...does it mean for an individual’s preferences to be rational? Please explain the concepts of costs and benefits and the reasoning process used by a rational individual. A rational individual will try to make the best possible use of his/her scarce resources, usually choosing an activity that has the highest utility. Rational preferences possess 2 properties, which are completeness and transitivity. Completeness means that choices can be ranked in an order of preference. For instance, an individual will have a preference when faced with two choices. Transitivity means actions can be compared with other actions. As an example, if action a is preferred to b, and action b is preferred to c, then a is preferred to c. A benefit is the maximum unit of currency amount you would be willing to pay to do x, while the cost is the value of all the resources you must give up in order to do x. The cost-benefit approach to decisions states that an individual should do an activity x if the benefit exceeds the cost. Relating to cost, in the process of coming up with a decision, a rational individual will take into account opportunity costs and ignore sunk costs. * New theories argue that people are not always rational. On what grounds? What are the implications for Policy making? The arguments where people are not rational can be explained in the following conditions: 1. Economic theories state that people are homo economicus that always act on their own preferences. In short, individuals...
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...a result of a catastrophic economic slump in 1929. (The Great Depression) * During the time of Great Depression, microeconomics was a well-developed branch of economics, but macroeconomics was not. * In the 1930’s, there were no expanding industries; everything was headed downward. * Microeconomics focuses on how decisions are made by individuals and firms and the consequences of those decisions; Macroeconomics examines the overall behavior of the economy—how the actions of all the individuals and firms in the economy interact to produce a particular economy-wide level of economic performance. * Many thousands or millions of individual actions compound upon one another to produce an outcome that isn’t simply the sum of those individual actions. (rubber-necking traffic jam example) * Paradox of thrift: when families and businesses are worried about the possibility of economic hard times, they prepare by cutting their spending. This reduction in spending depresses the economy as consumers spend less and businesses react by laying off workers. As a result, families and businesses may end up worse off than it they hadn’t cut their spending. * The flip-side is also true; seemingly profligate behavior leads to good times for all * Before 1930’s, economists regarded the economy as self-regulating: unemployment would be corrected through the invisible hand and government attempts would be ineffective/harmful. * Keynesian economics: a depressed...
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...Table of Contents Chapter 1 Taxation overview---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 General principles ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8 3 Specific principles on gross income------------------------------------------- 12 4 Pension receipts and payments------------------------------------------------- 22 5 Double Taxation------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 6 General deductions----------------------------------------------------------------34 7 Expenditure-------------------------------------------------------------------------38 8 Capital allowances-----------------------------------------------------------------48 9 Leasing------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60 10 Exemptions------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 11 Partnership-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 12 Farmers------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76 13 Miners------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 14 Exports------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 98 15 Capital gains------------------------------------------------------------------------ 101 16 Hire purchase-----------------------------------------------------------------------...
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...7/7/2014 Evernote Export Modern Welfare Criteria Created: 5/22/2012 9:12 PM General Equilibrium and Perfect Competition General Equilibrium of Exchange and Consumption 1. We assume that there is no production and the economy is a pure exchange economy. There are 2 individuals and 2 goods, who will exhaust the goods together. Naturally they will consume until (MRS x,y )A = (MRS x,y )B. But we don't know beforehand what will be the exact equilibrium. But if we know the initial distribution, we can define the boundary within which the equilibrium solution will lie. 2. Thus the initial distribution of goods and their relative bargaining strengths will determine the equilibrium position. This general equilibrium determines not only the final distribution of goods but also the rates of exchange or relative prices. Note that however, we can't determine absolute prices from here, we can only determine relative prices. Show that in PC, General Equilibrium can exist 1. This ca be shown using the fact that under PC, relative prices which A is facing will be same as relative prices which B is facing and hence MRS x,y for both will be same. General Equilibrium of Production 1. We assume that all labor is homogenous, receives equal wages, total quantity of each factor (L and K) is fixed, the production function is continuous and twice differentiable and the technology is given which together with factor endowments limits the production possibilities. Naturally the equilibrium condition...
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...Economic Outlook, Prospects, and Policy Challenges 01 CHAPTER This year’s Economic Survey comes at a time of unusual volatility in the international economic environment. Markets have begun to swing on fears that the global recovery may be faltering, while risks of extreme events are rising. Amidst this gloomy landscape, India stands out as a haven of stability and an outpost of opportunity. Its macro-economy is stable, founded on the government’s commitment to fiscal consolidation and low inflation. Its economic growth is amongst the highest in the world, helped by a reorientation of government spending toward needed public infrastructure. These achievements are remarkable not least because they have been accomplished in the face of global headwinds and a second successive season of poor rainfall. The task now is to sustain them in an even more difficult global environment. This will require careful economic management. As regards monetary and liquidity policy, the benign outlook for inflation, widening output gaps, the uncertainty about the growth outlook and the over-indebtedness of the corporate sector all imply that there is room for easing. Fiscal consolidation continues to be vital, and will need to maintain credibility and reduce debt, in an uncertain global environment, while sustaining growth. On the government’s “reformto-transform” agenda, a series of measures, each incremental but collectively meaningful have been enacted. There have also...
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...ENVIRONMENT UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA PROPERTY FINANCE (BVEV3120) COURSEWORK SESSION 2012/2013 TITLE: HOUSING MORTGAGE IN MALAYSIA; ISLAMIC OR CONVENTIONAL FINANCING/LOAN AS A PROSPECTIVE HOUSE BUYER NAME: AUGUSTINE OBUM ONYEBUCHI MATRIC NUMBER BEE100709 LECTURER: Dr. SR ROSLI SAID NOVEMBER 2012 1 Table of Content Page cover Table of content 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Study 1.2 Islamic Finance 1.3 Conventional Finance 2.0 consideration 2.1Property Market 2.2 Warranty 2.3 Cost 2.4 Financing 3.0 Mortgage Product in the Market 3.1 Common Characteristics of Housing loan products 3.2 Margin of Financing 3.3 Loan Tenure 3.4 Features 3.6 Early Termination Penalty 3.7 Partial Payment 3.8 House Owner Insurance 3.9 Lock in Period 4.0 Islamic vs. Conventional 4.1 Calculating the Annual Payment 5.0 Root for decision making 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 References 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 10 13 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 21 23 23 2 1.0 Introduction Housing is a major aspect of human development. As noted by the World Bank (1992), housing investment typically accounts for 2% to 8% of GNP, and the flow of housing services for an additional 5% to 10% of GNP. Residential real estate represents around 30% of world wealth, greater than both bonds (27%) and equities (19%). Residential construction is a major employer often accounting for more than 5% of total employment. Housing is an important economic sector with linkages to the real and financial parts of the economy. A healthy housing industry...
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...1.1Background A banking institution is indispensable in a modern society. It plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country and forms the core of the money market in an advanced country. In recent times the banking sector over the world has been undergoing a lot of changes due to deregulation, technological innovation, globalization etc. Bangladesh banking sector is lagging far behind in adopting these changes. Bank plays an important role in the business sectors and in the industrialization of a country. Basically the banks take deposits from the customers against interest and lend it to the borrowers against interest cessation period. Under these circumstances of bank offers different interest rates and other options to the customers to remit and deposit their money. These options are very common among all the banks, but only the customer services and other facilities vary from bank to bank. 1.2Objectives of the study The objective of the study is to fulfill the requirement of BBA program well as the aim thirst of this study is to test whether the considered bank's activities, specially the loans & advances, are unequal to the conventional Banking system. Other objectives are: To fulfill the requirement for the award of the degree To gather overall knowledge about system To know the project investment scenario of FSIBL To evaluate the historical performance of operational efficiency of Islamic banks in Bangladesh To compare and contrast among the Islami banks’...
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...Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS A TEACHERS’ MANUAL Undergraduate Level By Herminia A. Francisco Bui Dung The Pham Khanh Nam August 2005 1 PREFACE This manual was written to support the teaching of undergraduate environmental economics course in Vietnam Universities. Some time in 2003, a number of senior researchers of the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) requested that EEPSEA offers a 3-week training course for teachers of Environmental Economics in the country. The request in turn was precipitated by the new mandate from the Ministry of Education in Vietnam that makes Environmental Economics a required course in all Bachelors’ Degree in Economics and Management for all colleges and universities. Aware that the capacity of teachers to teach Environmental Economics varies across the country as training of teachers varies also from selfstudy, short-term training, to a formal course in an undergraduate/graduate degree from local universities or abroad, EEPSEA acceded to the request and offered the course in August 2005. The course though can be used also in other colleges and universities in Southeast Asia. The training course was designed to teach both the subject matter contained in an internationally-comparable undergraduate environmental course and to enhance teachers’ skills in teaching this subject. A teachers’ manual was developed to support the teaching of the training ...
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...cc * Week 2 * Rationally, you should compare marginal benefit with marginal costs Do (all) individuals make rational decisions all of the time? * NO (Economies is a study of how rational individuals make decisions) Examples: * Many restaurants do stay open for lunch, although there are relatively few customers * Number of motor vehicle accidents does go up subsequent to introduction to seatbelt legislation Agenda Key Concept: Comparative Advantage Production Possibilities Frontier Constant opportunity cost Increasing opportunity cost Comparative advantage and the gains from trade The production possibilities frontier and the gains from trade * Specialization: * Individuals: Produce one (or few) goods BUT purchase many goods * Countries: Import and Export many Goods Trade/Exchange * What is the source of the gains from trade/exchange? * Comparative Advantage * Productions possibilities frontier: * Constant opportunity Cost * Scarcity * Trade-Off * Opportunity Cost * Switch from ALL gumdrops to ALL chocolates * Chocolate=2gumdrops * One gumdrop=one chocolate * Note: straight line (linear) PPF implies that these opportunity costs for not change along the PPF * For an example of a production possibilities frontier that is not linear, see Mankiw, Chapter 2, pages 26-28 Comparative Advantage and the gains from trade * An individual (or country) has an comparative...
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...California University of Business and Technology School of Management Studies BA 360 Principles of Microeconomics Table of Contents Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics 3 Chapter 2 Thinking Like an Economist 7 Chapter 3 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade 10 Chapter 4 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 13 Chapter 5 Elasticity and Its Application 20 Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies 26 Chapter 7 Consumers, Producers, and Efficiency of Market 31 Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation 35 Chapter 9 Application: International Trade 39 Chapter 10 Externalities 42 Chapter 11 Public Goods and Common Resources 45 Chapter 12 The Design of the Tax System 47 Chapter 13 The Costs of Production 49 Chapter 14 Firms in Competitive Markets 53 Chapter 15 Monopoly 57 Chapter 16 Monopolistic Competition 61 Chapter 17 Oligopoly 64 Chapter 18 The Markets for the Factors of Production 68 Chapter 19 Earnings and Discrimination 73 Chapter 20 Income Inequality and Poverty 76 Chapter 21 The Theory of Consumer Choice 79 Chapter 22 Frontiers of Microeconomics 82 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics I. Significance * How people make decisions * How people interact * How the economy as a whole works II. Highlights The word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means "one who manages a household." A household faces many decisions, which...
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...Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics - A - Above the line |In balance of payments[->0] accounting, this refers to those transactions that are included in calculating the balance of payments surplus[->1] or deficit. Transactions below the line, typically official reserve transactions[->2] and sometimes short term capital flows[->3], are not included. | Absolute advantage |The ability to produce a good at lower cost, in terms of real resources, than another country. In a Ricardian model[->4], cost is in terms of only labor. Absolute advantage is neither necessary nor sufficient for a country to export a good. See comparative advantage[->5]. | Absolute advantage trade policy |The idea, advocated by opponents of globalization[->6], that a country should import only goods in which other countries have an absolute advantage[->7], particularly goods that the importing country cannot (or cannot "reasonably") produce itself. | Absolute Purchasing Power Parity |See purchasing power parity[->8]. | Absorption |Total demand for final goods and services by all residents (consumers, producers, and government) of a country (as opposed to total demand for that country's output). The term was introduced as part of the Absorption Approach[->9]. | Absorption approach |A way of understanding the determinants of the balance of trade, noting that it is equal to income minus absorption. Due to Alexander (1952)[->10] | Abundant |Available in large supply. Usually meaningful...
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...mobilizing our world AT&T Inc. 2013 AnnuAl RepoRT AT&T ONLINE ANNUAL REPORT Experience how we’re mobilizing our world at www.att.com/annualreport2013 TO OUR INVESTORS AT&T Inc. We’ve entered 2014 with our industry on the cusp of a dramatic expansion. And once again, our company is poised to lead. Over the past few years, AT&T has been a major driver of the global, mobile Internet revolution. We have invested and executed aggressively, and today our network is best in class, reaches hundreds of millions of people and comes out on top in all sorts of third-party tests for speed and reliability. We also moved early to open our network to outside innovators and broke new ground with our AT&T Foundry innovation centers, allowing us to deliver more apps and solutions to our customers faster. All of this has helped our company create new growth platforms. And more broadly, it has helped ignite a global wave of innovation that’s transforming how we manage our lives, connect with others and operate our businesses. It’s hard to overstate the impact of this revolution, or our company’s role in it. Simply put, we have created the framework for the fastest, largest technology transformation in our lifetime. But the fact is, as impressive as the past several years have been, the opportunities ahead are many times greater. This next wave is being powered by a combination of ultra-fast mobile communications with access to content located in the cloud. This means that just about...
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...TECHNIQUES TAX COMPLIANCE MATTERS PART IV ESTATE PLANNING Detail Contents PART 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Income Tax Mechanism in India 2. Basic concepts 1. Person 2. Assessee 3. Assessment year 4. Previous year 5. Rates of Tax 6. Accounting Method 7. Capital and Revenue Receipts 8. Income 9. Casual Income 3. Permanent account number CHAPTER 2 SCOPE OF TOTAL INCOME AND RESIDENTIAL STATUS 1. Definition of total income 2. Residential Status 3. Importance of residential status 4. Basic rule for determining residential status 1. Individual 2. HUF 3. Firms and association of person 4. Company 5. Every other person 5. Scope of income as per residential status 1. Resident 2. Not ordinarily resident 3. Non resident 6. Various kinds of income 1. Income received in India 2. Income deemed to be received in India 3. Income accruing or arising in India 4. Income deemed to be accrue or arise in India CHAPTER 3 INCOME EXEMPT FROM TAX 1. Understanding exempted income 2. Classification of exempted income 1. Fully exempted income 1. Income in the hands of an individual 2. Income of certain authorities 3. Income of non citizens 4. Income of non residents 5. Miscellaneous income 2. Partially...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is an example of how the question of "what goods and services to produce?" is answered by the command process? A) government subsidies for affordable housing B) laws regarding equal opportunity in employment C) government allowance for the deduction of interest payments on private mortgages D) government regulations concerning the dumping of industrial waste Answer: A 2) Opportunity cost is best defined as A) the amount given up when choosing one activity over all other alternatives. B) the amount given up when choosing one activity over the next best alternative. C) the opportunity to earn a profit that is greater than the one currently being made. D) the amount that is given up when choosing an activity that is not as good as the next best alternative. Answer: B 3) In a market economy, which of the following is the most important factor affecting scarcity? A) the needs and wants of consumers B) the price of the product C) the degree to which the government is involved in the allocation of resources. D) All of the above are equally important. Answer: A 4) Which of the following is not considered by economists to be a basic resource or factor of production? A) money B) machinery and equipment C) technology D) unskilled labor Answer: A 5) Select the group that best represents the basic factors of production...
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...BU111 Exam-Aid Session Wednesday, December 3rd, 2014 NICK BARBOUR & MICHAEL BLAIR What is JDCC? Annual undergraduate business competition between 14 universities in Central Canada Universities compete in: ◦ Academic (8 teams), Debate, Sports, Social, Charity Laurier has won School of the Year for the past 5 Years! ◦ Your donation today goes towards fueling win #6, thank you! 2 What is SOS? National organization with campus chapters run by student volunteers Run Exam-Aid sessions, which raise money to fund sustainable education projects in Latin America Email me at mcdo8210@mylaurier.ca for info on how to get involved! Visit lauriersos.com for info on more sessions. (EC120, MA129, PS101, AS101, and more!) Thank you for supporting! 3 Agenda •Social Factors • • • • Ethics CSR Managing Stakeholders Demographics •Political Factors • Going Long (Buy-Sell Transactions) • Margin Buying • Short Selling • Approx. Yield of Bonds •Time Value of Money • How Government Influences • Explanation of Concepts • Retirement Businesses, vice versa • Car Leasing • IP Rights • Bond Pricing • Types of Corporations • International Trade & •Technological Factors Globalization • Opportunities & Threats •Economic Factors 4 Recap: Critical Success Factors Achieving financial performance Meeting customer needs Building quality products and services Encouraging innovation and creativity Gaining employee commitment Creating...
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