...Arbasak 4/6/14 Peru The first inhabitants of Peru were nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves in Peru's coastal regions. Though Peru was home to many diverse indigenous cultures throughout its history, Peru is famous for the Incan culture. When someone thinks about the past of Peru, the first thought for many is Inca civilization. Peru is also well known for its archaeological wealth. Many archaeologists find Peru’s ancient sites and cultures as endlessly fascinating equal to places like Mexico, Egypt, and the Mediterranean. Peru is still very rich in its old cultural architecture, seeing these sites are very rewarding. It's the multiple layers of great civilizations that make Peru so fascinating. Cobblestone streets preserve the era of the Conquistadors, the ruins of the lost city of Machu Pichu remind travelers of the once mighty Inca Empire, and the mysterious Nazca lines that remain unexplained today. Machu Pichu is one of the great wonders of the world and its surprised me how high the mountains peak. It sits 7,970 feet (2,430 meters) above sea level on the eastern slope of the Andes and overlooks the Urubamba River hundreds of feet below. Peru is located on South America's central Pacific coast. It is the twentieth-largest nation in the world, and borders Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile, Colombia and Ecuador. Lima is the capital of Peru and is located on the central coast. The size of Peru is 1,326,074 square kilometers (512,000 square miles) so Peru is about the size...
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...…………………………………………………………... 14 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………..……….. 15-17 WORD COUNT Part 1: 2310 Part 2: 939 Total: 3249 WORD COUNT Part 1: 2310 Part 2: 939 Total: 3249 INTRODUCTION Peru is a dynamic, fast-growing South American economy poised for success in international markets. Some of Peru’s flagship export products are coffee and asparagus, but in recent years, it is an emerging producer of New World wines. Peru’s wine market supply is around 45 million litres, an increase of almost 10 million litres from five years ago (USDA, 2014). Peruvian climate is ideal for cultivation of grapes with strong character, where majority of its vineyards are concentrated on the Central coast. The wine industry is Peru has promising prospects for a foreign business investment, due to growing domestic consumption and global demand for high-quality and affordable wines. ………... PORTER’S NATIONAL DIAMOND ANALYSIS ………... 1.1 Factor Conditions 1.1.1 Physical Resources Andean soils are relatively young and are subject to erosion by water and winds because of the land gradient. The soil composition is loose sandy loam with high salinity (FAO, 2006). The coastal region of Peru is desert, intersected by valleys flowing from the Andes down to the sea. Peru has a per capita availability of 68,321m3 from 159...
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...TABLES 22 Figure 1. Peru nominal and real GDP, 1994-2013 and Inflation Rate, 1994-2013 22 Figure 2. Peru Exports (FOB) and Imports (CIF). 1994-2013 22 Figure 3. Peru Trade Openness Index and Contribution of US trade to TOI. 23 Table 1. Trade evolution for Exports, Imports, and Trade Balance, Peru-USA 2009-2013. 23 Figure 4. Trade evolution for Exports, Imports, and Trade Balance, Peru-USA 2009-2013. 24 Figure 5. Peru-USA Trade Exports and Imports per capita. 2009-2013. 24 Figure 6. Peru-USA and Peru-World Net Trade and Balance Trade Comparison. 2009-2013. 25 Figure 7. Peru’s Foreign Direct Investment stock and flow (Equity Capital). 2003-2013. 25 ABSTRACT Peru has signed a Free Trade Agreement with United States on February 2009, this FTA with the US is a balanced and comprehensive agreement covering all aspects of bilateral economic relationship such as: trade in goods, investment promotion, procurement, border services, and protection of intellectual property. It also includes chapters on labor and environmental protection. Objectives for the Agreement are of two orders, to increase and guarantee preferential access to Peruvian exports to US economy, diversify exports, and attract Foreign Direct Investment, and on the other hand (and maybe most important in the long term) to strengthen the stability of the Peruvian economic policy reforms and institutions, as well as to contribute to improved international risk classification of Peru, promoting in...
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...world with a huge number of stores worldwide. Current growth strategy - The development based on an internal growth strategy. In fact, Stacrbucks employs 182000 employees all over the world who are always well-cared by the company.The vast majority of stores are company owned and company runs. - Within 27 years, it is estimated that Starbucks opens two stores a day on average. The number of stores in UK and US is quite tremendous (700 stores in UK and 6700 stores in US).Thus, the coffee market in these two countries are believed to reach saturation in the near future. - Up to now, Starbucks has operated more than 20 000 stores in 65 countries. They are focusing on a fast-developing region: South America Franchising - According to Peru this week, by the end of 2015, Starbucks aims the target of operating 100 stores in Peru. A new strategy is applied instead of owning and operating stores, Starbucks is seeking to expand by rising a franchise model. Both company and franchises have advantages: Challenge According to opening in new market, the company has to face 2 key challenges: 1. Conduct market research to access both customer preferences and potential of market 2. Focus on building brand awareness and customer loyalty. It means that to make profit in a new market, the company has to have a huge investment on marketing. PEST Analyse Political influences: Political issues in Peru is still complicated as corruption and excessive bureaucracy are widely ripe....
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...impact from the rest of the further developed nations. Historically, it is a series of actions which arises from ideas of people and industrial advancement. Peru is one of the nations which distinctly depicts the effects from globalisation. Peru was initially a third world nation suffering from scarcity and dictatorship, it is now progressing into a developed country. Globalisation has positively affected Peru by raising the Human Development Index, empowering females, and creating a more powerful nation. (Leon 2002) One of the advantages of globalisation which has a civil development is the increase in Human Development Index. It is an assessment and comparison of civil, governmental and industrial growth between all the nations in the world. With a scale of zero to one, the Human Development Index rates each nation, with the most developed, globalised nation scoring one. The capital gross domestic production, life expectancy during birth, literacy of adults, and the amount of people admitted into educational institutions are the aspects involved in concluding the Human Development Index of each nation. Peru had a startling Human Development Index of 0.643 in 1975. However, the Human Development Index of the nation surged up to 0.762 which was more than a tenth rise. This considerable hike in the Human Development Index of Peru was an evident sign of the benefits from globalisation. In the...
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...ABC The Pacific Alliance 1 The Pacific Alliance – Deep integration for prosperity The Pacific Alliance is a mechanism for regional integration formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, in April 2011. It acquired legal and formal existence on 6 June 2012, with the signature of the Framework Agreement. The process seeks to create attractive markets among its member countries and enhance their competitiveness in the wider world. 2 Member Countries T h e Pa c i f i c A l l i a n c e Mexico Colombia Peru Chile 3 Finland United Kingdom Netherlands Germany France Switzerland Italy Canada Turkey People's Republic of China Japan Republic of Korea United States of America Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Dominican Republic Costa Rica Panama Spain Portugal Morocco Israel India Singapore Ecuador Australia Paraguay Uruguay New Zealand Member-Candidate countries The Pacific Alliance Observer Countries T h e Pa c i f i c A l l i a n c e Costa Rica Panama 4 Objectives of the Pacific Alliance: To build, through participation and consensus, an area of deep integration that will move progressively forward towards the free circulation of goods, services, capital and persons. To dynamize growth, development and competitiveness in the economies of the Parties, in order to achieve greater welfare, overcome socioeconomic disparities and secure social inclusion in their societies. To become a platform for political articulation, economic and commercial integration, and projection...
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...Country Introduction: Chile v. Peru Extending 2,880 miles down the western coast of South America, between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains, is the remarkably slender country known as Chile. Due to its large geographical scale, encompassing 38 degrees in latitude, Chile has a range of climatic zones, from the arid Atacama Dessert in the north to the subtropical regions in the south. These diverse climates and topographies provide Chile with a wealth of natural resources including timber, iron ore, hydropower and most prominently, copper, an element known for its inherent ductility and electrical conductivity. Beginning in the mid 1960s, concurrent with China’s exploding GDP growth rate, the value of copper in the modern industrial market place began to soar due increased global demand. Chile, whose copper reserves account for 28% of the world’s total supply, experienced the positive economic impact from this increased demand, as seen through the country’s GDP growth of over 400% between 1970 and 2014, adjusting for inflation, (Appendix 1). Coupled with the solid GDP growth over the last 45 years, Chile was also able to establish strong institutions, an efficient government with relatively low levels of corruption, and solid macroeconomic stability, which subsequently established Chile as the most competitive economy in Latin America according the 2015 Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) (Appendix 2). Directly to Chile’s north lies Peru, a country almost double Chile’s...
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...* The Peruvian government seeks to attract investment -- both foreign and domestic -- in nearly all sectors of the economy. The Peruvian Minister of Economy and Finance announced at a January 2012 international investment fair that Peru seeks $50 billion in foreign investment within the next three years. * In 1991, the Peruvian government began an extensive privatization program, encouraging foreign investors to participate. From 1991 through September 2005, privatization revenues totaled $9.4 billion, of which foreign investors were responsible for the vast majority. * The Peruvian government does not screen foreign direct investment nor does it require foreign investors to register their investments. * Foreign investors have the same rights as national investors to benefit from any investment incentives, such as tax exemptions. And Foreign investment does not require prior approval, except in banking and defense-related industries. But Foreign investors are advised to register with ProInversion to obtain the guarantee that they will be able to repatriate capital, profits, and royalties. * Some laws require that Peruvians own a majority share in companies operating in certain sectors: media, air and land transportation, and private security surveillance services. * In addition, under the Constitution, foreign interests cannot "acquire or possess under any title, mines, lands, forests, waters, or fuel or energy sources" within 50 kilometers of Peru's international borders...
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...Bennett，Duff Warren，Lisa Koster Schulich School of Business, York University 2015.8.12 Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current Facebook fashion store Mi Tiendecita de Moda (MTM), which was ran by Maria Alva in Lima, Peru. Methods of analysis include PEST, PORTER FIVE FORCES, and SWOT to examine the basic ability and competitiveness of the enterprise, as well as the potential developing opportunities. The result of the analysis shows that although Ms. Alva’s business has had a distinguishable achievement in that period, her operation model is no longer suitable for the booming needs of the market. She faces a series of problems, including an over-loaded work schedule, supply chain enhancement, business domain development and customer service improvement. The conclusion of the report ascertains that the improvement of her current business model can strengthen the company’s competitiveness, benefit more Peruvian women and increase profitability. To reach the target, Ms. Alva is recommended to: * Focus on target customers, who are 20-39 years old, upper middle class females * Maintain mobile physical store strategy * Cooperate with investors to get additional capital * Take advantage of creativity and innovation to establish a new brand and cooperate with international luxury brands * Recruit small competitors as retailers in the future However, the report also investigates the fact that the analysis conducted...
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...keeping the level of public debt among the lowest in the region. Nowadays the world lives the era of globalization, characterized by economy and markets expansion, media, and transportation. With it, a new competitive environment arises, requiring countries to open their economies in order to communicate them with these new markets. Peru, a country located in the western coast of South America, is not the exception. Though, it has significant challenges to face in its economic development. (voxeu.org) A country sharply divided in three geographic regions: In the North-west coastal areas contain primary oil deposits. Main traditional agricultural products including cotton, fish, and fruits grow along the Pacific coast. And most mineral resources, that involve approximately half of Peru's exports, come from mines in the Andes. However, despite this bunch of resources, Peruvian economy is essentially heterogeneous, and markets segmentation is extremely high. This can be attributed to major obstacles, differences and barriers in access to these resources companies need to grow their competitiveness. An easier way to classify productive specialization in Peru is by dividing its GDP into four large economic sectors: extractive or primary activities (agriculture, fisheries and mining); basic transformation or infrastructure (construction); intermediate or industrial transformation (manufacturing); and services (home rentals, government, electricity, gas and water, commerce, among others)...
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...Index a) Nokia Corporation 1. Introduction 2. History i) Pre telecommunication Era 1) Industrial conglomerate ii) Telecommunications era 1) Networking equipment 2) First mobile phones 3) Involvement in GSM 3. Acquisitions 4. Logos b) Global Market Captured/Targeted By Nokia Corporation c) Peru i) Quick Facts ii) General Overview iii) Economy iv) Challenges v) Economic Indicators d) Entry Strategy For Nokia Corporation to Enter in Peru i) Political factors ii) Social Factors iii) Economical factors iv) Technological Factors v) Environmental Factors vi) Legal factors Nokia Corporation Introduction Nokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational communications corporation that is headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, a city neighboring Finland's capital Helsinki. Nokia is engaged in the manufacturing of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries, with over 123,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and global annual revenue of EUR 41 billion and operating profit of €1.2 billion as of 2009. It is the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones: its global device market share was about 33% in Q2 2010, down from 35% in Q2 2009 and unchanged from Q1 2010. Nokia's converged device market share was about 41% in...
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...6. Social Responsibility & NGO’s Gursharn Dhugga In this report you will learn about the corporate social responsibility of Peru, business ethics, ethical issues in international business and Non-Governmental Organizations in Peru. Corporate Social Responsibility & CSR in Global Companies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined as the voluntary activities undertaken by a company to operate in an economic, social and environmentally sustainable manner. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Sector in Peru seeks to take a first step towards meaningful dialogue about CSR among the different actors involved to help civil society obtain the highest benefits from CSR policies and actions implemented by government and corporations. A legislative proposal on the topic of corporate social responsibility was introduced in Peru in 2005, but it was never implemented and thus there is still no legislation governing CSR in Peru. Small businesses who deal domestically tend to place much less emphasis on operating responsibly than the major companies who rely mainly on exports. Most CSR initiative in Peru seems to come from international organizations and intermediaries; the Swiss AVINA, Kellog, Interamerican, and Ford Foundations are all examples of the attempt to raise CSR awareness. Benefits of CSR Peru’s rapid economic expansion has helped to reduce the national poverty rate by almost 15%, but 44.5% of the population still live below the poverty line....
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...The present study examines the case of Latam in its internationalization process, first as Lan Chile (Chile) and TAM SA (Brazil). The basis on which this process takes place is not only the enabling environment that has offered Latin America in the last 20 years in economic stability and growth, are also given in the context of privatizations, deregulation in various aspects of the economies of the region, openness to international trade and policies gradually adopted by most economies in the region, with flexible exchange rates, mostly autonomous central banks acting under inflation targeting and counter-cyclical fiscal policy, all this in accordance with the acceptance the so-called "Washington Consensus". LAN’s raising and its expansive through Latin America. LAN Chile born as a state enterprise in 1929. In 1946 opens its first international route to Buenos Aires; in 1956 it expanded its operations to Lima; Miami in 1958 and in 1970 to Europe. After a privatization process is consolidated locally in Chile, then position in Latin America and assist its internationalization. In 1985 the government of the time transformed the company into a public limited company to start its privatization. In 1989 the sale of 51% to domestic investors and SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System) is specified, until in 1994 the Chilean government sold all the shares held by it, at Piñera and Cueto group become owners LAN majority. The business starts a second phase in 1997 when LAN acquires 99...
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...[Πληκτρολογήστε το όνομα της εταιρείας] | [Πληκτρολογήστε τον τίτλο του εγγράφου] | [Πληκτρολογήστε τον υπότιτλο του εγγράφου] | user [Επιλογή ημερομηνίας] | Ambassador of the Republic of Cyprus H.E. Joseph Joseph The people of Cyprus are divided into two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, who respective motherlands can be put together by geography, supported by the same history, ethnic ties, etc. However, no matter how much affinity they have, it is clear as crystal that the Cyprus problem still lasts. Before the dispute started in 1964 Cyprus was the country of 77% Greek Cypriots, 18% Turkish Cypriots, 5% other nationalities, but time has changed and the neither the Greek Cypriots nor the Turkish Cypriots can stand each other. All these led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. De facto partitioned the island into two political areas; the south went to the 99.5% of the Greek Cypriots which is called the Republic of Cyprus. And the north went to the 98.7% of Turkish Cypriots which is known as Northern Cyprus. Greek is predominantly spoken in the South, where the majority is Greek Cypriots and Turkish in the north, where the majority is Turkish Cypriots. In the meantime grew the “Enosis movement”, a movement by the ethnically Greek population of Cyprus. They demanded that the regions with majority Greek should brought together as one Greek state. On the other hand, the Turks wanted separation of states between the Greeks and...
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...SECTION A Part One: Multiple Choice Ans.1 B. Location Ans.2. D . All of the above Ans.3. B. Price Ans.4. A. 1958 Ans.5.C. 1990 Ans.6. C. Culture Ans.7. A. Product Ans.8. C. Trademark Ans.9. A. Global Market Ans.10. C. Evaluative process PART- II 1. What do you understand by “ Inward-oriented Policies”? Ans. An inward- oriented policy, usually , means over protection. What is less obvious is that sheltering domestic industries puts exports at a great disadvantage because it raises the cost of the foreign inputs used in their production. Moreover, an increase in the relative costs of domestic inputs may also occur through inflation or because of appreciation of the exchange rate as import restrictions are introduced. In practice, the distinction between inward-looking and outward looking approaches gets blurred. Most of the less developed countries have employed both strategies with different degrees of emphasis at one time or another 2. What is ‘Factor Endowments Theory’? Ans. The factor endowment theory was developed by Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and his student Bertil Ohlin. This theory consists of two important theorems, namely, the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem and the factor price equalization theorem. TheHeckscher-Ohlin theorem examines the reasons for comparative cost differences in production and states that a country has comparative advantage in the production of that commodity which uses more intensively the country’s more abundant factor...
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