the goddess Athena of the city of Athens. Today, the temple, which serves as a temple, stands astoundingly intact. This emanates from the fact that its Doric columns that were built in Greek style were formidable. Conversely, the construction of the Pantheon happened much later after the Parthenon for the Roman gods (MacDonald and Lloyd, 158). It contained several architectural designs of the Pantheon. The most conspicuous difference between the two structures lies in their architectural designs. The Pantheon has an immense 4,535 metric tons of concrete rotunda designed in a circular model with a porch held brickwork Corinthian columns. The structure is made from several materials that include concrete, brick, marble, and granite...
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...GREEK AND ROMAN ART Various Authors Edited By: R. A. Guisepi The art of the ancient Greeks and Romans is called classical art. This name is used also to describe later periods in which artists looked for their inspiration to this ancient style. The Romans learned sculpture and painting largely from the Greeks and helped to transmit Greek art to later ages. Classical art owes its lasting influence to its simplicity and reasonableness, its humanity, and its sheer beauty. The first and greatest period of classical art began in Greece about the middle of the 5th century BC. By that time Greek sculptors had solved many of the problems that faced artists in the early archaic period. They had learned to represent the human form naturally and easily, in action or at rest. They were interested chiefly in portraying gods, however. They thought of their gods as people, but grander and more beautiful than any human being. They tried, therefore, to portray ideal beauty rather than any particular person. Their best sculptures achieved almost godlike perfection in their calm, ordered beauty. The Greeks had plenty of beautiful marble and used it freely for temples as well as for their sculpture (see Marble). They were not satisfied with its cold whiteness, however, and painted both their statues and their buildings. Some statues have been found with their bright colors still preserved, but most of them lost their paint through weathering. The works of the great Greek painters have disappeared...
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...The Parthenon Throughout my career in the United States Navy, I have been fortunate enough to be able to go to the Acropolis and observe the different structures. I was really intrigued with the design and condition of the Parthenon. The Parthenon is one of the largest and most important structure on the Acropolis. It was a temple built between 447 BC and 438 BC, for the virgin goddess, Athena Parthenos. The design illustrates the refinement of ancient Greek architecture, and uses the traditional cella and peristyle plan. During the high classical period, the standard was believed to be excellence. The Parthenon was built to set that standard of excellence. It was built with the finest white marble and was richly decorated inside to include a statue of Athena made of great gold and ivory. The design shows the style of art in classical period, with the Doric building with ionic features mixed in. The Parthenon has 8 columns along the front, and 17 along each side. That made it more than most Doric temples. The decoration of the Parthenon was organized into 3 elements. First was the pediment, then panels called metopes around the outer wall, and then the carved stone frieze that was on the outside of the inner building. Some of the architecture in the Parthenon is similar to that of surrounding buildings. The curvature of the stylobate platform, the plate that the column sits on, is designed the same way. The plate has an upward curvature to assist...
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...of Agamemnon], from the royal tombs at Mycenae, Greece. c.1600-1500 BCE. 6 ARCHAIC PERIOD [c.600-480 BCE] [c. 600-500 BCE] Temple of Hera I and II, Paestum, Italy, c. 550 and 500 BCE Battle between the Gods and the Giants, fragments of the north frieze of the Siphnian Treasury, from the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi. c.530-525 BCE 7 Dying Warrior, from east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, c. 480 BCE. 8 CLASSICAL PERIOD [c. 500-400 BCE] Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs, from west pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Olympia. c.470-456 BCE. Archeological Museum, Olympia. 9 *Acropolis, Athens 10 *Parthenon, 447-438 BCE 11 *East Pediment of the Parthenon, c.438-432 BCE (pediment sculptures now located at the British Museum, London and Acropolis Museum, Athens). *Lapith Fighting a Centaur, metope relief from the Parthenon. c.440 BCE, the British Museum, London. 12 *Horsemen, detail from the Procession from the Parthenon. c.438-432 BCE, the British Museum, London. *Marshals and Young Women, detail from the Procession from the Parthenon. c.438-432 BCE. Musée du Louvre, Paris . 13 Acropolis, Athens (cont.): [c. 500-400 BCE] *Erechtheion, 430-405 BCE *Temple of Athena Nike, 410-407...
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...Temples built in ancient Greece where used for the purpose of holding deity statues dedicated to Greek Gods and Goddess. Temples such as the Parthenon was used for holding Greek treasures. Italian writer and architect Giorgio Vasari use the term Gothic to describe culture that was “rude and barbaric.” Gothic Architecture thrived during the high and late middle ages (medieval period) in 16th century France. This form of architecture would spread throughout northern Europe. Gothic Architecture was common in many of Europe’s important structures, particularly religious churches and cathedrals. Cathedrals such as the Salisbury represented the power of the Catholic Church in Europe during this time period. Both Greek and Gothic architectural styles were often utilized in designing places of worship. Gothic architecture was most commonly found in cathedrals of England and Western Europe, while Greek architecture was common in temple design ("Compare Gothic to Greek Architecture", 2012). This paper will examine the Greek Parthenon Temple and the Gothic Salisbury Cathedral. There were similarities and differences, in design and importance. This examination will compare and contrast the Greek and Gothic architectural styles and give insight on how the different eras influenced their importance. The Parthenon Construction on the Parthenon begun in 447 BC and was finish in 438 BC. The temple was dedicated to Athena the Goddess of war. It replaced the old temple of Athena...
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...Called "The Athens of the South", Nashville boasts many colleges and universities, including Vanderbilt University and Fisk University. Athens, Greece has a Parthenon on the acropolis. The Athens of the South has its Parthenon in Centennial Park, the site of the 1897 Exposition. This Parthenon is an exact replica of the one in Greece. It maintains all of the friezes encircling the building. The architect used drawings from the British Museum to produce the desired effect. The building, built from plaster, was so impressive that the citizens wanted to keep it after the fair closed. Nature had taken its toll on the plaster and a permanent building of concrete was finished in 1931, refurbished, and reopened in 2003. Approaching the Parthenon from the East, the sheer symmetry of the building impresses the visitor; not a single straight line, however, in the entire structure. The pediment above the seventy-one two ton doors depicts the birth of Athena. Over the West doors the pediment depicts the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the control of Attica. Under the eaves around the building, a series of friezes depict the gods and heroes. Inside the naos, the primary chamber, a statue of Pallas Athena, the patroness of Athens, dominates. Rising forty-two feet her gold leafed covered robes radiate her beauty and the wealth of Greece....
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...Romans preserved and imitated the ideals of the Greeks. Thus came the building of two great structures. The Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon. With their similarities and their differences in both designs. Both the Parthenon and Pantheon were originally designed as temples. The Pantheon borrowed much of its exterior from the Greek temples one of them being the Parthenon. Both had eight columns to support the pediment. Both were used as religious worship to their Roman Gods and the Greek Goddess Athena. While both illustrate geometric precision, they are stylistically different. The Parthenon is a Doric style temple made from marble, with a limestone base. Consisting of one rectangular floor and its eight Doric columns in front and back. The Doric wasn’t only a column but a order. The Doric order with a series of triglphs and metopes on the entabutus of the upper levels. While the Pantheon was built using several materials such as marble, granite, concrete, and brick had two circular rooms with a hemispherical dome above, supported by massive granite Corinthian style columns. Thus the two most important great pertinent events during the classical era were the Romans and the Greeks, who were thought of as equals. Greeks represented culture and social status, and Roman citizenship represented political status. With this came the building of the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon. Which today are marvels in themselves....
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...“The Temple of Jonathan” (The Muse’s Hegemon) Jon Peterson 4/17/15 The Temple of Jonathan was erected in Olympia, Greece in the fourth century BCE. It is believed to have been built by the citizens of Olympia during the Late Classical Period which was between 400-323 BCE. Shortly after the Persians Wars had ended, the citizens built the Temple of Zeus which the citizens modeled this temple after. While the Temple of Zeus was built to showcase the power of Zeus, Apollo and Athena, the Temple of Jonathan was built to bring calmness and peace to the city. The temple had been built in a Doric hybrid style and was erected near the Sanctuary of Zeus. The reason the citizens of Olympia decided to erect it near the sanctuary of Zeus is because Jonathan was appointed by Zeus to be the second leader (hegemon) of his nine daughters, The Muses. Although Apollo was the initial appointed leader of the Muses, he was not to be bothered by trivial things. Zeus felt his daughters needed a second male leader over them that could handle the daughters calmly because at times they argued relentlessly over trivial issues. Zeus wanted clam and peace among his daughters that ruled over the arts and sciences. The daughters offered inspiration in the subjects of Arts and Sciences and Zeus thought that these daughters must remain calm in their influence of the people. The temple design not only encompassed the Doric style but also incorporated some of the features of the Ionic and Corinthian orders...
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...which exerted a strong influence on later Hellenistic-Roman art. For example, the figures were created in depth, background landscapes were more detailed and scenic, and architectural elements were used to show indoor activities. Unfortunately, only about 47 panels survived out of the original 74 panels. The Altar of Zeus includes many friezes and other Greek works of art is recognized as having served as models. For example, Apollo with his idealized stance from the east frieze recalls a classical statue called The Belvedere Apollo (Fig.21) by the sculptor Leochares. Also, Zeus and Athena moving in opposite directions from the east frieze (Fig.7) recall the scene showing the struggle between Athena and Poseidon on the western pediment of the Parthenon (Fig.22). Moreover, the frieze on its part influenced later works of classical antiquity. Laocoön, which was created about twenty years after the Pergamon frieze, is the most famous example. The expression of pain of Laocoön and his sons is very similar to the contorted expression of Alkyoneus (Fig.7). Also, sculpted bodies and movement of Lacoon and his sons recall the bodies of goddesses from Pergamon altar. I chose this artwork because Pergamon altar is very different from other...
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... representations of humans very abstract, focus on living rather than dead. ! Archaic Statuary: Life size human sculpture, funerary, influenced by Egyptian technique. Kouros (youth) sculptures were used as grave markers. male body idealized, broad shoulders, narrow waste, and deeply carved joints (athletic ideal). Kore/Korai is the female version of the Kouros. Archaic smile, heavy cloth draped over them=peplos, curling/stylized hair, round face. Painted pure white, marble, symmetrical face, body not symmetrical, “Business in the front, party in the back” ! Architecture: Sculpture and architecture are integrated in the pediments of the first Greek temples Temple of Artemis at Corfu (600 BC): Doric order, limestone, story of Medusa being slayed by Perseus on the pediment of the temple, central figure on pediment= medusa, situated in the traditional Archaic pose: bent leg, bent arm, and pinwheel posture to show running or flying. One of medusas children located on either side of her, Pegasus on the left, Chrysaor on the right (this might be because in the archaic period, one distinguished the central figure of the story by displaying his offspring). Perseus shown looking through his shield at medusa, protectors of the temple, Perseus slays two felines located on...
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...dependable parts whose scopes are based upon mathematical ratios. The basic components of all three orders are the columns. Although most of us do not know this order, they see it every day. The Doric order has shafts that composed of drums seated on top of a sty lobate. The shafts do not have bases in the Doric order like they do in the others. At the top of each column lies an entablature and at the top of each entablature lies a pediment. The Doric order was mainly used in Greek and Rome and was the earliest of the three orders. The Doric order came about in a definite form in 7th century B.C, but it was not widely used until the 19th century during the Greek revival which was an architectural movement that took place between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. There are many buildings that use the Doric order, but the one of most famous example is the Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens. The Doric order in ancient Greece has been used for many centuries now and it has led to the creation of buildings such as the Parthenon. The Ionic order has a shaft that lies on top of a base and unlike the Doric order its shafts are...
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...Part 1 1. Dornic order and Ionic order 2. The metopes, the pedimental sculptures and the frieze 3. Flying buttresses, pointed arch and the ribbed vault. Robert of Luzarches, Thomas de Cormont and Renaud de Cormont. 4. The Cathedral of St. John the Divine`s east end is built in the Romanesque style. The solid granite columns surround the High Altar and ambulatory, the tiled barrel-vault ceilings and the crossing under the dome are Romanesque style. 5. Recurrent cycles with central axis. The God`s golden circle, the Christ`s golden holy circle, the gold circle within a dove in it (the holy spirit), and the monstrance circle. 6. 5 bays 7. Northern Europe. Between 1470-1530 nearly mid-Renaissance. Engraving. Engravers begins to mass-produce devotional art. 8. In Bruegel`s painting, Jesus is barely visible, though he is in the center of the painting. And the virgin Mary is not accompany with Jesus, but sitting near the picture plane. PART II 1. Alberti states that ”the whole of painting” consists of three parts: Circumscription, composition and the reception of light. Raphael conforms circumscription. It`s clear that without any veil or grid, Raphael can`t create such 3-dimensional space on wall. The reception of light and composition are based on a good circumscription. The outline of the picture blends in with the arch. We can`t tell the outlines of most of the figures because they are so subtle. The contours of figures almost formed by shadow...
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...Eiffel Tower * Eiffel Tower is an iron tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. * It was named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. * It has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest structure in Paris. * Submitted as a project in response to the note on the construction of a structure on the Champ de Mars, Gustave Eiffel designed the four legged tower for the bid. * Gustave did this with his assistant engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emily Nauguier and Architect Stephen Sauvetre. Gustave Eiffel Born in Dijon in 1832 * He was an Engineer who graduated from the Ecole central des Arts et manufactures (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in 1855. * He constructed hundreds of Metallic structures around the world. * Eiffel Tower was built for the International Exhibition of Paris of 1889 as an entrance arch commemorating the centenary of the French Revolution. * Originally the structure had been planned for Barcelona in 1888 but the authorities there did not believe it fitted in with the culture and design of the region and refused permission at which point the designer applied to the Paris authorities to have the structure erected in France. * Initially the idea of the Eiffel Tower was met with disdain by many members of the public who, probably influenced by the fact that Barcelona had rejected idea...
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...EG362 April 20 2012 The “Elgin Marbles” Many consider the Pantheon sculptures known as the “Elgin Marbles” to be the greatest pieces of art still in existence. Many people from different countries around the globe understand how valuable they are as pieces of history. Many people from different countries around the globe believe they were stolen. The tail of the “Elgin Marbles” as we know them today begins with Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin who was the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during the early 19th century. From 1801 - 1804, Ambassador Bruce hired men to take down the monuments of the Acropolis and shipped them to London. These monuments included pediment figures, friezes, metopes and parts of columns from the Parthenon. All of the pieces removed total over half of all the surviving sculptures from the Acropolis. After falling on financial difficulties and feeling pressure from art and political societies, Thomas Bruce decided to sell his collection to the British Government. The British Government had been debating the issue for some time due to the questionable methods used in the acquisition of the artifacts. Even with heavy resistance from the public and from the people of Greece, British Parliament decided the collection should be bought at a price of £35,000.00, and that the artifacts be displayed to the public at the British Museum. Benfield Page 2 For over two hundred years Scholars, and art lovers have seriously disputed the claim that...
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