...Research in Higher Education, Vol. 48, No. 2, March 2007 (Ó 2006) DOI: 10.1007/s11162-006-9042-3 EXAMINING HERZBERG’S THEORY: Improving Job Satisfaction among Non-Academic Employees at a University Ryan E. Smerek*,† and Marvin Peterson† ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ This study reports the results of a survey of 2700 employees in business operations at a large public, research university. The analysis tests Herzberg et al.’s (1959) well-known, duality theory of motivators and hygiene factors and the impact of personal characteristics and job characteristics on perceptions of the work environment and job satisfaction. The results offer inconclusive support of Herzberg’s theory although the work itself is the strongest predictor of job satisfaction after controlling for both personal and job characteristics. The study concludes by discussing both practical implications, for those in leadership positions in a university, and theoretical implications for researchers interested in exploring job satisfaction in a higher education context. ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ KEY WORDS: job satisfaction; quality of worklife; work climate; administrative staff...
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...order to be considered valid and meaningful. Standardized assessment can be ensured by procedures before, during and after testing. (American Speech- Language-Hearing Association, 2015) Before Testing Test developers should provide evidence of what the test measures and the strengths and limitations of the test including the level of precision of test scores. The content and skills that are to be tested are selected and the tests are developed. The students should well prepared with practice tests, answer sheets, manuals and score reports. The testing environment should be well selected. For a standardized assessment it should be given to a group of bout twenty five students. Each groups should have a test administrator who is familiar to the students. The test administrator are responsible for preparing the students. Students should be provided with all the...
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...Running Head: PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION Personal Philosophy of Supervision Andrea Byars EDA 551 Supervision and Instructional Leadership Grand Canyon University December 15, 2010 Personal Philosophy of Supervision Jean Jacques Rousseau once made the statement that, “Plants are shaped by cultivation and men by education. ... We are born weak, we need strength; we are born totally unprovided, we need aid; we are born stupid, we need judgment. Everything we do not have at our birth and which we need when we are grown is given us by education”. This statement makes it clear that it is imperative that students be taught how to think and speak in a proper manner so that they will be able to rationalize truths for themselves; thus meaning that administrators need to believe in, value, and be committed to the educability of all. Why then, is it important for an educational leader to have a personal philosophy regarding supervision? Establishing values and beliefs is essential to a person becoming an effective leader. Buddha once said, “Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, no matter if I have said it, unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense” (53 BC -483 BC). Glickman, Gordon, and Ross-Gordon, wrote “…a supervisor’s actions in working with teachers are based on supervisory beliefs, which in turn reflect a broader educational philosophy” (pg. 96). This means that the fundamental purpose of a leader’s supervisory stance...
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...leadership, from the 1900s to the 1950s, differentiated between leader and follower characteristics. Finding that no single trait or combination of traits fully explained leaders' abilities, researchers then began to examine the influence of the situation on leaders' skills and behaviors. Subsequent leadership studies attempted to distinguish effective from non-effective leaders. These studies attempted to determine which leadership behaviors were exemplified by effective leaders. To understand what contributed to making leaders effective, researchers used the contingency model in examining the connection between personal traits, situational variables, and leader effectiveness. Leadership studies of the 1970s and 1980s once again focused on the individual characteristics of leaders which influence their effectiveness and the success of their organizations. The investigations led to the conclusion that leaders and leadership are crucial but complex components of organizations. Traits Model of Leadership: Leaders versus Followers Initial investigations of leadership considered leaders as individuals endowed with certain personality traits which constituted their abilities to lead. The studies investigated individual traits such as intelligence, birth order, socioeconomic status, and child-rearing practices (Bass, 1960; Bird, 1940; Stogdill, 1948, 1974). Stogdill (1974) identified six categories of personal factors associated with leadership: capacity, achievement, responsibility, participation...
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...Interviews: Among organizational decision-makers, interviews continue to be one of the most frequently used assessment methods to assess candidates for employment, and have been found to be the assessment method most preferred by supervisors and HR practitioners. From an applicant's perspective, obtaining a job interview is fundamental to job search success. Structured Interview Components Campion et al. 1997 studied methods of enhancing interview structure and identified two categories, those components that (1) relate to the interview's content and (2) relate to the evaluation process. Components influencing content: 1. Base questions on job analysis 2. Ask exact same questions of each candidate 3. Limit prompting, follow up questioning and elaboration on question 4. Use better types of questions 5. Use longer interview or larger number of questions 6. Control ancillary information 7. Do not allow questions from candidate until after the interview Components influencing evaluation process 8. Rate each answer or use multiple scales 9. Use detailed anchored rating scales 10. Take detailed notes 11. Use multiple interviewers 12. Use same interviewers across all candidates 13. Do not discuss candidates or answers between interviews 14. Provide extensive interview training 15. Use statistical rather than clinical prediction Other researchers have also proposed a three-dimensional model of interview...
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...Degree: Doctor of Education (Ed.D) Specialization: Administrator Leadership for Teaching and Learning Personal/Professional Goals I am interested in completing this program in order to add to my credentials. This degree will allow me to realize one of my dreams which is to become an educational consultant sharing my knowledge and experience as an educator with others. A Doctorate in Education with a specialization in Administrator Leadership for Teaching and Learning will allow me to collaborate with a range of stakeholders in education and/or learning organizations in order to effect positive social change. Academic Experience I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Psychology from Towson State University in December 1976.The summer of 1978 began my graduate studies. I attended Towson State University part-time in the evenings. I completed 75 graduate credits in the areas of counseling, special education and reading by the Fall of 1986. These credits allowed me to gain an Advanced Professional Certificate as well as certification as a Reading Specialist with the Baltimore City Public school System. In the spring of 1998 I began a Masters Program at Johns Hopkins University to receive a Masters in Urban School Counseling. I completed that program in the Fall of 2002 with a GPA of 3.56. During that same year I completed courses necessary to receive my Administrator I Certification. I also passed the ISLLC examine and received my Administrator II certification...
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...which envisages who will direct or by what method will he or she direct. These articles give a concept into the methods to effect or utilize a particular description of successful management. However the conception of an effective leader is biased, which makes it challenging to visibly describe what characteristics and qualities cause somebody to be an effective administrator or leader. There is also not any unanimity concluded as to which traits are largely significant for those in chief positions such as leaders and administrators to have. Although some view character traits like self-confidence and inspiration, others contemplate natural traits like individuals size to be more important. This paper is a synthesis analysis of three research articles that explored leadership styles, individual’s temperaments, perception of themselves and others, and their gratefulness of multiplicity and variation using an assortment of students, managers, and presidential affiliates. These articles present concrete points of view for those in leadership, management and Presidential positions. The points of view encompass some narratives of these individuals surveyed and their impact of characteristic and behavior traits. The...
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...all can lead to the glass ceiling. The most common situation is discriminatory different sexual actor. It is very common for women to face to the glass ceiling in business place. Reason for women to be treated by the glass ceiling History 1. It is a man-control world for a long time. 2. Women did not go to work for a long time until recent time. Social Problem 1. In public opinion, women can not do management as well as men. It will effect the employers’ decision. 2. Women have more family duties such as taking care of children. C. Abilities and Sexual Characteristics 1. For the physical reason, women may not adapt to the intensive work. 2. For mental reason, women will measure the problem more emotionally. What Women Can Do A. Something men can not do well 1. Human resource. 2. Accounting. 3. Secretary. B. New blood to the management level of company 1. Working environment. 2. New ideas. 3. Emotional...
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...learn more effectively. It is how students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers. While personal variables is the things to be considered in your personality that may have an effect in your academic performance in school. In this research, it tackles the relationship of academic performance of the student from the College of Education, particularly BBTE 3rd year students to their personal variables. There are many factors that academic performance and personal variable are related to each other like; personal variable (cognitive and non-cognitive), demographic variable, and institutional variable. In fact, almost all of existing environmental and personal factors are a variable of academic performance. However, at this point of time, the researchers would like to study the relationship of academic performance of BBTE 3rd year students to their personal variables and the factors that may affect it. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In measuring of academic performance of students is challenging since student performance is product of socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors. For the last 20 years, education in Philippines is growing as a profitable industry with prime objective of maximizing profit by delivering high quality education that produces well-educated, skilled, mannered students according to needs and requirements...
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...investigation of conflict management in public and private sector universities Siraj ud Din1 *, Bakhtiar Khan1 , Rashid Rehman1 and Zainab Bibi2 1 Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 2 Institute of Management Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Accepted 27 May, 2011 The purpose of this paper is to gain an insight into the conflict management in public and private sector universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To achieve the earlier mentioned purpose, survey method was used with the help of questionnaire. In this research, impact of university type (public and private sector) was examined on the conflict management strategies of the teachers in higher education. Moreover, a systematic approach was adopted to discover existence of conflict, its intensity, types and sources in these two types of universities. Results indicate that conflict was intense in the public sector universities; interpersonal conflict was more prevalent in public sector while task conflict was high in the private sector universities. Findings indicated that faculty in both types of universities used integrating, compromising and avoiding styles simultaneously in case of conflict. There was no significant difference in the conflict management strategies of both types of universities. Finally, it was revealed that there was no formal system in both types of universities to manage conflict. Key words: Conflict, conflict...
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...Submitted by Tina Williamson Abstract I have questioned myself several times about my leadership style since becoming a supervisor with my current employer. I must admit that I accepted my position without a clue of how to effectively supervise others. I’m learning that becoming a great leader takes time and clearly doesn’t happen overnight, especially if you are not a “born” leader. However, I believe that continuous training and education will improve my leadership skills. This paper will consist of several things to include: four different surveys and tallying up the scores to reflect my degree of emotional intelligence, assessments and scores that identify my strengths and weaknesses, and skills that I could use to improve my emotional intelligence to be an effective leader. I believe that there are different types of leadership styles in the workplace. Some people were assigned to be leaders from their mother’s womb and others require training. The style of a leader depends on three things: beliefs, values and skills. The characteristics of a good leader should consist of honesty, respectfulness, sense of humor, the ability to inspire and encourage, good communication skills, flexibility, confidence and commitment. I participated in several emotional skills assessments presented in the book entitle “Emotional Intelligence: Achieving Academic and Career Excellence” to tap into my emotional intelligence and to define the areas of growth that I need to become an effective...
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...sports provide an important educational opportunity to the student-athlete. Scholars suggested intercollegiate athletics provided three distinct attributes to higher education; 1) personal development, 2) a vehicle for increased intellectual attainment and social upward mobility, and 3) help increase student enrollment and revenue (Miller, 2003; Zimmerman and Wickersham, 2013). The decisions made in NCAA Division II athletic reform with regard to helping student athletes earn their degrees remain an integral component of the mission of intercollegiate athletics (NCAA, n.d.). The Division II philosophy...
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...Review of Educational Research http://rer.aera.net Understanding Technology Adoption: Theory and Future Directions for Informal Learning Evan T. Straub REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 2009 79: 625 DOI: 10.3102/0034654308325896 The online version of this article can be found at: http://rer.sagepub.com/content/79/2/625 Published on behalf of American Educational Research Association and http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Review of Educational Research can be found at: Email Alerts: http://rer.aera.net/alerts Subscriptions: http://rer.aera.net/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.aera.net/reprints Permissions: http://www.aera.net/permissions Downloaded from http://rer.aera.net at UNIV OF SOUTH FLORIDA on February 10, 2011 Review of Educational Research June 2009, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 625–649 DOI: 10.3102/0034654308325896 © 2009 AERA. http://rer.aera.net Understanding Technology Adoption: Theory and Future Directions for Informal Learning Evan T. Straub The Ohio State University How and why individuals adopt innovations has motivated a great deal of research. This article examines individuals’ computing adoption processes through the lenses of three adoption theories: Rogers’s innovation diffusion theory, the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Incorporating all three models, this article suggests technology adoption is a complex, inherently...
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...DuFour, DuFour, and Eaker (2008), leaders can take comfort in knowing that there is abundant research to support PLCs. The function of the instructional leader is to teach the employees what the characteristics of a learning organization are and how to achieve these characteristics within the organization. A true leader uses their power for good and gets their faculty on their side not by manipulation, but by taking the personal power route to gain full support and trust from his or her employees. Culture for organizational culture is a set of values, norms, and practices that prevail in an organization transformation-based direction of turnaround. This means enhancing the coordination between the people and to match resources with environment and capabilities. Cultural values are often embedded in people through their direct experience with family, most important, and thereafter in social groups of which they often perceived to be associated with. DuFour et al. (2008) stated that a leader could present the following findings from researchers both inside and outside education to convince those who find research persuasive. Schools should be reorganized to become authentic learning establishments for both learners and educators; establishments that value learning, respect education, and educate for understanding. When a school is arranged into an expert community, the following happens: educators set greater opportunities for learner achievement, learners can count on the...
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...Student Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education Alexander W. Astin A student development theory based on student involvement is presented and described, and the implications for practice and research are discussed. Even a casual reading of the extensive literature on student development in higher education can create confusion and perplexity. One finds not only that the problems being studied are highly diverse but also that investigators who claim to be studying the same problem frequently do not look at the same variables or employ the same methodologies. And even when they are investigating the same variables, different investigators may use completely different terms to describe and discuss these variables. My own interest in articulating a theory of student development is partly practical—I would like to bring some order into the chaos of the literature—and partly self-protective. I and increasingly bewildered by the muddle of f indings that have emerged from my own research in student development, research that I have been engaged in for more than 20 years. The theory of student involvement that I describe in this article appeals to me for several reasons. First, it is simple: I have not needed to draw a maze consisting of dozens of boxes interconnected by two-headed arrows to explain the basic elements of the theory to others. Second, the theory can explain most of the empirical knowledge about environmental influences on student development that researchers...
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