...Percent Copper in a Penny Lab Report Chemistry 101 Section #02 Washington State University By Sadie Yost April 15, 2024 Partner: Abigail Swenson. Introduction This lab was conducted to help students learn how to develop their own experiment by using knowledge gained from previous labs to determine the amount of copper in a 1983 or newer penny. Information from previous labs was used to help students properly collect and analyze data. Throughout the experiment, notetaking and observational skills were also tested. The U.S. Mint was first opened in 1793, and pennies were originally crafted out of 100% pure copper. By 1857, the composition of the penny was altered to incorporate nickel and then switched to a combination of tin and zinc in...
Words: 2885 - Pages: 12
...They act as catalysts, speeding up the chemical reaction process, remaining unchanged before and after. They do so by lowering the activation energy, meaning when they are present, less energy is required for the reaction to occur. The enzymes act on a substrate during the process. A substrate is any compound the enzyme bonds with. However, the substrate must match a specific shape for the two to bond properly. This is known as the key and lock method because they must fit perfectly, like a key fits into a lock. The area where the substrate enters the enzyme is known as the active site. The substrate is then transformed into one or more products. Finally, the process has ended and the new product is released from the active site. There are two main factors that allow an enzyme to work properly, pH level and temperature. When these factors are altered, the shape of the active site is affect resulting in temporary loss of productivity or even a permanent loss known as denaturing. An enzyme only works at full potential under a...
Words: 541 - Pages: 3
...Electrical Energy From Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) A resident in the village of Nguntoronadi, District Nguntoronadi, Magetan, East Java, Indonesia, Sunarto (40), capable of creating electrical energy from the basic ingredients of the aqueous solution starfruit."Development of electric power from the solution of this starfruit, originated from the concern that electricity tariffs will continue to rise. Moreover, Indonesia is still a lot of people in remote areas untouched electricity," said the creator of the electrical energy of starfruit, Sunarto, Tuesday (13 / 07).Starfruit that thrives in the yard of his home, his magic into the decomposing substance capable of producing alternative power, amid complaints of residents will increase electricity tariff (TDL) since early July.He explains, to create electrical energy, the first star fruit commonly used as a vegetable is mashed to take water. Next, using soil media placed in a glass of mineral water is used, water is injected star fruit taste.Furthermore, each cup containing soil mixed with star fruit juice was associated with a series of copper wire and zinc plate, the electric current to flow.The result, electrical energy is created with a sizable voltage, ie up to 5 volts, enough to turn on the lights. The resulting voltage is also greater than the voltage of the battery stone fruit.According to him, electrical energy is created by starfruit has a high acidity level to be able to conduct ions and electrons are there on a...
Words: 2943 - Pages: 12
...illustrated below. |Recorded Observations for Minerals 1–7 | |Tests |Example |Mineral 1 | |Example: Fluorite |80% certain |I am almost certain this mineral is fluorite, but I am not completely sure. Fluorite and gypsum| | | |are both white, shiny, have white streaks, cleave, and show no reaction to acid. However, the | | | |specific gravity of this mineral is 3.18, which is higher than gypsum, so I am pretty sure it | | | |is fluorite. | |Mineral 1: Pyrite |95% |I’m almost certain this mineral is Pyrite. Pyrite is Fool’s Gold and this looks it. This is | | | |also the only gold mineral with a black streak...
Words: 610 - Pages: 3
...(II) Sulfate and back to Copper metal. Also, to find out what reactions were involved in each step. Materials: “See Page 138 in the textbook”. Procedure: “See Page 138-139 in the textbook”. Observations: Reaction A: had a reaction of Incomplete Combustion. When you put the Copper (penny) into Nitric Acid a red gas was formed. Reaction B: had a reaction of Double Displacement. When the Copper Nitrate was mixed with Sodium hydroxide and the water a solid/paste was formed. Copper (II) Nitrate and Sodium Hydroxide produces Copper (II) Hydroxide and Sodium Nitrate Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ( Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) Reaction C: had a reaction of Incomplete Combustion. When the paste was heated a black precipitate was formed. Copper (II) Hydroxide reacts with heat to form Copper (II) Oxide and Water. ∆HEAT Cu(OH)2 ( CuO(s) + H2O(l) Reaction D: had a reaction of Double Displacement. When we added Sulfuric Acid to the Copper mixture it fizzed and bubbled. When we started to stir it, it turned light blue. Copper (II) Oxide plus Sulfuric Acid forms Copper (II) Sulfate and Water CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ( CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) Reaction E: had a reaction of Single Displacement. Once you stirred the graduated zinc metal...
Words: 463 - Pages: 2
...higher concentrations have stronger reactions on materials was reached. Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to observe and determine the effect...
Words: 1690 - Pages: 7
... I used American coins dated after 1982. The metal compositions of the coins are as follows according to The United States Mint. The penny is 2.5% CU/Balance zinc (copper plated zinc). The nickel is 25% nickel/balance CU (cupronickel). The dime is 8.33% balance CU (cupronickel). The quarter is 8.33% Balance CU (cupronickel). Tarnish on coins happen when the metal combines with oxygen. Oxidation, which causes tarnish, is a chemical reaction. Oxidation also happens with reduction, which is when something gains electrons. pH (on the pH scale) stands for “the power of “H”, or hydrogen. The lower something is on the pH scale, the higher its acidity. Rust can weaken a coin or any other metal material. The green patches on coins are called copper oxide. It is caused by oxidation. When an acid reacts with tarnish, it makes the coins shiny. In order for oxidation to occur, the air has to be damp. In my experiment I used specific solutions to clean coins. Lemon juice has a ph of 2.2. Baking Soda has a pH of 8.4. Water has a Ph of 7. Orange juice has a Ph of 3.70. Cola has a Ph of 3.18. Dishwashing liquid has a pH of 7.80. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline or basic. Pure water is neutral and isn’t an acid or a base. pH is an important measurement used in various medical, biological, chemical, environmental, and nutritional labs. pH standards are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential...
Words: 287 - Pages: 2
...on greenish-blue pennies? The effect of orange juice cleaned the pennies and took the dirt off and the effect of vinegar on the pennies seems to rust and form a black hard substance on the pennies in trial three after 24 hours. How does the liquid affect the pennies? I will say that the effect of these both liquids had the acidic effect as describe in the research. Which liquid cleans the pennies better the orange juice or the vinegar? Based on the experiment I will say on all three trials the orange juice cleaned the pennies better than the vinegar on a 24 hour period.I expected the vinegar to clean the pennies instead it made it rusty in the last trial when it was for 24 hours. Experiment Hypothesis Orange juice on one set of pennies and vinegar on another set of pennies in separate containers will make you ask which liquid will clean the pennies is it the orange juice or vinegar? Answer to testable question: I mention before we did three trials of this experiment and I noticed that the orange juice gave the pennies a cleaning effect on all three trials. The vinegar seems to give the pennies a hard on trial #3 after 24 hours. Experiment Details Independent Variables On Trial#1 we started off with glass cups and the results were the Simply Orange juice and the Heinz vinegar actually cleaned the pennies. Trial #2 The Simply Orange Juice and the Family Gourmet vinegar cleaned the pennies and Trial #3 the Simply Orange Juice cleaned the pennies while the Family...
Words: 1593 - Pages: 7
...In Aldous Huxley’s “Time and the Machine” the author is unenthusiastic with the use of the present generation’s use of time management as opposed to previous generations. In the past, people were more involved with nature, they enjoyed taking walks and kids ran and played outside more. Nowadays more children would prefer to remain in doors and play video games or surf the internet instead of a game of “jump rope.” Nature is relevant in this work due to the author’s frustration with time being spent elsewhere instead of with nature. Place is referred to how time is different between generations of the past and generations of the future. “Eco-Defense” by Edward Abbey was a very interesting periodical. Abbey stated that it is essential for people to care for and defend their wilderness as if it were their child because it is their home. He made reference to the government valuing more for their pockets/own personal gain and big business rather than the value of land and the people. His work was very interesting to me because God created Man from the dusts of the ground, so the wilderness is our “home.” Nature is represented by the wilderness and place is given presence by the difference of what we consider to be home. James, M. & Merickel, A. (2010). Reading Literature and Writing Argument (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. Mallory I really enjoyed reading Eco-Defense. Abbey’s call for people to defend their American wilderness was insightful and interesting, as he claims that...
Words: 1296 - Pages: 6
...Lemon Battery Grade Level: 6 Strand: Energy and Control Topic: Transforming electrical energy into light Overall Expectations: design and construct a variety of electrical circuits and investigate ways in which electrical energy is transformed into other forms of energy Specific Expectations: investigate ways in which electrical energy can be transformed into other forms of energy (e.g., into light) Materials Needed: • 3 lemons • 3 shiny copper coins • 3 zinc plated screws • 4 wires, preferably with alligator clips on the ends. • a small knife • small paper sticky labels • a light emitting diode (LED) with a low voltage rating. We used part 276-330 from Radio Shack. • a plastic 35mm film canister or similar small container. Use an opaque one, preferable black, not one made of clear plastic. • a nail Procedure: • • • First, roll all of the lemons, one at a time until they feel squishy. The purpose of this is to release the juice inside the lemon. This step helps you get the maximum response from your lemons. Push and then twist a zinc-plated screw into one of the lemons about 1/3 of the way from one end. With the knife, carefully cut a 1 cm (3/4 in) slit into the lemon about 1/3 of the way from the other end. Insert a copper coin into the slit so that about half of the coin is inside the lemon. Note: Make sure you use a shiny new coin for this. If it is old and dull, polish it with steel wool. ...
Words: 933 - Pages: 4
...Matter and Energy Spring 2013 Topics 2 Chapter 1 Topics Matter and its Classification Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties of Matter Energy and Energy Changes (skip) Scientific Inquiry Chapter 1 Math Toolboxes Scientific Notation (exponential notation) Significant Figures Units and Conversions Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter Chemistry is a branch of physical science, concerned with the study of the composition, properties and behavior of matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Forms of energy are NOT matter. Heat and light, for example, do not occupy space and have no mass. Consider the different forms of matter and energy in this picture. 3 Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter We classify matter so that we can understand it better. One way to classify matter is as pure substances or mixtures. 4 Matter Pure Substances Mixtures Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter – Pure Substances Pure Substances: have the same composition throughout, and from sample to sample. can be further classified as either elements or compounds. 5 Pure Substances Elements Compounds Chem 100 Spring 2014 Pure Substances - Elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances even by a chemical reaction. 6 Chem 100 Spring 2014 Elements and their Symbols Element symbols often consist of one or two letters...
Words: 1495 - Pages: 6
...Compound Rates of Growth In the modern version of an old legend, an investment banker asks to be paid by placing one penny on the first square of a chessboard, two pennies on the second square, four on the third, etc. If the banker had asked that only the white squares be used, the initial penny would have doubled in value thirty-one times, leaving $21.5 million on the last square. Using both the black and the white squares would have made the penny grow to $92 million billion. People are reasonably good at forming estimates based on addition, but for operations such as compounding that depend on repeated multiplication, we systematically underestimate how quickly things grow. As a result, we often lose sight of how important the average rate of growth is for an economy. For an investment banker, the choice between a payment that doubles with every square on the chessboard and one that doubles with every other square is more important than any other part of the contract. Who cares whether the payment is in pennies, pounds, or pesos? For a nation, the choices that determine whether income doubles with every generation, or instead with every other generation, dwarf all other economic policy concerns. Growth in Income per Capita You can figure out how long it takes for something to double by dividing the growth rate into the number 72. In the twenty-five years between 1950 and 1975, income per capita in India grew at the rate of 1.8 percent per year. At this rate, income doubles...
Words: 2670 - Pages: 11
...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: MATTER AND MEASUREMENT The Study of Chemistry Chemistry: • is the study of properties of materials and changes that they undergo. • can be applied to all aspects of life. The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry Chemistry involves the study of the properties and the behavior of matter. Matter: • is the physical material of the universe. • has mass. • occupies space. Examples of matter: ~100 elements constitute all matter. A property is any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types of matter. Elements: • are made up of unique atoms, the building blocks of matter. • approximately 116 elements. • names of the elements are derived from a wide variety of sources. Molecules: • are combinations of atoms held together in specific shapes. • Macroscopic (observable) propertied of matter relate to submicroscopic realms of atoms • Properties relate to composition (types of atoms present) and structure (arrangement of atoms present. [pic] • Combinations of atoms held together in specific shapes CH3CH2OH HOCH2CH2OH Ethyl alcohol ethylene glycol Why study Chemistry? We study chemistry because: • It has a considerable impact on society (health care, food, clothing, conservation of natural resources, environmental issues...
Words: 1947 - Pages: 8
...------------------------------------------------- Reagent index[edit] A[edit] Chemical name | Chemical formula | Common name | Source and description | Acetic acid | CH3COOH + H2O | 5% Solution: White vinegar | Grocery store; "white vinegar"—5% or "cleaning vinegar"—10%Photography supply store; "Indicator Stop Bath"—89% (with Bromocresol Purple dye) or "Glacial Acetic Acid" 99.5–100% | Acetone | CH3COCH3 | Acetone | General; "nail polish remover"Discount store; Onyx, Cutex. Boating supply; "fiberglass cleaner" Hardware store; "Acetone"While composition varies from product to product, paint removers have more acetone per volume than regular nail polish remover, and industrial grade (rather than consumer grade) paint removers used by professionals + sold in bulk will contain more acetone still. Some stores sell pure acetone as well.[2] | Acetylene gas | C2H2 | Ethyne | Hardware store or Welding supply; "acetylene"By reaction of calcium carbide and water. | Acetylsalicylic acid | C9H8O4 | Aspirin | Pharmacy; "Aspirin" | Aluminium | Al | Aluminium | General; "aluminium foil"Fine art store; "metallic pigment"—powdered aluminiumFiberglass supply shop; powdered aluminium as a filler material.Refined from mined aluminum ore, or bauxite.Often coated with wax to reduce flammability. | Aluminium hydroxide | Al(OH)3 | alumina hydrate | General; "antacid tablets"—blended with magnesium hydroxideAntacid Tablets; Alu-cap, Amphojel, Dialume—100%Fine art supply: "thickening agent"...
Words: 6510 - Pages: 27
...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer Fruit Batteries Science Fair Project tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas Project Guidebook dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc © 2009 Supercharged Science By Aurora Lipper © 2009 Supercharged Science www.AwesomeScienceProjects.com Page 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................2 How to Use This Book: ................................................................................................................3 Materials List...............................................................................................................................5 Create a Science Fair Project with Fruit & Veggies .......................................................................6 Sample Data Sheet ....................................................................................................................10 Sample Report ................................................................
Words: 6809 - Pages: 28
