...Conceptual framework The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world carried out in a specific period of time. The balance of payments (BOP) is an accounting of a country's international transactions for a particular time period. Any transaction that causes money to flow into a country is a credit to its BOP account, and any transaction that causes money to flow out is a debit. The BOP includes the current account, which mainly measures the flows of goods and services; the capital account, which consists of capital transfers and the acquisition and disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets; and the financial account, which records investment flows. Every international transaction results in a credit and a debit. Transactions that cause money to flow into a country are credits, and transactions that cause money to leave a country are debits. For instance, if someone in India buys a South Korean stereo, the purchase is a debit to the Indian account and a credit to the South Korean account. If a Brazilian company sends an interest payment on a loan to a bank in the India, the transaction represents a debit to the Brazilian BOP account and a credit to the India’s BOP account. The balance of payment compromises of the Current Account, the Capital Account and the OFFICIAL RESERVE ACCOUNT. The balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output...
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...For exclusive use at IE Business School, 2015 Harvard Business School 9-295-073 Rev. February 23, 1996 Toy World, Inc. Early in January 1994, Jack McClintock, president and part owner of Toy World, Inc., was considering a proposal to adopt level monthly production for the coming year. In the past, the company’s production schedules had always been highly seasonal, reflecting the seasonality of sales. Mr. McClintock was aware that a marked improvement in production efficiency could result from level production, but he was uncertain what the impact on other phases of the business might be. Toy World, Inc. was a manufacturer of plastic toys for children. Its product groups included toy cars, trucks, construction equipment, rockets, spaceships and satellites, musical instruments, animals, robots, and action figures. In most of these product categories the company produced a wide range of designs, colors, and sizes. Dollar sales of a particular product had sometimes varied by 30%-35% from one year to the next. The manufacture of plastic toys was a highly competitive business. The industry was populated by a large number of companies, many of which were short on capital and management talent. Since capital requirements were not large and the technology was relatively simple, it was easy for new competitors to enter the industry. On the other hand, design and price competition was fierce, resulting in short product lives and a relatively high rate of company failures...
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...commercial vehicle market globally with fastest growing market in the world with a growth expectation of CAGR 9.5% till 2010 • Migration of Two wheeler segments to four wheeler segments is the growth driver of fuel demand • Brake oil and coolant oil are another large segment is expected to grow with introduction of new brake system and advanced gear technology and automatic transmission system (ATS) Lube market size in India • Fifth largest market in the world in terms of volume with 17000 • • • • • • Cr in 2009 Broadly divided into 3 major categories Automotive (67%),Industrial and Marine & Energy Applications (23%) Automotive is further classified into CI Engines (Diesel Engine) with 70% Market share and SI Engine (Lubes and petrol Engines) with 30% market share Industry is led by 4 major players with 70% market share i.e IOC, Castrol, HPCL & BPCL, remaining 30% is MNC and unorganised players Market share is further divided as 50% PSUs and 20% Castrol IOC has been the leader in terms of profitability with Servo Brand Recent times the scenario is changing and competition is on basis of brand identification with respect to performance rather pricing Consumer Behavior • Types of customer in Automotive lubricant market • Quality conscious •...
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...GEZ PETROL STATION: USING COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING By KU NOR IZAH KU ISMAIL (Corresponding author) School of Accountancy UUM College of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia E-mail: norizah@uum.edu.my Tel: 04-9283906 And WAN NORDIN WAN HUSSIN Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia GEZ PETROL STATION: USING COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING INTRODUCTION As an Area Manager of GEZ Bhd, a major oil company in Malaysia, in 2010, Mr Aiman was responsible for directing the sales activities of more than twenty petrol stations in the northern region of Malaysia. He was also responsible to train petrol station dealers and staff, initiate sales promotion and implement key initiatives to improve sales. Despite being a stable business with continuous increase in vehicles, often times, petrol station operators faced with the difficulty of sustaining the business, leading to the termination of the dealership license. The lack of knowledge in finance and costing, among others, contributed to business failures. Realising the importance of management accounting concepts and tools such as cost allocation and CVP analysis, Mr Aiman believed that the dealers and their relevant staff should have the knowledge in cost accounting. They should be able to differentiate between variable and fixed expenses, prepare a financial statement and perform a cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. To help the dealers perform the CVP analysis...
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...There was enthusiastic discussion amongst the attendees and below is a just an extract from some of the technical questions & answers on the day: Does GEZ take image copies as sources for copies? Not currently. As GEZ writes the backups on tape the copy time would take too long. BCV5 is able to use image copies as source data, and as Gerd Hettling from UBS-Hainer explained, it then automatically determines the last written full copies. There is also a function to synchronize full or incremental copies with the aid of the DB2 log. This function is particularly of interest for all those who work in pure 24×7 environments and can not stop the source to gain a clean copy. What about the renaming of objects? Yes, this is important and is possible with BCV5. There are panels to specify renaming rules of the target objects. After a fast copy the RUNSTATS utility may need extensive time to execute. Is there a way to copy the RUNSTATS information as well? Yes, this function can also be used ‘stand-alone’, i.e. without a preceding copy of objects one can copy ‘runstats’ from a source to a different target system and target renames will be applied. How does BCV5 treat views and indexes? Views, triggers, and with some limitations procedures can be copied. Indexes can be copied or automatically recreated at the target system – the latter is particularly helpful for indexes which occur only on the target side. We heard about significant lowering of the copy time but what...
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...Petrol price relates to people’s life By reading the news named “91 petrol jumps by 6c a liter to record price”, I realize that the price of petrol has a closely relationship with people’s normal life. It said that the oil companies lifted the price of petrol and diesel because of the Middle East conflicts, and also the annual inflation had increase 4 per cent which was driven by petrol prices one-third higher than a year ago. Because of this situation, the Council of Trade unions said that “high petrol price have a significant effect on low-income workers.” and “unions will continue to push for decent wage increase this year.” Moreover, many motorists are affected by the price hike; they have to spend more on the fuel. Therefore they should start to think about the cost budget or find an economical car. Also they will take a public transport instead of using their cars, someone decided not to travel too far. There are some questions in the article which could help me to understand it well, such as why the Middle East conflicts could cause the petrol price raise, why increasing petrol price will affect low-income worker most, and how the motorists’ decision above will influence the market. All of these questions can be answered by using the concepts of supply and demand. Firstly, in the world oil market, the largest oil supplier is from the Middle East, however the conflict there has a negative impact on the oil expert, because the conflict lead to a decline in number of producers...
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...emphasizes the importance of understanding the identified key audience, their needs, wants and desires to effectively create and position an offer of value to both the customer and the organisation. A useful tool to aid marketers in successfully positioning their offer is the Marketing Mix, more commonly referred to as the 4P’s – Product, Price, Promotion and Place. By adjusting these four elements, organisations are able to satisfy customer needs in their chosen target market/s whilst maximising their return. This model can be used for new offers entering the market, analysing existing offers or optimizing growth in a target market/s. This report provides an overview of each element of the Marketing Mix and how they are applied to retail petrol outlets. THE MARKETING MIX PRODUCT A product is defined as a good or service that offers a value to customers by satisfying their needs or wants. Products can be tangible, that is physically touched, or intangible such as services. A product consists of three layers. The inner core is the benefits it delivers to customers, the middle layer the actual physical product/service that enables delivery of benefits and the outer layer, augmented product “actual product plus other supporting feature”(Solomon, et al. 2011 p.181-185). In order to differentiate a product from competitor’s, marketer’s consider factors such as packaging, styling, functions, features, quality, safety, repairs, accessories, etc. Products are subject to a life...
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...MARKETING MIX ELEMENTS OF RETAIL PETROL OUTLETS Australian retail petrol outlets all essentially provide the same products to the customer whether the service stations are privately owned and operated or managed under agreements with the supplying oil companies such as BP, Shell, Caltex, Mobil etc. The difference is in their ability to position themselves in the market as having an understanding of their target markets needs, wants and desires and delivering on these to create customer satisfaction and ultimately maximising their return. A useful tool to ensure successfully positioning of their offer is the use of the four marketing mix elements. The four marketing mix elements, collectively known as the four P’s include Product, Price, Promotion and Place. This report provides an overview of each element and how they are applied to retail petrol outlets; sending an overall message to the consumer about quality, cost, performance and the product’s position compared with a competing brand. PRODUCT A product is ‘anything tangible or intangible that satisfies the consumer or business customers’ needs as a result of an exchange process’. A product can be physical goods, services, ideas, people or places. A good is a tangible product that we can see, touch, smell, hear, taste or possess. Intangible products, such as services, ideas, people and places, are products we can not always see, touch, taste, smell or possess. A product has three distinct layers; the core product...
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...Discuss whether indirect taxes on petrol should be reduced Petrol is seen as a de-merit good as it can cause market failure as the free market may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption (pollution) because the social cost exceeds the private cost. Consumers too may experience imperfect information about the long term costs to themselves of consuming products deemed to be de-merit goods By imposing indirect tax on producers it raises their costs of production, shifting their supply curve inwards. If they have set the tax at the right level, this internalises the externality. By doing this the price of fuel will go up and so reduce the amount consumed and therefore reducing the negative externality which is pollution. It also provides incentives to reduce the negative externality such as pollution. E.g. cars have become more fuel efficient It can also raise revenue for the government. One project could be investing in improving public transport , as this is a substitute for driving, and if it was improved it might give drivers an alternative to driving which would reduce the externality occurring in the first place. If the revenue was spent this way then all users of public transport would benefit, so those who currently use the bus and train would gain from the tax remaining high if that meant that their fares were cheaper (or service quality was better. They can also use the revenue to get rid of information failure regarding the overconsumption...
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...Discuss Whether Indirect Taxes on Petrol and Diesel Fuel in the UK should be reduced The main reason that a government imposes a taxes on fossil fuels is to try and correct for the negative externality (pollution) which is produced when they are consumed. Without the tax there would be a market failure as drivers would be over consuming petrol as they are not being charged for the damage to the environment. In order to order to answer this essay as to whether the tax should be reduced, I am going to focus on 3 aspects; those that lose from a reduction, those that gain from a reduction and finally at what level the overall price for petrol was BEFORE the tax reduction. In my conclusion I will show that this is key to deciding whether the tax should be lowered or not. The major argument for maintaining the level of taxation on petrol and diesel is to protect the environment. When the social costs of consuming a good are higher than the private costs, there is said to be a negative externality. As an individual consuming fuel is polluting the environment for all, then it can be seen that fuel produces a negative externality. This is illustrated in diagram 1 below. This shows that without any government intervention, the market equilibrium would consume Qp at price Pp. This is higher than the social equilibrium, Qs, meaning there has been a welfare loss to society of (shade triangle). Government fix this by imposing an indirect tax on producers, which effectively raises their costs...
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...1. Available in both petrol and diesel variant 2. Spacious and luxurious cabin & good handling 3. Variations available in selecting the color combination of interiors, supported with brilliant LED lighting 4.Smaller and compact as compared to Q5 & Q7 which is more suitable for traffic conditions 5. Strong brand presence owing to excellent marketing and advertising1. Available in both petrol and diesel variant 2. Spacious and luxurious cabin & good handling 3. Variations available in selecting the color combination of interiors, supported with brilliant LED lighting 4.Smaller and compact as compared to Q5 & Q7 which is more suitable for traffic conditions 5. Strong brand presence owing to excellent marketing and advertising1. Available in both petrol and diesel variant 2. Spacious and luxurious cabin & good handling 3. Variations available in selecting the color combination of interiors, supported with brilliant LED lighting 1. Available in both petrol and diesel variant 2. Spacious and luxurious cabin & good handling 3. Variations available in selecting the color combination of interiors, supported with brilliant LED lighting 4.Smaller and compact as compared to Q5 & Q7 which is more suitable for traffic conditions 5. Strong brand presence owing to excellent marketing and advertising1. Available in both petrol and diesel variant 2. Spacious and luxurious cabin & good handling 3. Variations available in selecting the color combination...
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...elements. Reference will be made to texts, industry reports, and an internet news article. These references will help to provide a complete understanding of the implications of the marketing mix on this industry. Product A product is ‘a tangible good, service or idea that satisfies consumer or business customer needs through the exchange process’ (Solomon, et al. 2011, p. 11). Products can be referred to as having three levels. These levels are the actual, the core and the augmented product (Solomon, et al. 2011, p. 22). An actual product is the tangible good or service that delivers the desired benefit to a customer. In the retail petroleum industry we have a number of actual products that are offered to customers. Firstly, there is petrol and diesel, as well as related products including LPG, oil and kerosene. These products account for about 65% of the revenue for automotive fuel retailers (IBIS, 2012, Chapter 6). Secondly, there are the retail sales of other convenience items such as car parts, confectionary, takeaway foods, milk, cigarettes and batteries. These account for around 25% of total revenue (IBIS, 2012, Chapter 6). More actual products within this...
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...Howie Lo Petrol price nears record highs January, 12 2012 Word count:536 Economics and Marketing What is the article about? The article is about the petrol prices are perilously close to the record high of $2.22 a liter in May 2011, although diesel prices at $1.57 a liter are still some way off the record $1.92 a liter in July 2008. It explains why the prices of petrol to be increased so high in recent years in terms of overusing the petrol to cause it to be less nowadays. Besides that, it leads to many environment issues from exploiting petrol-oil resources and US needs more oil from Iran, causing the economics unbalanced in the world and the purchasing of petrol-oil is increased, therefore, demands exceed the supplies. The cost of petrol-oil consumes a lot in US economy and makes a little change to the world economy as well. The US government has to take responsible for this case and they find many properly approach to cope with these difficulties by way of negotiations, exchanging energy products and analysis. A professor from University of Washington said that the prices of petrol-oil will be increased linear in recent years since it is lacking, and it shows up a graph of parabola dramatically increasing at the point where it demands is beyond supplies. For example, it only costs $1.57 dollars when it is abundance in oil resources; however, it costs $2.22 when the petrol-oil resources rarely exist even though the same volume of oil being utilized with running...
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...JAIPURIA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT PROJECT REPORT ON PETROL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION Petroleum industry in India Petroleum Industry Research is a very important aspect related to Petroleum industry all over the world. Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane. The petrochemical industry in India has been one of the fastest growing industries in the country. Since the beginning, the Indian petrochemical industry has shown an enviable rate of growth. This industry also has immense importance in the growth of economy of the country and the growth and development of manufacturing industry as well. It provides the foundation for manufacturing industries like construction, packaging, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, textiles etc. Its significance is increasing with the passage of time due to the following aspects:- • Petroleum is a non-renewable resource and is available under the earth's crust in limited quantity. So, research becomes essential in case of exploration of petroleum so that the supply side of it remains viable during the near future. • Petroleum Industry is generally accompanied by huge amount of pollution emission which required to be checked for social welfare. Hence, extensive Petroleum Industry...
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...being the “core” product which is the intangible benefit or service received by the purchaser from using the product, The next layer is the actual product which is the product itself or the service being rendered. The actual product unique features supplies the core product benefit. The combination of the actual product and its other features of value the product has to offer is the augmented product layer. “A product is everything beneficial that a customer receives in an exchange”.3 (Solomon, et al. 2011, p.183). By determining the main product the retail petrol outlets sell, petrol, we can further classify petrol as a non-durable product as it provides a benefit over a short period. The frequency the consumer purchases petrol could also be in the category of convenience products. 4 (Solomon, et al. 2011, p. 186). The actual product is the physical product being petrol which includes unleaded petrol, E10 unleaded petrol and LPG fuel. It is also shows the brand of the product being the white Caltex star in red and dark green background The augmented product is all the benefits and added value that the product has connected with purchasing and using the product. . The Caltex fuel E10 has 10% ethanol which is a renewable non-fossil fuel and...
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