...data, peer Data, Peer- reviewed Data is the observation or measurement taken when evaluating a public relations campaign or program. Data in computing or data processing are represented in a structure, often represented by rows and columns, a graph structure and images. There are four main methods of data collection. First is census, a census is a study that obtains data from every member of a population. Second method is sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes. Third method is experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. Last main method is observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. Peer review is the evaluation of creative work or performance by other people in the same field in order to maintain or enhance the quality of the work or performance in that field. Peer review utilizes the independence, and in some cases the anonymity, of the reviewers in order to discourage cronyism such as relatives and friends and obtain an unbiased evaluation. Peer review could help maintain and enhance quality both directly by detecting weaknesses and errors in specific works and performance and indirectly by providing a basis for making decisions about rewards and punishment that can provide a powerful...
Words: 412 - Pages: 2
...Research Methodology Report for the Modular Grants Application Process Outcome Evaluation Study 1. Introduction This report describes the research methodology used for the Modular Grants Application Process Outcome Study. More specifically, this paper is divided into three sections that describe the sampling, data collection, and response rates for the five stakeholder groups involved in the outcome study. The five stakeholder groups are: 1) principal investigators, 2) peer reviewers, 3) NIH scientific review administrators, 4) NIH program and grants management staff, and institutional officials. The first section includes information on the size and origin of the sampling frames (population files), the sample sizes, sampling methods, and margins of error (confidence intervals) around the population estimates. The second section describes the data collection procedures and the last section provides the study response rates and calculations. 2. Sampling 1. Population The size and origin of each of the sampling frames, or population files, is described in detail below. 1. Principal Investigators In March 2004, NIH provided Westat with a population file that consisted of all people who had applied for a modular grant since its inception in June 1999. The population file contained a flag indicating whether or not the individual had ever been awarded a modular grant. The file also contained the principal investigators’ mailing address, telephone number...
Words: 2627 - Pages: 11
...Discuss the process of peer review (8 marks) Peer review is the assessment of scientific work by others who are experts in some field. The purpose of peer reviewing is to ensure that any research conducted and published is of high quality. Peer reviews are usually unpaid and report on the quality of the research and then their views are considered by a peer review panel to ensure that the work is valid and it supports the conclusions. If the BPS agrees that the work is valid, then the research is published, for example in textbooks or journals, made available for the public. There are several key points that must be considered when conducting the peer review process. Anonymity is practised so that the reviewers can be honest and objective, however this may have the opposite effect if reviewers use the veil of anonymity to settle old scored or buy rival research. This means that peer reviewers can either validate or in-validate research depending on their past experienced with that researcher. A solution for this has been in some cases where journals now favour open reviewing where both author and reviewer know each other’s identity. It has been pointed out by Richie et al that journals are just as bad as newspapers for seeking eye catching storied. This has been signified by the tendancy of journals preffering to publish positive results, which results in publication bias of the research that eads to a misconception of the true facts. It has also been noted that journals avoid...
Words: 518 - Pages: 3
...feature open source Achieving Quality in Open Source Software Mark Aberdour, opensourcetesting.org Reviewing objective studies of open source software quality can help us better understand how to achieve software quality in both open and closed-source development. T he open source software community has published a substantial body of research on OSS quality. Focusing on this peer-reviewed body of work lets us draw conclusions from empirical data about how to achieve OSS quality, rather than relying on the large volume of evangelical opinion that has historically dominated this field. This body of published research has become much more critical and objective in its efforts to understand OSS development, and a consensus has emerged on the key components of high-quality OSS delivery. This article reviews this body of research and draws out lessons learned, investigating how the approaches for delivering high-quality OSS differ from, and can be incorporated into, closed-source software development. paring quality management in open source and closed-source software development. OSS development must also manage a geographically distributed team, requiring focus on coordination tasks. Yet OSS development seems to eschew best practices without software quality suffering. Indeed, an extensive study of 100 open source applications found that structural code quality was higher than expected and comparable with commercially developed software.1 The body of research demonstrates...
Words: 4510 - Pages: 19
...METHODOLOGY The objective of this chapter is to define nursing research, analyse methods of research and outline methodological process used to find articles on which to base this extended literature review. In this hypothesis, the reason for literature review is to ascertain whether or not gastric banding is an effective treatment for obesity in young adults as measured by physical functioning. The research process is the step-by-step procedure of developing research paper (Boje, 2001). It normally consists of following stages: detection of the research problem; preparation of search plan; searching and assessing the literature; data collection and evaluation; formulating a research design; and presenting the research findings (Cormack, 1996). The ability of nurses and other health care professionals to locate and identify existing literature on a relevant topic is an essential nursing skill (Burns & Grove, 2003). The sources where they can gain and expand research knowledge from may include personal or specialist experiences and clinical procedures and guidelines (Eccles & Mason, 2001). Before they can be made assessable to health care workers, guidelines and procedures are required to go through rigorous process of dissemination, before they can be made assessable to health care workers to be used in practice (Craig & Smith, 2007). Some of the organisations responsible for underwriting and implementation of clinical guidelines into clinical practice...
Words: 2051 - Pages: 9
...Fairness as Appropriateness: Negotiating Epistemological Differences in Peer Review Author(s): Grégoire Mallard, Michèle Lamont and Joshua Guetzkow Source: Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 34, No. 5 (September 2009), pp. 573-606 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27786178 . Accessed: 02/10/2013 11:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Sage Publications, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Science, Technology, &Human Values. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 199.73.44.216 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 11:47:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Science, Technology, & Human Values Fairness as Volume 34 Number 5 September 2009 573-606 C) 200$; Sage Plications 10.1177/0162243908329381 l*ftp:#$&.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com Appropriateness Negotiating Epistemological Differences in Peer Review Gregoire Mallard Northwestern University Michele Harvard Lamont University...
Words: 14653 - Pages: 59
...Studies in Business and Economics THE INFLUENCE OF SUPERVISORY AND PEER SUPPORT ON THE TRANSFER OF TRAINING NG KUEH Hua University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia Abstract: The burgeoning literature investigating the effect of supervisory support on the transfer of training is characterized by inconsistent findings. Also, to date, research examining peer support is still lacking, despite earlier studies show support emanating from co-workers has a significant influence on the transfer of training. Hence, this study attempts to rectify the inadequacies in the literature by examining the effects of supervisory and peer support on the transfer of training. Based on a cross-sectional method, quantitative data was collected from 100 employees working in one of the Malaysian state health departments, with a response rate of 48 percent. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that supervisory support was not significantly associated with transfer of training, whereas peer support exerted a significant and positive influence on transfer of training. This study responded to the pressing calls for more studies to elucidate the relationship between social support and the transfer of training. The findings contributed to the body of literature by clarifying the nature of relationships between supervisory support, peer support and transfer of training, particularly from the Malaysian workplace perspective. Key words: Supervisory support, peer support, transfer of training ...
Words: 6591 - Pages: 27
...MGT 3319 CASE INSTRUCTIONS - 2014 Use the format for all cases that follows these instructions is used. Use MLA or APA to format citations and references. 1. For the cover page, provide the case name, name of student and date submitted. If it is a team case, provide the team number and names of each team member. 2. Each case will provide a. A synopsis of the case, b. Statement of the problem, c. Provide alternatives with analysis of each alternative to solve the problem using concepts studied and d. Reach a decision or conclusion that solves the problem and recognizes further consideration. Conclusions are based on evidence provided in the analysis of alternatives. 3. A minimum of two scholarly references will be used. Keep in mind this is a minimum requirement. Websites are NOT considered scholarly references. Wikipedia will not be used as a reference. Use the reference librarian for assistance. 4. Cases are turned in on Blackboard on the date noted. Cases turned in late are subject to point’s reduction. 5. The last page of the case will be the team evaluation. 6. If selected, teams will present their cases in class using good presentation skills, e.g., not reading the information. The team presentation can influence the points awarded. After the last page of this case are presentation guidelines. 7. These instructions also apply to the final case. If the case is done as a team, attach to the case the “Team Evaluation...
Words: 2805 - Pages: 12
...Assignment MANUSCRIPT REVIEW FORM Student: 25807609 Name: Ngwanasegolo Walter Solomon MakgaiLecturer’ s name: Professor Pieter BuysModule name: Financial Reporting PBSA811Title of manuscript: Independent Reviews: Perceptions of Chartered Accountants (South Africa) Journal: Southern African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research Vol. 12: 2011 (25-36) | | 1. Are the Title and Abstract Appropriate? Explain On the one hand, the paper title does not seem to fully capture the essence of the paper. The meaning is ambiguous in that, it might either mean the perceptions of chartered accountants study is conducted by an independent review, or, it might suggest that the study is about how Chartered accountants perceive independent reviews. On the other hand, the authors (Odendaal and De Jager, 2011) have rightly specified that the study applies to Chattered Accountants in South Africa. The research findings are based on this geographical location. But while the title could have been more comprehensive, the abstract seems sufficient in that it summarises the study objective as to “determine the perceptions of Chartered Accountants (South Africa) regarding independent reviews” and goes on to report the process of data collection (questionnaire) as well as the summarised findings of the study. Recommendations are also outlined in the abstract. The abstract therefore provides a concise summary of what the reader should expect in the entire study. 2. Rate the paper...
Words: 1457 - Pages: 6
...n academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal. It contains original research results or reviews existing results. Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process of peer review by one or more referees (who are academics in the same field) who check that the content of the paper is suitable for publication in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, revisions and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. This process typically takes several months. Next there is often a delay of many months (or in some subjects, over a year) before an accepted manuscript appears. This is particularly true for the most popular journals where the number of accepted articles often outnumbers the space for printing. Due to this, many academics self-archive a 'pre-print' copy of their paper for free download from their personal or institutional website. Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in electronic form only. Paper journals are now generally made available in electronic form as well, both to individual subscribers, and to libraries. Almost always these electronic versions are available to subscribers immediately upon publication of the paper version, or even before; sometimes they are also made available to non-subscribers, either immediately (by open access journals) or after an embargo of anywhere from two to twenty-four months...
Words: 1077 - Pages: 5
...through lectures and case discussions. Emphasis is on the integration of Administrative Studies subject areas with which the student has previously become familiar; to provide a framework for the analysis of strategic problems of general management. COURSE OVERVIEW This course examines the challenges of the strategic management process - identifying, formulating, evaluating and implementing viable business strategies. The emphasis is on issues that affect the success of the entire organization. As such, we will view the firm as a whole, but we will draw upon, and integrate into our analysis, your understanding of the various functional areas of business and the external factors. To increase your competence in managing the strategic process, extensive use of the case study method is employed. This allows us to practice business decision-making skills in simulated management roles. To maximize the learning experience, it is essential that all students be prepared to discuss the assigned cases. Therefore, student participation is essential for the success of this course. In addition to learning about strategic concepts, you can expect to further develop your abilities in sizing up complex business situations and identifying the core problems or issues. You will have opportunities to analyze qualitative and quantitative data, both internal and external to the firm, and assessing what implications it may hold for a firm's success. Through the case studies, you will learn to...
Words: 1454 - Pages: 6
...Project Managers In Class Case Studies A. Case Study: Fortis Inc. and the Chalillo Dam B. In Class discussion and written team brief September 19, 2012 C. Learning Objectives The objectives of this case as it relates to the Project Leadership Course are threefold: 1. To identify the stakeholders influenced by the corporation and those that influenced the corporation. 2. Determine the influence of each stakeholder (High, Medium, Low) 3. Based on the analysis, develop a strategy for managing the ENGO stakeholder relationship. D. Individual student preparation 1. Obtain a copy of the case study (see instructions below). 2. Prepare at home: Study the case from the point of view of the Learning Objectives (above) and come prepare to discuss the learning objectives E. In Class Written Team Brief You would be placed in teams during the class. A written team brief is required to be completed in class based on the following question: Identify the stakeholders that could influence Fortis or be affected by Fortis in relation to the Chalillo dam business opportunity. How much influence do they have? (Rating scale: H, M, L or a combination of the three) F. Confidential Peer Review Evaluation Due date: September 26, 2012 Each team member MUST complete a confidential evaluation for each of your team members using the template at the end of this document. You MUST hand in a HARD COPY of the peer evaluation by the due...
Words: 730 - Pages: 3
...Companies use Corporate Advertising to increase awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility Therefore Increasing Profitability Erika Jean-Pierre Saint Leo University Abstract This review of literature will explore seven peer reviewed articles that report on results from research conducted on how companies use corporate advertising to increase awareness of corporate social responsibility thus increasing profitability. More specifically focusing on the advantages of corporate social responsibility and the positive benefits in profitability. This review of literature will incorporate various companies and industries from coffee, grocery, amusement parks, cars, oil production, alcohol, and casinos. It will analyze how corporate communication of corporate social responsibility enhances market share and drive increased profits. Companies use Corporate Advertising to increase awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility Therefore Increasing Profitability Numerous studies have been conducted on corporate advertising to increase awareness of corporate social responsibility and increased profitability for business. Companies use corporate advertising to strengthen their identities and create a favorable mental picture in consumer’s mindset. On average, companies spend millions of dollars each year in their marketing budgets toward corporate advertising. With corporate advertising, companies are not necessarily looking to sell a product or service, but rather the...
Words: 4066 - Pages: 17
...In this paperwork of PSY 330 Week 4 Discussion Question 1 Cognitive Theory you will find the answers on the next points: Review the week Psychology - General Psychology Cognitive Theory Review the week’s reading on cognitive and cognitive-behavioral theories of personality, which have significant application in the treatment of abnormal behavior. Select one of the options below and develop a case study that could use one of the therapy techniques listed to treat a patient exhibiting an abnormal behavior. Indicate in your post which option you selected. Option A: Discuss the theory underlying Rational Emotive Therapy. Why does this approach lend itself so well as a therapy? Develop a short, fictional case study of a client with an abnormal behavior. Describe how you would approach the treatment of this disorder with cognitive therapy and why cognitive therapy would be appropriate for the treatment of this disorder. Your initial post should be a minimum of 250 words and utilize at least one peer-reviewed source that was published within the last five years, cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Option B: Discuss the theory underlying Beck’s Cognitive Therapy. Why does this approach lend itself so well as a therapy? Develop a short, fictional case study of a client with an abnormal behavior. Describe how you would approach the treatment of this disorder with cognitive therapy and why cognitive therapy...
Words: 351 - Pages: 2
...5 FINAL PAPER PSY 326 Week 5 Final Paper, he Final Paper for this course is a Research Study Critique. For this assignment, utilize the topic and the research methodology approved by the instructor in Week One of the course and the selected peer-reviewed published research study on your topic from Week Three. You will then go through each section of the research study and critique not only the research but also how the research is presented. In many cases, the research is done well, but it is written or presented in a way that is misleading or confusing. Consequently, it is important to evaluate both the research and its presentation. This will allow you to apply the concepts learned in the class to the interpretation of actual scientific research. The research study that you chose to critique must: 1. Be an actual research study, not a review. 2. Contain a literature review of research related to the topic. 3. Have a clearly stated research question (or questions) and a hypothesis. 4. Collect data for analysis. 5. Conduct some type of analysis on the data collected. 6. Interpret the results of the analysis. 7. Discuss the implications of the results of the study. Your Final Paper should be eight to ten pages in length, excluding title and reference pages, and formatted according to APA style with citations from a minimum of six to eight scholarly, peer-reviewed sources that were published within the last five years. Please refer to the Ashford...
Words: 639 - Pages: 3
