...sales, and was planning to slash 2,200 jobs, or 3% of its work force, especially in the photo-finishing business. Carp had received a master’s in business from MIT. He had begun his career at Kodak in 1970 as a statistical analyst. Since then, he had held a variety of positions at Kodak. In 1997, he became president and COO, and was appointed CEO on January 1, 2000. He believed Kodak’s current struggle was one of the toughest it had faced. How could he use digital imaging to revitalize Kodak? Kodak, 1880-1983: A brief history In 1880, George Eastman invented and patented a dry-plate formula and a machine for preparing large numbers of plates. He also founded the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York. In 1884, he replaced glass photographic plates with a roll of film, believing in “the future of the film business.”2 Although Kodak originally faced severe challenges, it quickly became a household name. Eastman believed success came from a user-friendly product that “was as convenient as the pencil.”3 Kodak...
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...Management Concepts February 1, 2013 Abstract Kodak and Fujifilm shared the market of photographic films, digital cameras, supplying various products for the photography sector, and medical imaging equipment. Over time both companies had to come up with new and improved products that would keep the consumers wants and needs satisfied. Both companies had their very own style of management, which allowed them to advance with the innovation of new and improved technology. Kodak, until recently was the leader in the photographic and film market, with Fujifilm trailing by just a small margin. When it comes to ethics and social responsibility the companies are for the most part on the same level, but have some differences. Adapting to the changing market conditions affected each company’s management differently in many ways, and affected the growth and innovation process for both companies. After researching both companies the determination that all companies should be diversified in some way, in order to keep up in the changing market and economy, is crucial for growth and success. Since 1879 the world of photographic business has been growing and expanding across the world. Some of the most commonly heard photographic industry names include Kodak and Fujifilm. The founder of Kodak, George Eastman, went to England to try to get a patent on his plate-coating machine in order to make the photographic process simpler for many different people(Brooke_Ball, 1994). The plate-coating machine...
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...A microscope (from the Ancient Greek "small" "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is calledmicroscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are theelectron microscope (both the transmission electron microscopeand the scanning electron microscope), the ultramicroscope, and the various types of scanning probe microscope. The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Evidence points to the first compound microscope appearing in the Netherlands in the late 1500s, probably an invention of eyeglassmakers there:[1] Hans Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Zacharias Janssen (also claimed as the inventor of the telescope). There are other claims that the microscope and the telescope were invented by Roger Bacon in the 1200s,[2] but this is not substantiated. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope forGalileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625 [3] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye"). 2nd Century BC - Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appearing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the angles to within half a degree. ...
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...| Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm | A Tale of two Companies | | | Roosevelt NickelberryAugust 12, 2013 | | | | Introduction Under examination is a tale of two companies; Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm. The ambitious topics under discussion are: the history and core business of each company, the approach to administration that each company has followed in order to grasp improvement, what management variances have impacted their comparative achievements, an evaluation of each business’s method to ethics and social accountability and the bearing those methodologies have had on each company’s cost-effectiveness. Also, there will be a dialogue on the extent to which the administration of both companies adapted to fluctuating market conditions, and personal recommendations any company could adopt in order to build up flexibility to back up its decision-making process in order to adjust to fluctuating market environments. History of Eastman Kodak One of the greatest inventions of the 19th century was the camera. Photography was quickly embraced by the world as it scrambled to accurately record history and family legacies. Before Kodak introduced its roll-film camera design in 1882, photography was decisively recognized as a specialized and commercial activity. When the public gained access to shooting their own photographs, through very astute marketing techniques, Kodak took advantage of the situation by “advertising promoted the roll-film cameras in ads that showed...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Brand and Model 2 2.0 Retail price and where to buy 3 3.0 Specifications 3 4.0 Pros and cons 7 4.1 Pros / Advantages 7 4.2 Cons / Disadvantages 8 5.0 DSLR’s Comparison Chart 10 6.0 Other relevant Equipment 11 7.0 List of things to include in a trip, indoor-event 15 8.0 Cost of the above items and justifications 17 REFERENCES 18 1.0 BRAND AND MODEL BRAND : PENTAX MODEL : K-30 The Pentax K-30 is a 16.3-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera, announced on 21 May 2012. At its introduction, it was in the middle of Pentax's DSLR range—above the now-discontinued entry-level K-r, and below the semi-pro K-5 and successor K-5 II. As a mid-range body, it has a polycarbonate chassis, but unlike most DSLRs of that class, is fully weather sealed. It can shoot continuously at up to 6 frames per second with a maximum shutter speed of 1/6000th of a second. It can capture video at 1080p at either 30, 25, or 24 fps. Like all current and recent Pentax DSLRs it features in-body shake reduction, removing the need for each lens to have image stabilisation. The Pentax K mount allows use of legacy lenses dating back to the 1970s, or even earlier with an M42-mount adapter, for which the K-mount is fully compatible. The autofocus system (SAFOX IXi+) is an advance over the K-5 and features 11 AF points, 9 of which are cross-type...
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...KODAK and the Digital Revolution 1. Evaluate Kodak's strategy in traditional photography. Why has the company been so successful throughout the history of the industry? Kodak had several core competencies to its advantage. Of primary importance were its “user-friendly” qualities, cost, extensive advertising that helped built its name; perceived quality of its products and its customer focus that lead to strengthening an important core competency i.e. customer satisfaction. Kodak’s leadership also came from marketing and its relationships with retailers (for shelf space and photo-finishing) and also its investments in R & D. During its heyday, its technological capabilities and its rapid design to market cycle times were success factors. Kodak used a razor-blade strategy wherein film was regarded as the consumable so it sold cameras for low cost and profited from increased sales of films. 2. Compare traditional photography to digital imaging. What are the main structural differences in the industry? (Use the 5-forces model) | Traditional | Digital | Rivalry among competing firms in industry | Initially none until 1976 when Fuji came in | High- many companies producing different brands at all price category | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low – since Kodak was their main consumer | ...
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...Harvard Business School 9-594-111 Rev. May 8, 1995 Eastman Kodak Company: Funtime Film On January 25, 1994, George Fisher, Kodak’s recently appointed chief executive officer, met with analysts and investors to set out Kodak’s new strategy for film products. During the past week (between January 17 and January 24), Kodak stock had lost 8% in value on rumors of a price cut on film. While Kodak continued its overwhelming domination of the photo film market, its market share in the United States had eased from about 76% to 70% over the past five years “as competitors like Fuji Photo Film Co. and Konica Corp. wooed consumers with lower-priced versions.”1 Previously, Kodak had attempted to blunt share-gaining attempts by such rivals and private label products by introducing a superpremium brand, Ektar. Now Kodak proposed to introduce a brand at Fuji and Konica’s price level, 20% below the price of Kodak’s flagship Gold Plus brand. The new brand, Funtime, was to be available only in limited quantities during two off-peak selling seasons. While some viewed the move favorably, others were more skeptical. One analyst termed the strategy “seemingly a long step down the slippery slope that ends in private label trial.” The U.S. Photo Film Market In 1993, approximately 16 billion color exposures were made—the equivalent of 670 million 24-exposure rolls. Typically, a consumer paid between $2.50 and $3.50 for a 24 exposure roll. Over the past five years, the market’s...
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...effective or ineffective handling of a business situation. ©2000 Dr. Warren J. Keegan. *The following case solely represents the opinion of the author and does not express the opinions of the Eastman Kodak Company of Fuji Photo Film U.S.A., Inc. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This case study reexamines the competitive relationship of the two giants of the photographic and imaging industry: Eastman Kodak Company and the Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. It uses the 1990 case study of Dr. H. Donald Hopkins of Temple University, “Kodak vs. Fuji: A Case of Japanese-American Strategic Intervention” as a reference point and attempts to update and clarify this relationship at the beginning of the 21st century. In the nine years since the Hopkins’ case study was published, Kodak has seen some troubled times, yet recently seems to have stabilized. Simultaneously, Fuji continues to slowly gain more of Kodak’s still-dominant market share. The evolution of the industry has been exciting and dynamic, and continues to adapt as consumer’s change. However, new technological players are cause for concern for both Kodak and Fuji. As an employee of the photographic and imaging industry, there are countless sources of information from which I drew my conclusions and knowledge base. My focus was shaped by a broad range of information, including PMA statistics and Nielsen syndicated data reports,...
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...THE APERTURE is referred to the lens diaphragm opening inside a photographic lens. The size of the diaphragm opening in a camera lens regulates amount of light passes through onto the film inside the camera the moment when the shutter is pressed in camera opens during an exposure process. The size of an aperture in a lens can either be a fixed or the most popular form in an adjustable type (like an SLR camera). Aperture size is usually calibrated in f-numbers or f-stops. i.e. those little numbers engraved on the lens barrel like f22 (f/22),16 (f/16), f/11, f/8.0, f/5.6, f/4.0, f/2.8, f/2.0, f/1.8 etc. Each of this value represents one time the amount of light either more or less in quantity. Meaning to say, f/16 will let in 1X the amount of light than a diaphragm opening of f/22 and so forth; while on the other hand, an aperture of f/4.0 will let in 1X lesser than that of f/2.8 etc. . (i) As controller of light • Also known as the f-nos, changing the size of the aperture the lens opening through which the light enters the camera can change the exposure the amount of light that reaches the film. • Whereas the shutter speeds controls the length of time light strikes the film the f-no controls the brightness of the light. • It works like the pupil of an eye i.e. it can be enlarged or contracted to admit more light or less. • In a camera, this is done with a diaphragm which is a thin overlapping metal leaves located inside the...
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...presents Index Main Features of AndreaMosaic...............................................................................................3 1. Create a Tile Images List.......................................................................................................4 2. Set the parameters of the Mosaic..........................................................................................6 3. Select the Main Image...........................................................................................................7 4. Create the Mosaic..................................................................................................................7 User Interface Language .........................................................................................................9 Different Program versions ......................................................................................................9 Load/Save Settings...................................................................................................................9 Main Image to reproduce as a Mosaic.....................................................................................9 Size Parameters.......................................................................................................................9 Mosaic Size ............................................................................................................................10 Mosaic Resolution..................
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...this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. In the normal brain, REM sleep is the stage of sleep during which the body tends to be very relaxed, with little to no movement of the muscles. However, it is possible to observe occasional slight movements, called twitches, while one is in the REM stage of sleep. Despite the observable calmness of the body during this stage of sleep, heart and breathing rates increase during REM...
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...Cover Letter: This paper is about elaborating the concept of memorization based on Ellen J. Langer book The Power of Mindful Learning. I wrote this paper in first person point of view since it was based on my personal experience. It was hard however to maintain a formal tone when writing in first person and it might still be evident in this essay itself. I think that the essay itself is still choppy and I should put more time in making more flow and connections between the paragraphs and different points. It is also relatively short for the essay requirement. If I had to do it again I would definitely revise it more than once and probably ask someone else to proof read it. I learned to cite personal experience and information from the book and put it into an argument however I still think that I could still do some improvement on that matter. Mindful Memorization in Education Memorization is something that a lot of people take for granted. Most people memorize information without knowing what they actually remember. Those people remember the information by constant mindless repetition. Another way of memorization comes from making connection of the information with something that is related to it. Although memorizing through relevance is a more recommended way in memorizing information, based on my personal experience and observations constant repetition was also needed throughout my academic journey. When it comes to memorization, something that always appears...
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...the public. The company was started by George Eastman in Rochester, NY, when Eastman was in his mid-twenties. George Eastman grew up poor and was a high school dropout, but that did not stop him from making money and supporting his widowed mother and two sisters by the time he was 14 years old (History of, 2013). When Eastman was 24 years old, he had planned a trip to Santo Domingo, and had an idea to record the trip. Eastman purchased a large, heavy camera that was as big as a microwave (History of, 2013). Eastman never made the trip to Santo Domingo, but he did become obsessed with photography, and how he could make it simpler to understand. Before Eastman Kodak was formed, George Eastman had started a company, making dry photographic plates, which later lead to the idea of a convenient, simple to use camera that would become known as the Kodak. After the Kodak camera was introduced in 1888, the young company quickly grew. Eastman was big on advertising in newspapers, and periodicals, and he even made up his own phrase for the company, “You press the button, we do the rest” (History of, 2013). By 1897, Eastman Kodak was being advertised all over the world and would eventually become a major corporation. In 2012, Eastman Kodak filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy,...
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...Kodak and Fujifilm: Leaders in Film Anita Annunziata Professor Fardanesh Business 302 May 1, 2013 Kodak and Fujifilm are both well-known companies in the households of the United States and across the world. These two companies are each other’s main competition in the film market. They have been competing with each other for years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, was a lover of the photo taking procedure and wanted to simplify the photography process. Eastman established the Kodak Company in 1880. The Kodak Company was built on four basic principles: mass production at low cost, international distribution, widespread advertising, and customer focus. Years later, he was able to add the following policies: growth and development through continuing research, human resources, and a profit reinvestment program. Mr. Eastman knew that he had to make the photo process easy for amateur photographers. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. The slogan “you press the button, we do the rest” was born. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a abundance of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. Kodak is not just known to be the film for amateurs, many professionals use Kodak film for commercial, leisure, and entertainment purposes. The Kodak Company is continually researching the needs of the consumer to...
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...What is photography? Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor. Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. The result in an electronic image sensor is an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. On 1834, in Campinas, Brazil, Hercules Florence, a French painter and inventor, wrote in his diary the word "photographie" to describe his process. As far as can be ascertained, it was Sir John Herschel in a lecture before the Royal Society of London, on March 14, 1839 who made the word "photography" known to the world. But in an article published on February 25 of the same year in a German newspaper called the Vossische Zeitung, Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, had used the word photography already. The word photography derives from the Greek φωτός (phōtos), genitive of φῶς (phōs), "light" and γραφή (graphé) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". Invented in the first decades of the 19th century, photography (by way of the camera) seemed able to capture more detail and information than traditional...
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