...socio-economic infrastructure, human resources, community services, human rights and the political environment. Phenomenally, development is the end result of the interactions between various physical, technological, economic, social, cultural and political institutional factors (Singh, 1999). The thrust of this paper is however, not on definition of terms but a chronicle of the modernization theory, its basic tenants and its critical appreciation in the development context of the third world countries. In development discourse the modernization movement of the 1950s and 1960s is an economic theory that is rooted in capitalism. The concept of modernization incorporates the full spectrum of the transition and drastic transformation that a traditional society has to undergo in order to become modern (Hussain et al., 1981). Modernization is about Africa following the developmental footsteps of Europe. According to modernity, policies intended to raise the standard of living of the poor often consist of disseminating knowledge and information about more efficient techniques of production. The modernization theory assumes a total change of policies intended to raise the standard of living of the poor often consist of disseminating knowledge and information about more efficient techniques of production. For instance , the agriculture modernization process involves encouraging farmers to try new crops, new production methods and new marketing skills (Ellis and Biggs, 2001). In general, modernization...
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...>>> español INTRODUCTION THEORY OF MODERNIZATION THEORY OF DEPENDENCY THEORY OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY OF GLOBALIZATION A MODO DE COLOFON BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES 1. Introduction The main objective of this document is to synthesize the main aspects of the four major theories of development: modernization, dependency, world-systems and globalization. These are the principal theoretical explanations to interpret development efforts carried out especially in the developing countries. These theoretical perspectives allow us not only to clarify concepts, to set them in economic and social perspectives, but also to identify recommendations in terms of social policies. For the purposes of this paper, the term development is understood as a social condition within a nation, in which the authentic needs of its population are satisfied by the rational and sustainable use of natural resources and systems. This utilization of natural resources is based on a technology, which respects the cultural features of the population of a given country. This general definition of development includes the specification that social groups have access to organizations, basic services such as education, housing, health services, and nutrition, and above all else, that their cultures and traditions are respected within the social framework of a particular country. In economic terms, the aforementioned definition indicates that for the population of a country, there are...
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...significant role, where people move from a traditional way of doing things to a different, more technological development and more rapid changing way of life. Mass media are important in spreading awareness of new possibilities and practices. Research has shown that even thou group of public can obtain information from impersonal sources such as radios and television; this information has little effect on behavioral changes. Self-management is seen as the most developed form of participation. This principle implies the right to participate in the planning and production of media context. In all of these, development played a very important part of the movement for a new world information and communication. Modernization Theory in the 1950s and 1960s and fall of the theory in America and Russia were booming economically and ideologically. This is after Stalin’s Five Year Plan and America recuperating after the Great Depression. It was believed that Third World countries could develop if they adhere to modern values and drop traditional ones. Societies could develop if they were exposed to new ideas and technology. Theorists assumed the following: underdevelopment was a stage towards development; once the process was started it would flow relatively smoothly. The fall...
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...Examine the debates between modernization and dependency theory. Which one is more compelling? This essay will analyze the definitions of modernisation and dependency theory, the similarities and differences between them and it will evaluate which one is more convincing. Modernization is an imposing theory around many different disciplines for the reason that it attempts to explain how society develops and what variables are involved in the development and how society react to these changes looking at internal factors such as social and cultural structures. As Diana Kendall mentions, "Urbanization accompanied modernization and the rapid process of industrialization." (Kendall 2007) Modernization theory has developed in three different parts; the first part appeared in the 1950s and 1960s, when the dominance of materialistic western, individualist culture and individual achievement became the influential and dominant way of life during this period of time. The second part of modernization theory is part of the “idea of progress” that was accepted in the 1980s with the thought of people themselves could develop and transform their society. The last part of modernization theory takes place in the 1990s and it tries a more neutral approach without being in favor or against western modernization. Rather it attempts to expose the disagreements in the modernization process and to explain the consequences of modernity for individuals in contemporary society (Giddens, 1991a, 1991b)...
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...Gender is defined by FAO as ‘the relations between men and women, both perceptual and material. Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution’ (FAO, 1997). Development is a process of structural societal change. Thomas (2000, 2004) refers to this meaning of development as a process of historical change. The essay shall look at Women in Development, Women And Development and Gender And Development and give their contributions to development as well as their strengths and limitations. The term "women in development" came into use in the early 1970s, after the publication of Ester Boserup's Women's Role in Economic Development (1970). Boserup was the first to systematically delineate on a global level the sexual division of labour that existed in agrarian economies. The Women in Development concept is based on a recognition of the importance of the roles and status of women in development process. It is meant to give special attention to the women's role, while extending development assistance. For the effective and efficient implementation of assistance, it is essential to ensure that the women should have the opportunities to participate positively as important players in development process. Such enlargement of opportunities will also pave the way for...
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...shared has been collectively termed as organisation theory (Crowther and Green 2004). Organisation theory is an area of study whereby organisations serve as the phenomenon of interest for theorisation and explanation. In actual fact, it involves many theories that do not always fit together thus multiple perspectives have to be used to analyse the complexities in organisation. The four perspectives are modernism, symbolic-interpretivism, postmodernism and critical theory. Each perspective provides different manner of interpreting the world which results in different knowledge acquired (Hatch & Cunliffe 2006). Globalisation has enable organisations to enter new markets and reduce business cost. These organisations are known as transnationals because their routine activities have crossed borders. They are able to exert control through ownership and/or through operations (eds. Alvesson, Bridgman & Willmott 2009). In this essay, I will be using modernist and critical theory perspective and related theories to analyse how Apple as a capitalist, exercise power and over its organisation network and external environment. The first section of the essay includes the meta-theoretical frame work of the two perspectives. It also includes how the two different perspectives view power in the organisation and the environment. The second section will be my analysis of Apple using control theories and the resource dependency theory to analyse how Apple has the power over Apple’s own...
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...institutional contexts. Corporate governance is constantly changing and evolving and changes are driven by both internal and external environmental dynamics. An effective and good corporate governance cannot be explained by one theory but it is best to combine a variation of theories, addressing not only the social relationships but also emphasize on the rules and legislation and stricter enforcement surrounding good governance practice and going beyond the norms of a mechanical approach towards corporate governance. Corporate governance theories emphasizes on empathy, healthy social relationship, loving care for each other and the avoidance of harm. In an organization, to care for one another is a social concern and not merely a profit centred motive. Ethics has also to be seen in the light of the environment in which it is exercised. This is important as an organization is a network of actions, hence influencing trans communal levels and interactions (Casey, 2006). Resource Dependency Theory is one the corporate governance theories that would be discussed below. Resource Dependency theory was originated in the 1970s with the publication of The External Control of Organisations: A Resource Dependence Perspective by Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik. Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) can be defined as an explanation of how the external resources of an organization affect the behaviour of said organization. RDT argues that in order to survive, an organization must acquire resources (Pfeffer...
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...industrialized society, our world economical growth was fast. Many scholars and researchers have been trying to understand why the developing nations are still under developed. The modernization and Dependency theories will explain some of our world socio-economic differences between the developing and developed countries. This essay discussed about the major differences between Modernization and Dependency theories, and their impact on the developing nations. Modernization Theory A theory designed to explain the process of modernizing societies. The theory considers the internal factors of development of any country, based on the installation, that the "traditional" countries may be involved in the development the same way as are the developed countries. According to Gavrov (2005), modernization theory endeavors to recognize the social variables, which add to social development and expansion of society, and will attempt to elucidate the procedure of social development. At the same time Gavrov (2005) stated that none of the scientists does not deny the process of modernization of society (the transition from traditional to industrial society), the theory itself has undergone considerable criticism from both Marxists and the representatives of free-market ideas, and supporters of the theory depend on the reason that is a simplified representation of the historical process. According to Tipps (2003) the basic structural changes in this phase of modernity clear four elements: a. Differentiation...
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...Answer: Three main theories: Modernization Theory: developed by Rostow and is broken down into different stages of growth. Development in the first and second world is used as models for development progress in the third world and assumes innovation and development are easily transferred from the first and third World. Criticized for ignoring diversity of experience, cultural factors and unequal relationships between nations. 1. Commercial Modernization (1700-1979) Associated with early commercial functions in mercantile era. 2. Industrial Modernization (1850- mid 1900) Involves the metropolitanization of primate cities in the developing world. 3. Technological modernization( mid 1900 –present) Adopts capitalism, export-led development, and is associated with political democracy. Advocating primate cities in the developing world. Dependency Theory:developed by Andre Gunder Frank (1967) Focus on a political and economical perspective in order to explain lack of development. Dependent development in third world cities. It also divides the power distribution into 3 main categories, the core (first World), Periphery (third world) and semi- periphery in both regions. Development in third world develops with the first world. First world under-develops the Third World by exploiting their raw materials, resources and goods. Inorder for the third world to develop they need to break free from first world and its capitalist agenda. World Systems Theory: Immanuel Wallerstein(1970-1980) ...
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...Brazil and Panama Labor Relations Labor relations have been characterized over the years by strong attachment of emergency needs. As in other nations of the world, the labor relations in Brazil and Panama the maintenance of labor relations are mutual interests of the countries. The worker sells his labor power in exchange of a fee. While the employer gains from the profits earned from the labor of his employee. Wages value guarantees the maintenance of labor relations in these countries and the world (Business Dictionary). In Brazil, the economic dependency was already noticeable in the agrarian export period, when the country depended on foreign markets, consumer products and their primary supplier of industrial products. Nowadays, with the globalization process, where the capital have lost their nationality and become volatile as a rain cloud, which at any time can be taken to another place by a strong wind, the economic dependence became a nightmare (Gomez, 2014). The financial system that drives the technological renovation of these two countries industries does not have self-sufficiency. This weakness puts Brazil and Panama industrial development on feet of clay. Secondly, it is worth remembering that these countries remain in some agricultural export sectors. So, still selling their cheap primary products and buying technology and seeking financing, which are the most expensive elements of the market. This analysis allows us to build the argument that places like...
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... The Globalization and Development Reader. Perspectives on Development and Global Change. 2nd Edition Description: This revised and updated second edition of The Globalization and Development Reader builds on the considerable success of a first edition that has been used around the world. It combines selected readings and editorial material to provide a coherent text with global coverage, reflecting new theoretical and empirical developments. It provides original texts, including classics in the field and others at the cutting edge, which have been carefully edited for the non–technical reader, and offers concise definitions of key terms and concepts, requiring no prior knowledge about globalization and development or related theories. The second edition expands the collection of classic texts and, at the same time, provides the most important and readable articles and book selections on recent developments. More than half of the readings are new for the second edition, with a higher degree of editing for a student readership, and with increased coverage of China and India supporting its genuinely global coverage. New pieces help to capture the implications for developing countries of the recent Great Recession of the global North. There is more on global inequality and uneven economic development, as well as on women, international migration, the role of cities, agriculture and the environment, and especially climate change. There is also new material on the...
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...Underdevelopment takes place when resources are not used to fulfil their socioeconomic potential. Underdeveloped nations are characterised by a wide disparity between their rich and poor populations and unhealthy balance of trades. Modernisation theory is a functionalist view thats says of a country to be seen as modern it has to undergo an evolutionary advance in science and technology which in turn would lead to an increased standard of living for all. Parsons, 1979, stresses the need for cultural change in the LEDC’s as he believes that culture acts as a barrier. He saw modernity as being associated with societies that have their base in individuality and achievement as opposed to traditional societies which have their base in ascription. Parsons states that not only does there need to a political change but countries need to change socially and in order to do so cultural change is necessary. Through education a political elite could be created who would lead the country into social change through political policies and thus bring about modernisation. Nevertheless, It implies that traditional values and institutions have little or no value compared with their Western equivalents. However, there is evidence from Japan and the ‘Asian Tigers’ that the traditional (e.g. religion and extended family) can exist successfully alongside the modern. Bill Rostow, a modernisation sociologist suggested that development should be seen as an evolutionary process in which countries progress...
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...size of the company, the number of employees, or the style in which the business is managed. I will focus on a “not so Golden Rule” that I strongly disagree with. Rule 2. Cater to every need – make it easy, not hard, for people to perform. I don’t believe the best results come from catering to every need of an employee if you are a manager/owner. It is a manager’s duty to point their employees in the right direction, but to provide them with everything they need is just not practical, and in some cases, impossible. Also, the more dependent an employee becomes on a manager, the less adequate he will be on his own. It is essential to provide the proper training and possible resources for success, but to cater to someone’s needs builds dependency, and discourages resourcefulness. A manager should reinforce the idea that being able to find answers is just as good as knowing all the answers. If you catch a fish for a man, he can eat for a day. If you teach him how to fish, he can eat for life. Here is a true Golden Rule that should be added to this list: Praise publicly, reprimand privately. When someone does well, let everyone in the company know. This will create a positive image for the employee and boost his morale tremendously. To let someone know that they are appreciated is a tool that is slowly forgotten and left unused. Public praising creates a culture of positivity and motivation. Other employees will strive for the same recognition, which in return, will increase...
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...Dependency theory According to dependency theory, countries become more dependent upon more powerful, frequently colonial powers, as a result of interaction and ‘development’. As the more powerful country exploits the resources of its weaker colony, the colony becomes dependent upon the stronger power. Goods fl ow from the colony to support consumers in the overseas country. Andre Frank (1971) described the effect of capitalist development on many countries as ‘the development of underdevelopment’. The problem of poor countries is not that they lack the resources, technical know-how, modern institutions or cultural developments that lead to development, but that they are being exploited by capitalist countries. Dependency theory has a very different approach from most models of development. • It incorporates politics and economics in its explanation. • It takes into account the historical processes of how underdevelopment came about, that is how capitalist development began in one part of the world and then expanded into other areas. • It sees development as a revolutionary break, a clash of interests between ruling classes and the working classes. • It believes that modernisation does not necessarily mean Westernisation and that underdeveloped countries must set goals of their own, which are appropriate to their own resources, needs and values. However, it is a largely economic theory (from a Western perspective) seeing the outcome as a form of economic...
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...discovering new diseases, healing diseases, and preventing them, they also can lead to causing competition not only within society but within corporations as well. As a country, we strive to become better and stronger. However, the use of technology is creating a border between communication and negotiation. Technology, although captivating and helpful, can have its drawbacks. It is the brick wall between society and themselves. No longer are dinners at the family table as captivating without taking out a device in which cuts off communication amongst families. No longer do children explore and enjoy the outdoors due to hours and hours of indoor gaming. No longer do corporations meet in person and often discuss the product detail without the dependency of technology to do it for them. Most of all, no longer is it possible to...
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