...ACOUSTIC AND AUDITORY PHONETICS. PHONOLOGY 2.1. Phonetics and phonology Two terms are (often loosely) used to refer to linguistic disciplines studying that part of the linguistic sign which de Saussure called the acoustic image: phonetics and phonology. The importance of sounds as vehicles of meaning is something people have been aware of for thousands of years. However, systematic studies on the speech sounds only appeared with the development of modern sciences. The term phonetics used in connection with such studies comes from Greek and its origins can be traced back to the verb phōnein, to speak, in its turn related to phōnē, sound. The end of the 18th century witnessed a revival of the interest in the studying of the sounds of various languages and the introduction of the term phonology. The latter comes to be, however, distinguished from the former only more than a century later with the development of structuralism which emphasizes the essential contrastive role of classes of sounds which are labeled phonemes. The terms continue to be used, however, indiscriminately until the prestige of phonology as a distinct discipline is finally established in the first half of the 20th century. Though there is no universally accepted point of view about a clear-cut border line between the respective domains of phonetics and phonology as, indeed, we cannot talk about a phonological system ignoring the phonetic aspects it involves and, on the other hand, any phonetic approach should...
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...A. LANGUAGE & LINGUISTIC 1. What is the meaning of language and linguistic? Language and linguistic are two different words that use differently all over the world. Language is the capacity of someone to communicate with other because it is the mode of expression of thoughts by means of articulation of sounds, exchanging ideas, feelings, intentions, attitudes, expectations, perceptions or commands, as by speech gestures, writings and behaviors. Therefore, language is a meaningful exchange of information between two or more individual. On the other hand, linguistic is a comparative study of language due to the fact that wherein you make a historical study of languages here. In this field you concentrate about the structure, rules, meanings and forms of languages. 2. How important is language and linguistic? In my own opinion, the significance of language in our lives is incomparable. It is not just restrained to being a means of communicating one’s thought and ideas to the rest, but has also become a tool for forging friendships, cultural ties, as well as economic relationships. In addition, the importance of language is essential to every aspect and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to inform, to communicate the people around us of what we feel, what we desire and question or understand. We communicate effectively with our...
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...For instance, the above mentioned notion of distinctive features may help in understanding that the same phonetic feature (e.g. voicing) ¬may be utilized differently in SC and in student’s L1. For instance, voicing is not distinctive in SC, while it is distinctive in Czech; aspiration is distinctive in SC, while it is not distinctive in English. The notion of phonemes and allophones may help in understanding why the same Pinyin letter can represent several rather different sounds (e.g. the letter ‘i’ / the phoneme /i/ is read as [i] in lǐ 里, as [j] in xià 下, as [ɪ] in lái 来, as [ɿ], [ʅ] in zì 字, shì 是). The notion of complementary distribution may help in understanding why ü in the syllables such as ju, qu, xu does not require an umlaut in orthography, while in nü, lü does (the letter ‘u’ represents two different phonemes: /u/ and /ü/). See e.g. Lin...
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...methods of phonetic and phonological training and the relationship between phonetic teacher and learners. Regarding to methods involving phonetic and phonological training, there are many methods applied during learning process, I am going to focus on two teaching methods used are drilling, and putting marbles in mouth. For the first method, Eliza is forced to stay lonely in a room and enunciate vowels unremittingly. “You simply cannot go on working the girl this way. Making her say her alphabet over and over ... from sunup to sundown, even during meals.”, Mrs. Pearce (the housekeeper) says. It is worth noting that Higgins does not guide Eliza the way how to enunciate vowels but wholly neglects her untill her correct pronunciation. The housekeeper: “…When will it stop?” Henry Higgins: “When she does it properly, of course. Is that all, Mrs. Pearce?” The result is that Eliza is frastrated. She can not produce the sound in the right way. Turning to the second method, Higgins puts six marbles in Eliza’s mouth to make her say the sentence “With blackest moss, the flower pots were thickly crusted, one and all.” clearly “as a bell”. Because he supposes that Demosthenes practised with pebbles and became a public speaking expert, thereby, this method is necessary for Eliza. “If they were necessary for Demosthenes they are necessary for Eliza Doolittle.” However, Eliza, once again, can not do it. From two methods above, it can be infered that when learning phonetics and phonology...
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...Overview of Phonology Processes Phonological processes occur in every language. Phonological processes are processes that occur on sounds when a speaker pronounces these sounds in specific languages. These symbols are identifiable by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart. These processes occur without the speaker even knowing that they occur, especially in English but linguists have identified these processes in relation to speech in specific languages. Therefore, one becomes aware when they have been linguistically educated about the various processes that occur when producing even one sound. Phonological processes may occur when a sound symbol takes on the feature of a neigbouring sound, the feature of the neighbouring sound has spread, this is known as assimilation or it takes on its own feature, this is known as non-assimilation. Many phonological processes exist like: nasalization, dentalization, velarization, affricatization, plosive release and many others that are related to the English Language but only fronting and aspiration will be discussed. Fronting is unavoidable, it is universal and hence, it occurs in every language. Fronting occurs on velar plosives, /k/ and /g/, when they occur before front vowels, /i/, /e/, /ɛ/ and /a/, in English. Consider the word key /ki:/, in order to make /i:/ the body of the tongue is brought up and forward on the hard palate and /k/ has a default position further back on the velum. The movement from /k/...
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...What is Linguistics? According to Professor David Crystal, Linguistics is the science of language. It is the subject whose practitioners devote their energy to understanding why human language is the way it is. They study the history, acquisition, structure, and use of as many languages as possible. In general, Linguistics studies the nature of human language. It aims to uncover the general structure of natural language which is not dependent on individual languages and ways in which languages can be described. Moreover, the discipline examines the characteristics that separate human language from other sign and communication systems. Both in teaching and research, language is studied in a versatile manner from the level of sounds to complete sentences and texts, their meanings and entire spoken discourses. Moreover, Linguistics studies regional, social and temporal changes occurring in language, context-related use of language and production, and understanding processes of linguistic messages from the perspective of individual psychology. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. There are many approaches to the study of language, emphasizing different scientific traditions and aspects of the subject. Two broad divisions are the following: Theoretical Linguistics: the study of the structural properties of language, e.g., the rules or constraints that govern the formation and interpretation of words and sentences in the world's languages. Experimental...
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...In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful Hebron University Faculty of Graduate Studies English Department Assimilation of Consonants in English and Assimilation of the Definite Article in Arabic By Hamada Shehdeh Abid Dawood حمادة داود Supervised by Dr. Ahmad Atawneh 2013/2014 Assimilation of Consonants in English and Assimilation of the Definite Article in Arabic Abstract This paper aims at discussing the term assimilation. Assimilation is a phonological process where a sound looks like another neighboring sound. It includes progressive, regressive, coalescent, full and partial assimilation. In addition, contextual assimilation is subject to the environment of sounds where historical assimilation is resulted from the development of languages. In Arabic, it is clear that the /l/ sound in the definite article disappears if followed by coronal consonants. It is, however, concluded that the importance of assimilation is to make pronunciation of a word or speech easier. 1. Introduction Assimilation is an everyday occurrence in every human language, and it is particularly common for nasal sounds (McMahon, 2002, p. 4). Thus, sounds in the environment of other sounds, across morpheme and word boundaries tend to undergo various phonological changes referred to as phonological processes (Ofulue et al, 2010, p. 49). Making a sound more like another in the same or next word in continuous utterance is called assimilation (Oxford Dictionary, 2008)...
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...Meaningless sounds full of meaning Diego Ramos People happen to know what someone else means when they are talking; however, most of them do not comprehend what words are: how they take a role to become meaningful and how they can change. As a matter of fact, they can change in a total different word or just the way they are pronounced; thus, this is something that is related to the phoneme. The phoneme has material to talk about and throughout this work, one can see what the definition of what this one is; in addition, the phenomenon of the allophone is explained and treated; also, the way of how not understanding something can affect the way either to communicate or to express one’s self is seen. At the end, but not the least important, how an “insignificant sound” (as some people might say) can affect completely meaning of a word is mentioned, too. All of these topics has something to do with the phoneme and that is something that shall be taken into account in this essay. First, it would be convenient to define what a phoneme is, and that is why in this piece of work we have got three different definitions in order to summarise the basic ideas and points one can say about this term. In order to start defining, there is Skaderar’s definition: in Skandera’s definition, phonemes have a meaning in the speakers language competence and performance, and they are the smallest and distinctive unit in speech (Skandera & Burleigh, 2005, p. 31). At the same time, there is the...
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...English9(RJ) Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). Morphological typology represents a method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in a language—from the analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative ("stuck-together") and fusional languages that use bound morphemes (affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which compress many separate morphemes into single words.(One of the definitions for Morphology) While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, if not all, words can be related to other words by rules (grammars). For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related—differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate. Speakers of English (a fusional language) recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher, in one sense. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog, dogs and dog-catcher are closely related. English speakers recognize...
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...(drama: about working through a speech impediment—phonetics/speech pathology/sociolinguistics) • The Gods Must Be Crazy (comedy: includes lots of a natively spoken click language—phonetics/typology) • Children of a Lesser God (drama: about deaf culture and American Sign Language—typology/sociolinguistics) • Rango (comedy: about creating identity through speech patterns—sociolinguistics/discourse analysis/phonetics) • Snowcake (comedy/drama: about what can go hilariously/profoundly wrong when pragmatic implicatures are not used/understood—pragmatics/morphology) • Kenneth Branaugh’s Much Ado About Nothing (comedy: a sample of Shakespearean English—pay attention to the ways in which language has changed in the past 400 years—history of the English language/diachronic linguistics /phonology/lexicon/syntax/semantics) • Kenneth Branaugh’s Hamlet (tragedy: as above—history of the English language/diachronic linguistics/phonology/lexicon/syntax/semantics) • Driving Miss Daisy (comedy/drama: class differences in language use and pragmatic implicature—sociolinguistics/pragmatics) • Bridge on the River Kwai (drama: learning to communicate across a language/culture/power barrier—sociolinguistics/discourse analysis) • The Great Debaters (drama: using language to inform/persuade/manipulate—semantics/pragmatics/discourse analysis/rhetoric) • My Fair Lady (musical: about standard accents and class structure—sociolinguistics/phonetics) 2. Attend class the day the TA is teaching (TA—take...
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...ENG1502 Assignment 1 Regardt Briers 47617276@mylife.unisa.ac.za 8907055111080 14 Question 1: Phonetics and phonology As a general way of distinguishing between the two disciplinary areas, phonology can be perceived as investigating sounds as an abstract system, whereas phonetics focuses on the actual sounds as they are spoken by specific individuals during particular speech events. a) Phonetics Phonology 1)THOUGH-like o in go 2)COUGH-like oo in too 3)ROUGH-like off in offer TH,THAT- struggle to pronounce t and h seperatly C AND K- same as above COLOURED- Struggle to distinguish between separate phonemes PARSNIP-problem with syllable deletion SCRIMP- Struggle with words that are longer 4)PLOUGH-like ow in flower 5)OUGH-like aw in saw Question 2: Grammar and syntax a) Identify the verb tense forms used in each of the texts. In text 5;16 they use a non-fiction explanation, so this falls under the present tense verb. So this means that it is happening NOW. b) Compare the way in which each writer uses the verb tenses. In text 5:16 they use the now verb in text 5:17 they use the past that mostly ends in-end. The comparison is well-non-fiction versus prose-fiction. Being in the now verb, the present to going to the past tense. c) Briefly explain why the writers have chosen the tenses you have identified. To explain the necessity of the text, if you don’t use the verbs like these writers did it would change the whole meaning of the text...
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...Background Phonology is the study of phonemes of a language and vocabulary distribution. Based on the studies, phonology divided into phonetics and phonemics. Both use sound as an object of research. Phonetic is a field of linguistics that studies the sounds of language regardless of whether the sound has a function as discrete categories or not, while the phonemic is a sound of the language to discern the meaning of the word or function. Based on the study, phonetic called the sounds of language with phoneme. Phonetics and phonology are related, dependent fields for studying aspects of language. Phonetics is the study of sound in speech; phonology is the study (and use) of sound patterns to create meaning. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and received, including study of the human vocal and auditory tracts, acoustics, and neurology. Phonology relies on phonetic information for its practice, but focuses on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and how such patterns are interpreted. Phonology includes comparative linguistic studies of how cognates, sounds, and meaning are transmitted among and between human communities and languages. Phonetics has concentrated on the three central components of the speech chain, where observation of what is going on is fairly straightforward. The three central components are articulatory phonetics is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds, acoustic phonetics is the...
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...Contents 1 Introduction..........................................................................................................3 2 Stress.....................................................................................................................4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 Word Stress..........................................................................................4 Sentence Stress....................................................................................5 Shift Stress...........................................................................................6 Contrastive and Emphatic Stress.........................................................7 GA versus RP.......................................................................................7 Approach............................................................................................10 Results................................................................................................11 3 Research: Word Stress in GA and RP..............................................................10 4 Conclusion...........................................................................................................12 5 Bibliography........................................................................................................13 6 Appendix: Assessment of Recordings and Questionnaire...................................14 1. Introduction As the title suggests, this term paper deals...
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...complex skill set that encompasses countless difficult processes, such as biological, mental and social skills. First Level Phonology Phonology is the study of sound. These reverberations need to be recalled and understood appropriately according to the language. Phonemes create up words, which must be remembered and understood correctly according to the language. Words consist of sentences, which must be recognized and understood correctly according to the language. Sentences consist of words, which must be remembered and understood correctly according to the language. Phonology can also consist of hand signals, gestures or rhymes. Phonology is different from phonetics it involves the way sounds are used to deliver a meaning. Examples of Phonology In the English language sounds of speech is one example of phonology which is either a consonant or vowel. Phonemes are not actually spoken sound it is more of a representation of sound. For example the word goat. It has the O sound which can be got. Another example can be the word Bear it has the ER sound which could be Ber. You can have two words that have the different meaning but the same sound such as cat/sat tub/hub. “The M sound for example is made by closing the mouth while opening the nasal cavity” (Galotti, 2014, p. 2 Sounds of Language The English language has roughly around 40 phonetic...
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...What is teaching pronunciation? Mention some of the recent problem in teaching pronunciation in Nepalese context being based on those problems. Suggest some activities and techniques. Pronunciation is one of the aspects of a language which is particularly related with speech i.e. spoken form of the language. Pronunciation is particularly the way a word or a language is spoken or the manner in which someone utters a word. Pronunciation is also the act or result of producing the sounds of speech including articulation, stress, and intonation. Pronunciation is the most vita; aspect of a language as until and unless one does not speak or utter a word, other cannot understand what he/she mean. Being related with speaking, it refers to listening as well. It is believed that if there is no pronunciation means there is no language. There is a belief that language is vocally pronounced means if vocally pronounced means if vocally a word pronounced, it is language. For instance we do not regard the sounds produced by animals as uttered from the vocal cord is pronunciation. Teaching pronunciation means teaching the most prominent aspect of a language. It is the way of teaching the basic aspect of the language without which no language exists. Teaching of pronunciation is related with teaching of the sounds of a particular language. Not only the sounds. It also refers to teaching of the multiple aspects which could be included as below: 1. Teaching of sound system of language 2. Teaching...
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