...Financial Health Of Merck Side 1 af 2 Merck and Co., Inc. appears to be a continued uprising pharmaceutical company but only financial ratios can determine what their financial situation truly is. In looking at company evaluation, the last two annual reports from previous years should be carefully analyzed before making any major decisions. Since Merck is a pharmaceutical company, it would probably be an excellent idea to compare this company to another in the same industry. Company Background Established in 1891, Merck discovers, develops, manufactures and markets vaccines and medicines to address unmet medical needs (Merck, 2009). In addition, the company devotes extensive efforts to increase access to medicines through far-reaching programs that not only donate Merck medicines but also help deliver them to the people who need them. The company’s operations are principally managed on a products basis and are comprised of two reportable segments: the pharmaceutical segment and the vaccines segment (Annual Reports, 2008). Financial Ratios In order to figure out how the success of a company’s operations is, it is essential to put the financial ratios to work. Comparing ratios to those of a company in the same industry is an excellent way to see if success is happening and if success is in the future. The most common types of ratios are liquidity and profitability. The first liquid ratio that will be used is the current ratio. Current Ratio The current ratio is determined...
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...Pfizer, Inc. Ticker: PFE Price:$29.00 on 10/04/13 Recommendations: Price Target One Year: Trailing P/E Ratios = | Forward P/E Ratio = | PEG Ratio = .046 | Expected return for a Security = | Expected Risk for a security = | Beta β = | Sharpe Ratio = | Treynor’s Reward to Volatility Ratio = | Financial Summary * Expected Returns * Trailing P/E Ration * Forwarding P/E Ratio * Dividends Per Share * PEG Ratio * Market Capitalization * Growth in Revenues for the Last 12 Months Risk Measurements * Beta β * Standard Deviation * Sharpe Ratio * Treynor’s Reward to Volatility Ratio Highlights Qualitative Analysis Company Profile Industry Overview SWOT Analysis * Strengths * Weaknesses * Opportunities * Threats Porter’s 5 Competitive Forces I. The threat of substitute products II. The threat of new competitors III. The intensity of competitive rivalry IV. The bargaining power of customers V. The bargaining power of suppliers Management Financial Statement Analysis Financial Ratio Analysis The financial ratios in this report has been computed by using the income statements of Pfizer (PFE) during the fiscal year 2012. The income statements were obtained from the annual report submitted to the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) website. This report will include the following ratios: Short-term solvency ratios, long-term solvency...
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...Patrick James Corporate Finance April 2, 2014 Financial Ratio Analysis: Pfizer *All numbers in 1,000’s Changes in income statement and balance sheet (Pfizer) When we take a look at Pfizer’s income statement over the last decade, we see much fluctuation in total revenues. In 2009, Pfizer bottomed out at $50,000, but peaked 2 years later at $67,425. A similar pattern is seen when we look at the firm’s gross profit. It appears as though Pfizer maximizes their revenue and income when operating income is low, and in years where more money is spent on fixed assets and research and development. In essence, the key to Pfizer’s income statement walls in their promotion mix, and if we were to get a glimpse of that we would be able to explain all of these numbers more accurately. Analysis of ratios When we first look at the liquidity ratio for Pfizer, we see that the firm has increased the percentage of both the quick ratio and current ratio over the 10-year period by roughly 66%, indicating an increase in assets and a decrease in liabilities. The leverage ratios of the firm tell us that Pfizer has accumulated more debt over the last decade however that debt was highest during year 2007, and has decreased by 25% in the last 5 years. The profitability ratio provides us with information that we can use to see that the cost of Pfizer’s goods has increased steadily over the last decade, while the amount of revenue has stayed relatively even. Finally, the activity ratio...
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...Pfizer (PFE) Financial Analysis for 2012, 2013 and 2014: Ratio Analysis Abstract The following is a list of these ratios, in conjunction with associative details and background to itemize and explicate the overall financial enquiry: Earnings per Share (EPS), which will illustrate current, along with expected, product losses, unfavorable impact and any adverse change in a foreign exchange rate, along with adjustable income attributable to Pfizer and its shareholder's guidance. The next ratio considered would be Profit Margin Ratio, or Net Profit Margin, to characterize the settlement of adjusted income and weakened EPS guidance to reported net income. With the Return on Assets ratio, stakeholders can configure and acquire current, as well as anticipated dividends, all while maintaining sufficient capital to invest successively and increase global shareholder value – which for now, can maintain to support the annual dividend growth, in addition to the accompanied Gross Profit Rate. Together with this, a Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity can be taken into account with regards to commercial and business development opportunities – leading to a direct, shareholder-value enhancement through actual dividends and repurchases. On the other side of the spectrum, Pfizer’s Current and Cash Debt Coverage ratios clarify and expound upon the potential, yet significant, expected adverse events on revenues due to possible loss and expiration of intellectual property and licensing rights...
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...| Dec 31, 2012 | Dec 31, 2011 | Dec 31, 2010 | Dec 31, 2009 | Dec 31, 2008 | Turnover Ratios | | | | | | Inventory turnover | 8.35 | 8.68 | 8.07 | 4.03 | 11.02 | Receivables turnover | 4.77 | 4.95 | 4.64 | 3.41 | 5.39 | Payables turnover | 13.83 | 17.58 | 16.84 | 11.44 | 27.58 | Working capital turnover | 3.89 | 3.84 | 3.57 | 2.21 | 4.17 | Average No. of Days | | | | | | Average inventory processing period | 44 | 42 | 45 | 91 | 33 | Add: Average receivable collection period | 77 | 74 | 79 | 107 | 68 | Operating cycle | 120 | 116 | 124 | 197 | 101 | Less: Average payables payment period | 26 | 21 | 22 | 32 | 13 | Cash conversion cycle | 94 | 95 | 102 | 166 | 88 | Pfizer Inc., short-term (operating) activity ratios Ratio | Description | The company | Inventory turnover | An activity ratio calculated as revenue divided by inventory. | Pfizer Inc.'s inventory turnover improved from 2010 to 2011 but then slightly deteriorated from 2011 to 2012 not reaching 2010 level. | Receivables turnover | An activity ratio equal to revenue divided by receivables. | Pfizer Inc.'s receivables turnover improved from 2010 to 2011 but then slightly deteriorated from 2011 to 2012 not reaching 2010 level. | Payables turnover | An activity ratio calculated as revenue divided by payables. | Pfizer Inc.'s payables turnover increased from 2010 to 2011 but then declined significantly from 2011 to 2012. | Working capital turnover | An activity ratio calculated...
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...Merck’s Business Environment MNGT/521 University of Phoenix November 7, 2011 Kevin Wilhelmsen Merck’s Business Environment There are many factors a business, such as Merck, must have in order to be successful, for example strong financial statements, leading technology, and globalization. With the help of income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements, a financial analysis can be applied in a wide variety of situations to give business managers the information they need to make critical decisions (Financial Analysis, 2010). They also provide information in regards to the financial health of a company. Pharmaceutical companies are using technology to conduct clinical trials, which has proven to be beneficial to research, development, and the introduction of new products. Globalization is also important for Merck when it comes to product distribution. Outsourcing was been adopted by Merck in order to produce equal quality vaccines and medications at a cheaper cost. Review of Finances Analyzing a company’s income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow is a prime way in determining their success. A comparison can be made between the competition in the industry and a leader can be established. An analysis can also show which company is spending more on research and development and in turn, producing better products. After review of the income statements, Merck’s worldwide sales were $12 billion...
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...on securities in a particular sector, category, or group of companies will cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. • Investment style risk, which is the chance that returns from small- and mid-capitalization stocks will trail returns from global stock markets. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than the large-cap stocks that dominate the global markets, and they often perform quite differently. Small and midsize companies tend to have greater stock volatility because, among other things, these companies are more sensitive to changing economic conditions. • Country risk, which is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region,...
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...On Accounting Flows and Systematic Risk Neil Garrod University of Glasgow Dusan Mramor University of Ljubljana Address for correspondence: Neil Garrod, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, 65-71, Southpark Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LE, Scotland, U.K. Tel: 00-44-141-330-5426 e-mail: n.garrod@accfin.gla.ac.uk On Accounting Flows and Systematic Risk Abstract The body of work that relates accounting numbers to market measures of systematic equity risk was largely undertaken in the 1970s and early 1980s. More recent proposals on changes in accounting disclosure of risk mean that a rigorous theoretical model of the relationship between accounting measures and market measures of risk is timely. In this paper such a model is developed. In addition, the assumptions required to develop the model are explicitly identified. By so doing it becomes possible to identify the potential cross-sectional differences which drive the empirical relationship between accounting and market based measures of risk. The model developed highlights a clear relationship between accounting and market measures of risk which can be exploited in situations where accounting data alone is available. It also provides a framework within which the environmental factors leading to cross-sectional differences between companies can be further explored. On Accounting Flows and Systematic...
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...The codes of ethics for both associations complement each other in several ways. The first way in which the complement each other is through confidentiality. Both handle confidential in similar ways, the Institute of Internal Auditors code states that auditors will keep all information confidential unless there is a professional or legal obligation to otherwise disclose the information. The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners code states that examiners will not disclose confidential information without the proper authorizations to do so. A second way the codes complement each other is through competence. Both the Institute of Internal Auditors and The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners state that they will continue to increase the competency of their members. Other ways in which they complement each other, both declare their allegiance to integrity, professionalism, and to maintain both ethical and legal conduct. The codes of ethics are essentially the same for each organization, all though the wording is a bit different between the two codes. Standards are important in both fields, so that auditors and fraud examiners have a uniform and legal approach to handle the risks inherent in organizations. Standards are important for fraud examiners so that they have uniform way of obtaining documentary evidence, interviewing witnesses and potential suspects, writing investigative reports, testifying to findings, and assisting in the general detection and prevention...
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...sheet provided by Mr. Sheehan have a few questionable points: a. Net Sales – even though the forecast numbers are based on the typical seasonality of the firm’s sales performance of previous year. The forecast performances are much higher than the actual. b. Profit and retain earnings – closely relate to forecast, these forecast also inaccurate c. Inventory – with sales under perform, the inventory forecasts are also inaccurate. With much higher inventory than anticipated, especially in January 1991, the residual between actual and forecast is 924,000, which is a very big different. These excess inventories became illiquid assets, thus increased the liabilities which have a negative effect on the company’s financial health. Nevertheless, with lack of previous years’ financial data in addition to the unpredictable recession of the economy, it is hard to say whether or not these data were exaggerating. 2. Risk assessment a. Liquidity – as of March 1991, the current and cash ratio of Dynashears are 5.99 and 0.38, which are not bad numbers. The ratios shows that Dynashears’ current assets are still well cover (almost 6 to 1 ratio) over its increasing liabilities due to illiquid assets and that it still has sufficient cash for optimum operation. b. Long-term debt ratio – as of March 1991, the debt ratio is 4.71% which is very low, indicates that Dynashears still able to borrow a lot more. Even though Dynashears’ asset turnover rate is low (estimate at 0.24) and sales performance is...
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...controls Taxation Documents on display Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers Fees and charges payable by a holder of ADSs Fees and payments made by the Depositary to the issuer Called-up share capital Administration Annual general meeting Exhibits BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2010 83 Directors and senior management 84 87 Directors and senior management Directors’ interests 89 Corporate governance 90 105 106 106 107 108 Board performance report Corporate governance practices Code of ethics Controls and procedures Principal accountants’ fees and services Memorandum and Articles of Association 141 Financial statements 142 Consolidated financial statements of the BP group 150 Notes on financial statements 228 Supplementary information on oil and natural gas (unaudited) PC1 Parent company financial statements of BP p.l.c. 111 Directors’ remuneration report 112 Part 1 Summary 114 Part 2 Executive directors’ remuneration 120 Part 3 Non-executive directors’ remuneration UNITED...
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...with the problem of choosing from among a large number of securities. His choice depends upon the risk and return characteristics of individual securities. He would attempt to choose the most desirable securities and like to allocate is funds over this group of securities. Again he is faced with the problem of deciding which securities to hold and how much to invest in each. The investor faces an infinite number of possible portfolios or groups of securities. The risk and return characteristics of portfolio differ from those of individual securities combining to form a portfolio. The investor tries to choose the optimal portfolio taking in to consideration the risk return characteristics of all possible portfolios. As the economy and the financial environment keep changing the risk return characteristics of individual securities as well as portfolios also change. This calls for periodical review and revision of investment portfolios of investors. An investor invests his funds in a portfolio expecting to get a good return consistent with the risk that he has to bear. The return realized from the portfolio has to be measured and the performance of the portfolio has to be evaluated. It is evident that rational investment activity involves creation of an investment...
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...simple fundamental analysis strategy based on historical accounting information can predict stock returns. The paper’s goal is to show that simple screens based on historical financial signals can shift the distribution of returns earned by an investor by separating eventual winners stocks from losers. Results show that historical accounting signals can be used to improve the entire distribution of future returns earned by an investor. In fact, despite the overall down activity of the market over the sample period chosen, results reveal that fundamental accounting signals can be used to discriminate from an overall sample generating future negative returns of -0,116 a winner portfolio that provide positive future return of 0,019 from a loser one generating a negative return of -0,229. The over-performance of the winner portfolio seems to be attributable to the ability of the fundamental signals to predict future earnings. In fact, results show that fundamental signals have a positive and significant correlation with future earnings performance and that the winner portfolio have a future earning’s realisation (0,100) that outperforms that of the loser portfolio (-0,012). Keywords: Fundamental Analysis, Market Efficiency, Stock returns. JEL Classification Codes: G11, G14 1. Introduction One object of financial accounting is to provide information that is relevant to investment decisions. Discovering value-relevant accounting attributes has been the subject of numerous...
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...KOTA FIBRES What does the forecast show? Do you like how it is constructed? The company has projected gross sales to reach 90.9 million rupees in 2001, an forecasted growth of approximately 15 million rupees over the previous year. In spite of the large increase, there are several additional financial factors which need to be taken into account in evaluating the forecast. For instance, Total asset turnover gives an understanding of the efficiency with which the firm uses its assets to generate sales. Total Asset Turnover in this particular case is suboptimal at best. In 2000, Kota had a total asset turnover ratio of .18, with a ratio value of .17 in projected for 2001. This shows major inefficiencies in the management of assets by the company, as it only turns its assets over .18 times a year. They may want to increase this ratio number by increasing their amount of total assets. Kota Fibres as a company (as far as its financial statements are concerned) is very capable of satisfying its short-term obligations as they come due. With a current ratio of 3.24 and quick ratio of 2.38, Kota is operating within acceptable levels (acceptable values are 2.0 and 1.0, respectively). However, the forecasted ratio for 2001 shows that this ratio drops to 1.5:1, which is below the acceptable level of 2.0 set for a manufacturing firm. This means they will have some problem paying their bills on time with the projected production and sales levels. Kota Fibres, in 2000, had a quick ratio...
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...Arthur Anderson 1. Environment, strategic, organizational changes * High quality accounting, promoting integrity and sound audit opinions over short run profits * 1930’s- government adopted laws that require public companies to submit financial statements to independent auditor each year * mantra- good service, quality audits, well managed staff, profits for firm * auditors rewarded for making sound auditing decisions * decision rights to Professional Standards Group * firm did not become wealthy in the early years, partners were well respected in communities * 1950’s- Joseph Glickauf- computers to automate bookkeeping * 1979-42% of $645m fees came from consulting * 1989- split to AC and AA * accounting business grew slowly in 1990 due to increased competition and mergers * AA adopted new strategy of generating profits, “it was a matter of pride” * New rules- partners retired at 56, less experienced auditors and fewer partners overseeing audits * New breeds of partners- Samek, Allgyer, signing off on inaccurate financial statements * 1997- AC split completely and became Accenture, AA underwent setback when they didn't receive the $14b expected payment from AC * AA- 2X performance evaluation, relaxed dress code, wooden doors removed * New service- take over entire internal bookkeeping for clients- impaired quality of audits * Enron-1986, wholesale energy trading * Anderson hired Enron in 1990 * Speed...
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