...all in the month of May on the 10th, 19th, and 20th. The peak percentage of students absent in the District between the four schools ranges between 60-90%. After reviewing the community health department site I also observed that there was a restaurant inspection done at take your chances diner and DELIcious. The two places did receive some health violations regarding sanitary practices in the kitchen and food contamination. Student interviews show that the majority of students absent were in the band and they were absent because they were sick, with stomach aches, headaches, fevers, vomiting, and diarrhea. There was a student planning meeting for battle of the bands on 5/15 and all schools participated. Battle of the bands was on 5/19. One parent mentioned that the kids ate at a restaurant and could have food poisoning. Testable Questions- * Did the students get exposed to some type of bacteria or virus after eating at one of the community restaurants? * Did the students get exposed to a virus at battle of the bands? * Are the students sick because they drank contaminated water? * Did the students get exposed to a virus while in school? * Did the students get exposed to a virus at the local park? * Were the students sharing food amongst one another? Hypothesis- The majority of the students has similar symptoms. They include stomach aches, headaches, fevers, vomiting, and diarrhea. The peak of absence between the four schools is also around the same...
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...disease derived from chicken peas or the idea that the disease originated from chickens. Occurring in all parts of the world. Chickenpox was thought to be a form of smallpox until the late 19th century and was connected to shingles in 1888. The peak incidence is during months of March through May. Patients’ immune system does not completely clear out the virus from the body after being exposed. Chickenpox is spread from person to person. Airborne particles (sneezing and coughing), fluid from blisters, and droplets in exhaled air. Average incubation period from viral exposure to onset of symptoms is 12-14 days and symptoms can appear 10-21 days after exposed to the virus. Symptoms are rash that turns itchy, fluid filled blisters turn into scabs. Rash first on face, chest, and back. The rash then spreads to inside mouth, eyelids, and genital area. Chickenpox is rarely fatal however more severe to men than women or children. Infants, persons with weak immune systems, and pregnant women have a greater chance of contracting the virus. The also stand a greater chance of developing more serious complications that include skin infection, bone infections, joint infections, pneumonia, inflammation or infection of the brain, blood stream infections, and toxic shock syndrome. Acyclovir medications are recommended for people who are likely to develop serious diseases. Acyclovir is effective if administered within 24 hours of the first rash. Chickenpox can be diagnosed by examination of fluid...
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...PREGESTATIONAL CONDITIONS CARDIAC CONDITIONS INCIDENCE: 1% or 1 in every 100 pregnancies. Over 75% of heart disease in pregnancy is valvular, often Rheumatic Fever or RHD. Effects of pregnancy on heart disease: Increased blood volume and cardiac output Cardiac output and blood volume increase about 50% more during pregnancy (increase workload to the heart) During labor and delivery, cardiac workload increases even more (every time the uterus contracts about 1 or 2 units of blood are autotransfused from utero-placental to maternal circulation. When contraction stops, this volume returns to uteroplacental and the heart may not be able to compensate with such rapid shifting. After delivery, the uteroplacental blood returns to maternal circulation increasing once again blood volume. A woman who receives epidural or spinal anesthesia, her blood vessels dilate and blood pressure decreases that results to decreased venous return which prompts the heart to compensate to meet body’s needs by pumping harder Excessive blood loss during second stage of labor. Systemic vascular resistance drops by 25% during pregnancy lowering blood pressure. Gravid uterus can dramatically affect venous return in some positions compressing IVC and can lead to hypotension. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF HEART DISEASE: CLASS I/ uncompromised– Patient is asymptomatic with no limitation of physical activity, no angina pain or discomfort with ordinary activity. Perinatal mortality...
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...September 2004. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written consent of COLEG and SQA. © COLEG 2 Calculations and Practical Techniques in Health Care F0K9 34 Contents Section 1: Introduction to this teaching pack Information about the HNC Health Care Group Award Information about this Unit Why the packs have been written How the pack is organised How to use the pack Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) and the HNC Health Care Section 2: Session Plans Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Introduction / Mentor / Holistic care / Models Roper-Logan-Tierney Model / Safe practice in placement Respiration / Peak flow / Oxygen saturations Blood pressure / Pulse / Temperature Height / Weight / Body Mass Index / Fluid balance Specimen collection/ Urine testing Explanation of Skills Booklet Calculations between different units of measurement Calculating decimals, fractions and percentages Administration of medicines Recording of results Interpretation of results - Deviations from normal values Factors affecting reliability of results: Knowledge and understanding of reporting procedures Submission of Skills Booklet Formative Assessment 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 11 13 14 19 20 21 22 22 23 25 27 27 27 27...
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...NRSG240 Final Test note CARDIAC NURSING 4 AMI 4 Definition (3marks)- very detailed needed. 4 Clinical manifestations of AMI. (5marks) 4 Nursing Interventions and Rationale for Managing a patient with Acute Chest pain(6marks) 4 and Ineffective Tissue perfusion (6marks) 5 Acute chest Pain 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 1. PQRST questions to evaluate MI- intensity, location, radiation, duration, precipitation & alleviating factors, in order to accurately evaluate, treat and prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 2. Semi-Fowler’s position & O2 therapy 2L via Hudson Mask in order to increase oxygenation of myocardial tissue & prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 3. Administer medications- Morphin (normally 2.5-5mg) & anginine 600mcg (given every five minutes; maximum 3 tablets in order to relieve/prevent pain & ischemia to decrease anxiety & cardiac workload. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 4. 12-lead ECG & monitor in order to check hypotension & bradycardia, which may lead to hypoperfusion. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. Ineffective tissue perfusion 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 1. Monitor vital signs (Hourly) and saturation oxygen to determine baseline and ongoing change. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 2. Administer oxygen by Hudson’s mask (6-10L/min) and monitor the effectiveness to increase oxygenation of myocardial tissue and prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 3. Monitor respiratory status for sysptoms of heart failure to maintain appropriate levels of oxygenation...
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...1. What does the acronym SMART signify for measurement? Why are these characteristics important? As mentioned in the textbook, good data and good measurement system are the basis for the effective quality control as well as for quality improvement. Thus, a good measure is relatively important to quality management. The acronym SMART represents simple, measurable, actionable, related (to customer and optional requirements), and timely. A good measurement should be: 1. cost effective and easy to obtain, 2. have a clear and unambiguous definition of measured objective, 3. clearly related to what is important to both external and internal customer, 4. taken at critical points in a process where value-adding activities occur to provide actionable information for making good decisions, and 5. made available and communicated to workers and managers when they need measurements. Without those characteristics, a measurement can also provide the needed information to the users, but extra cost and time will be charged. Users might not make relative good decision compare with those users with good measurements. 2. List and explain the four major categories of quality costs. Give examples of each. Quality cost can be divided into four major categories as follows: * Prevention costs: investments made to keep nonconforming products from occurring and reaching the customer. Prevention costs could be the salaries of individuals associated with quality planning...
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...examples include airway inflammation, mucous plugging, narrowed airway lumina, or airway destruction. The term COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Although asthma also involves airway inflammation and periodic narrowing of the airway lumina (hyperreactivity), the condition is the result of individual response to a wide variety of stimuli/triggers and is therefore episodic in nature with fluctuations/exacerbations of symptoms. Asthma: Also known as chronic reactive airway disease, asthma is characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, hypersecretion of mucus, and edema. Precipitating factors include allergens, emotional upheaval, cold weather, exercise, chemicals, medications, and viral infections. Chronic bronchitis: Widespread inflammation of airways with narrowing or blocking of airways, increased production of mucoid sputum, and marked cyanosis. Emphysema: Most severe form of COPD, characterized by recurrent inflammation that damages and eventually destroys alveolar walls to create large blebs or bullae (air spaces) and collapsed bronchioles on expiration (air-trapping). ------------------------------------------------- Diagnostic Studies * Chest x-ray: May reveal hyperinflation of lungs, flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal air space, decreased vascular markings/bullae (emphysema), increased bronchovascular markings (bronchitis), normal findings during periods of remission (asthma). * Pulmonary function tests: Done...
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...appearing and 4 days after it goes away, meaning the person is contagious before they realize they are infected. It is diagnosed based on the patient’s symptoms and using blood tests. One a person is infected with the measles virus they cannot contract it again and will experience lifelong immunity against it. A2. Epidemiology of Measles The 2014 outbreak of measles in Ohio came as a result of unvaccinated people traveling to the Philippines (ODH, 2014). Measles is a disease that happens in all parts of the world. The MMR vaccine has resulted in very few cases of the disease in the US. Measles is only found in humans and is transmitted person to person via respiratory symptoms such as coughing and sneezing. The disease typically peaks in later winter to spring and is highly...
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...Epidemiology Paper Anavictoria Fortaleza March 5, 2012 NUR408 Epidemiology Paper Vulnerable populations are "those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized socio-cultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics such as age and gender" (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2008). Infants and young children are vulnerable to a host of healthcare problems, they are susceptible to viral infection especially respiratory infection such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus. In this paper, the author will define and describe epidemiological triangle as it relates to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), types of epidemiology, and levels of prevention of RSV. Epidemiology Definition Epidemiology is defined as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). The study of epidemiology is important because it search for causes or factors that are related with increased risk or likelihood of disease, it deals with group of people rather than with individual person, and it helps public health with decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems (CDC, 2012). Epidemiology is used to "monitor the health of various populations, understand the determinants of health and disease in communities, and...
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... 2 My report is on type 1 diabetes. How people get type 1 diabetes and how to deal with it. It tells about the different type of insulin people with diabetes used. It take about what complications, it can cause. It also tells about the different body parts it can affect. Talk a little about depression and how type 1 diabetes can cause depression. Also talk about the difference sing or symptoms to watch out for. So you know what to look like with getting type 1 diabetes and when you have high and low sugar. Other symptoms or sing it gives you is depression sings. This is why my topic is call “What You Need to Know about Type 1 Diabetes” What You Need To Know About Type 1 Diabetes 3 What causes type 1 Diabetes? It seems that no one is really sure what cause diabetes. They do say that a virus infect the body. When the virus infect the body the person immune system starts to produce antibodies and that fight the infection. The cells that are in charge of making the antibodies are called the T – Cells. The T- Cells also fight the virus. There is also a cell call the beta cells. Beta Cells make the insulin in the pancreas. If the virus has some of the same antigens as the beta cells, it may take a long time (several years) for the T- Cells to damage most of the beta cells. In type 1 diabetes the original viral infection is what refection to set off the development. Every virus...
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...TECHNICAL REPORT PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF SIR MODEL FOR THE SPREAD OF DENGUE DISEASE HAZWANI BINTI AHMAD (2009224096 - TR12/20) NURUL HAMIZAH BINTI MOKHTAR (2009283442 - TR12/20) SITI ATIQAH BINTI RAMLI (2009652882 - TR12/20) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA TECHNICAL REPORT PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF SIR MODEL FOR THE SPREAD OF DENGUE DISEASE HAZWANI BINTI AHMAD (2009224096 - TR12/20) NURUL HAMIZAH BINTI MOKHTAR (2009283442 - TR12/20) SITI ATIQAH BINTI RAMLI (2009652882 - TR12/20) Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) ( Computational Mathematics) Center of Mathematics Studies Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences JANUARY 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, we are grateful to ALLAH S.W.T for his mercy and guidance in giving us full-strength to complete this “Projek Ilmiah Tahun Akhir (PITA)” that really tested our abilities mentally and physically. Even facing with some difficulties in completing this project, we still manage to complete it. We also want to show our thanks to those who have contributed their leadership, guidance and support for the completion of this project. Special appreciation to the our supervisor, Puan Hanimah Binti Basri for all of her encouragement, guidance and support in helping us to understand and enable to complete this project from initial of this project until the final level. Her ideas and suggestions to this project are very valuable at each stage of our...
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...resulting appearance may lead to anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and in extreme cases, depression or thoughts of suicide. Acne develops as a result of blockages in the skin's follicles. These blockages are thought to occur as a result of the following four abnormal processes: a higher than normal amount of sebum production (influenced by androgens), excessive keratin deposition leading to comedone (blackheads) formation, colonization of the follicle by Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, and the local release of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the skin. Azithromycin is an antibiotic. Antibiotics work by suppressing the growth of bacteria that contribute to acne symptoms. Overall, Azithromycin is rated as a mediocre treatment for acne. Users report that, Azithromycin is somewhat effective for improving acne symptoms and that this medication tends to have mild side effects. Although there is a lot of research supporting the use of azithromycin to treat acne, it is not commonly used for this purpose. Numerous studies have shown that azithromycin can produce a significant improvement of acne symptoms for some patients. The major limitation of the use of azithromycin to treat acne are the increasing levels of azithromycin resistant bacteria. The research data about the antibiotic susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria indicates that resistance to all of the macrolide family antibiotics (especially azithromycin, erythromycin and clarithromycin) is becoming more common. Recent...
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...column with a mobile phase of 0.5% triethylamine at pH 9.0 and acetonitrile 55 : 45 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1. For pyrantel determination, UV detection was performed at 290 nm. Analysis of the chromatographic study of the pyrantel base peaks showed that PYR makes up 2.05% of the raccoon bait by weight. Introduction Pyrantel pamoate is widely used in a variety of anthelmintic drugs, in the pharmaceutical and veterinary industries, that are designed to fight parasitic worm infections in both humans and animals. Raccoons...
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...Influenza Introduction Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat, nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higher that 100F, soreness in the back, myalgia, legs and arm muscles, sweats and chills, frontal or retro-orbital headaches, tachycardia, red, watery eyes, and fatigue. Sometimes, a dry and persistent cough, nasal congestion and discharge occur (Clark & Lynch, 2011). Causes and Transmission The Influenza viruses are transmitted in the form of droplets through the atmosphere whenever an infected individual speaks, coughs or even sneezes. A healthy person can either get infected through directly inhaling these contaminated droplets or obtain the viruses from contaminated objects like computer keyboards, mouses or even the phones, and move them to the respiratory pathways like the nose and mouth. According to Clark & Lynch (2011), the infected individuals become contagious a day before the appearance of the first symptoms and continue in this state up to 5 to 10 days after. Studies have revealed that young children and individuals with compromised immune systems remain in the contagious...
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...et al., fungal infections are classified into categories based on anatomic location and epidemiology. The most frequent anatomic categories are mucocutaneous and deep organ infections. The most common epidemiologic categories are endemic and opportunistic. The endemic mycoses, such as coccidioidomycosis, are infections caused by fungal organisms that are not found in normal human flora and are instead acquired from environmental sources. In contrast, organisms found in normal human microbial flora cause opportunistic infections. Endemic fungal infections are acquired almost exclusively by inhalation of molds in the environment. Soil, dust, and dirt are the natural reservoirs for most of these infections, demonstrated by an increase in cases following dust storms, seismic events, archeological digging, or recreational activities (Fauci et al., 2008). The incidence of endemic fungal infections has risen substantially over the past several decades, especially in geographic locations in which there has been substantial population growth (Fauci et al., 2008). Healthcare providers may be required to recognize and treat an increasing number of severe coccidioidal infections as growth and urbanization to these areas increases. Additionally, a recent study of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Arizona suggested coccidioidomycosis might be a common cause. Patients with CAP and endemic exposure should receive laboratory evaluation for coccidioidal infection. Because of...
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