...around us. Previous research on processing has furiously debated two questions: Why do we process the way we do? What part of processing is innate? It is interesting however that though processing itself seems so complex and debatable, the unprocessed systems themselves are quite simple. This has led to the formulation of an idea called Spectral Processing that tries to unravel the complexities of perception through the comparison of simple and derived models of stimuli. If the world around us contains information (color, smell, sound, etc.) that can be organized so simply into spectra or arrays, perception should also be intrinsically simple. Humans...
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...Assessing Creativity in Hollywood Pitch Meetings: Evidence for a Dual-Process Model of Creativity Judgments Author(s): Kimberly D. Elsbach and Roderick M. Kramer Reviewed work(s): Source: The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Jun., 2003), pp. 283-301 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30040623 . Accessed: 29/08/2012 18:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Journal. http://www.jstor.org c Academy of Management Journal 2003, Vol. 46, No. 3, 283-301. ASSESSING CREATIVITYIN HOLLYWOODPITCH MEETINGS: EVIDENCEFOR A DUAL-PROCESS MODEL OF CREATIVITYJUDGMENTS KIMBERLY D. ELSBACH University of California, Davis RODERICK M. KRAMER Stanford University This study addresses an important but neglected topic by investigating the social judgment processes that experts (studio executives and producers in Hollywood) use to assess the creative...
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...influence other activities. The cerebral cortex selforganises as we engage with different musical activities, skills in these areas may then transfer to other activities if the processes involved are similar. Some skills transfer automatically without our conscious awareness, others require reflection on how they might be utilised in a new situation. Perceptual, language and literacy skills Speech and music have a number of shared processing systems. Musical experiences which enhance processing can therefore impact on the perception of language which in turn impacts on learning to read. Active engagement with music sharpens the brain’s early encoding of linguistic sound. Eight year old children with just 8 weeks of musical training showed improvement in perceptual cognition compared with controls. Speech makes extensive use of structural auditory patterns based on timbre differences between phonemes. Musical training develops skills which enhance perception of these patterns. This is critical in developing phonological awareness which in turn contributes to learning to read successfully. Speech processing requires similar processing to melodic contour. Eight year old children with musical training outperformed controls on tests of music and language. Learning to discriminate differences between tonal and rhythmic patterns and to associate these with visual symbols seems to transfer to improved phonemic awareness. Learning to play an instrument enhances the ability to remember...
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...1.1 INTRODUCTION The combination of visual and auditory information at the human-computer interface is a natural step forward. In everyday life both senses combine to give complementary information about the world; they are interdependent. The visual system gives us detailed data about a small area of focus whereas the auditory system provides general data from all around, alerting us to things outside our peripheral vision. The combination of these two senses gives much of the information we need about our everyday environment. Dannenberg & Blattner ([23], pp xviii-xix) discuss some of the advantages of using this approach in multimedia/multimodal computer systems: "In our interaction with the world around us, we use many senses. Through each sense we interpret the external world using representations and organisations to accommodate that use. The senses enhance each other in various ways, adding synergies or further informational dimensions". They go on to say: "People communicate more effectively through multiple channels. ... Music and other sound in film or drama can be used to communicate aspects of the plot or situation that are not verbalised by the actors. Ancient drama used a chorus and musicians to put the action into its proper setting without interfering with the plot. Similarly, non-speech audio messages can communicate to the computer user without interfering with an application". These advantages can be brought to the multimodal human-computer interface...
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...RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LYRICS AND MELODY IN POPULAR MUSIC Eric Nichols1, Dan Morris2, Sumit Basu2, and Christopher Raphael1 1 2 Indiana University Microsoft Research Bloomington, IN, USA Redmond, WA, USA {epnichol,craphael}@indiana.edu ABSTRACT Composers of popular music weave lyrics, melody, and instrumentation together to create a consistent and compelling emotional scene. The relationships among these elements are critical to musical communication, and understanding the statistics behind these relationships can contribute to numerous problems in music information retrieval and creativity support. In this paper, we present the results of an observational study on a large symbolic database of popular music; our results identify several patterns in the relationship between lyrics and melody. 1. INTRODUCTION Popular music uses several streams of information to create an emotionally engaging experience for the listener. Lyrics, melody, chords, dynamics, instrumentation, and other aspects of a song operate in tandem to produce a compelling musical percept. Extensive previous work has explored each of these elements in isolation, and certain relationships among these components – for example, the relationship between melody and chords – have also been addressed in the research community. However, despite their salience and central role in music cognition, lyrics have not been addressed by computational analysis to the same degree as other aspects of popular music. In this study, we...
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...communicating which can lead to stressful interactions. This paper will examine verbal and non-verbal communications differences between the genders, types of miscommunications, and discusses the right-of-way concerning gender and status, and provide examples of dialogue among the genders. The author will also include personal experiences concerning miscommunication among the genders, and highlight ineffective communication methods observed, as well as offer effective strategies for solving the situation. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Men and women employ differing verbal and nonverbal communication styles. These different styles can lead to certain perceptions of stereotypes between the genders. Feminine Style Women use a style that is more engaging and will “promote emotions and understanding in a personal way” (Rawluszko, 2009). A feminine style of communication is polite, involved, and supportive. Women will communicate just for the sake of communicating. The subject matter is less important than the fact communication is taking place. This builds, maintains, and proves the relationship is important (Ivy & Backlund, 2008). Women frequently infuse emotion and their own beliefs in conversations as well. Women’s voice tend to use a higher pitch than men’s. Research suggests that men have the capacity for higher pitch but fear sounding feminine (Ivy & Backlund, 2008). Research also shows that women who use a lower pitch are viewed as more competent. In terms of language...
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...Louis 1 Ansley Louis Professor Matthew McEver English Composition 1101 September 20, 2015 A World Divided The crystal blue waterfalls and crystalized sand shimmered as it fell through our hands. Beautiful people came from around the world to glimpse famous people visiting the island, or to get away from the hardship and stress of their everyday lives. As for me, I saw the poverty of Nassau, Bahamas. Desperate people crowded the straw market and stared across the bridge at Atlantis where vacationers slept in Mahogany furnished rooms with luxurious bedding. Why did the residents have to live the way they do, sleeping on dirt floors? Into the night, the brilliant lights of Atlantis became a world miles away, but out of grasp. We approached the market eager to do some local shopping. Hundreds of vendors brought everything they created to start their marketing line. We live in the U.S., where items are ready-made and disposable, and, if something breaks, we buy a new one. I began thinking about my Michael Kors sunglasses that I had broken on the boat and how I was going to order a new pair when I arrived home. This venue, this world I walked into, was a world that required thought and imagination, of taking the very least commodity they had and turning it into a marketable item to sell, not for the latest technological device or new shoes, but to put food on the table. It humbled me immensely. Louis 2 I approached an elderly man, who looked to be about eighty years...
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...Selecting a media agency In association with: Selecting a media agency INTRODUCTION Whatever their size and experience, advertisers strive for quality, performance and productivity in all disciplines; and media strategy/media buying are no exception. In any discipline, questioning its process may occur at certain times in the lifecycle of an organisation, and this may lead to a media pitch. Over the past years, media planning and buying have come through many changes. Communication groups have turned their media departments into specialised companies and independent media buying shops have strengthened their skills and strategic capabilities. The companies are no longer mere buying points but real media agencies: their competencies have broadened to better meet advertisers’ needs. Today, advertisers face a highly concentrated and sophisticated media agency market, whose players have a high degree of professionalism. Selecting a business partner in this area is therefore a critical step for both the advertiser and the agency, and from both a strategic and financial perspective. In this context, this guide aims at helping advertisers and agencies to work together in an informed manner, focusing on quality and performance in their relationships. We propose methods, from defining the objectives to fine-tuning the contractual arrangements, which will allow the advertiser and its media agency to build a new relationship on solid grounds. Rather than identifying the “best”...
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...surprises up its sleeve: half-priced ink cartridges and prints that retain their bright colors more than 600 times longer than competitor brands. Still, in a world where more-tantalizing gadgets such as ultra-thin laptops and digital cameras often take center stage, the company found it also needed a little ingenuity on the marketing side if it was to merit the attention it needed to gain market share. Proven advertising techniques were set in motion and a special promotion with NBC's Celebrity Apprentice was launched; nevertheless, questions remained about how effective those were in luring the target market. So company Research Analyst Aprille Byam quickly set out to get a better feel for market perceptions and behavior, hoping she might also generate excitement around the new technology. Aspiring to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative research, she worked with online panel management provider Vision Critical in 2007 to create Print Rave, a fusion of Web-based panel and online community that allowed the company to both directly communicate with users and moderate member-to-member interactions. That combination allowed Eastman Kodak to delve into the hard questions and keep users engaged so that it could gather the insight needed to forge ahead in the inkjet space. The Challenge: When Eastman Kodak broke onto the consumer inkjet scene in February 2007, leading competitor Hewlett-Packard had already secured a strong reputation for reliable products, a loyal customer...
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...SENSATION AND PERCEPTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (FOREIGN) I. PSYCHOLOGY (Douglas A. Bernstein, Edward J. Roy, Thomas K. Skull, Christopher D. Wickens) BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY CONSCIOUSNESS MOTIVATION EMOTION PERCEPTION SENSATION The diagram above illustrates some of the relationships between different aspects of psychology through sensation. What happens if people are denied on this contact, if they deprived of stimulation form the senses? However, recent research has made it more difficult to draw a clear line between sensation and perception. That research shows that the process of interpreting sensations begins in the sense organs themselves and continues into the brain. Even previous experience can shape what you sense, causing you not to notice. Sensory Systems The senses gather information about the world by detecting various forms of energy, such as sound, light, heat, and physical pressure. For example, the eyes detect light energy, the ears detect the of sound , and the skin detects the energy of heat and pressure. Humans depend primarily on vision, hearing, and the skin senses to gain information about the world: they depend less than other animals on smell and taste. There are also senses that provide information to the brain from the rest of the body. All of these senses must detect stimuli, encode them into neural activity, and transfer this coded information to the brain. Steps in Sensation At each step...
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...named James M. Vicary made a startling announcement based on research in high-speed photography later popularized by Eastman Kodak Company. The Tachistoscope Some time before, a device had been developed that could emit a flash of white light at a speed of I/60,000th ol a second. It was called the tachistoscope. The light pulse of the tachistoscope was so fast that it was imperceptible to human consciousness—what I was learning as a psychology student to call "subliminal." because it was below ("sub") the threshold ("limen") of human perception. The work done for Kodak involved a tachistoscope providing illumination in a pitch-dark studio for a large-lens camera with an open aperture. In one series of experiments, the flash of the tachistoscope was triggered electronically by the sound of a rifle shot, and the image of a bullet in flight was frozen on color film. Perhaps you have seen samples of these remarkable photographs hanging on the walls of your local camera store. Retainers and Consulting Fees Armed with the scientific sound of "tachistoscope,** Vicary invented a sparkling new pseudoscience, and proceeded to contact the CEOs, marketing directors, and advertising managers of multimillion-dollar corporations headquartered in New York City. Basically, he offered to serve them on retainer as a motivational research consultant while lie developed the process he called "subliminal advertising." His persuasive sales pitch was that consumers would comprehend information projected...
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...By ALEXANDRA M. MILLER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF INTERIOR DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Alexandra M. Miller ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Margaret Portillo, for her direction and guidance throughout the entire research process. I would also like to thank Dr. M. Joyce Hasell for her support and valuable expertise. Additional thanks go to Dr. Larry Winner for his indispensable assistance as a statistical consultant. I would also like to thank PUSH for providing an excellent example of a fun workplace. In particular, I would like to thank partners John Ludwig, Chris Robb, and Rich Wahl for allowing me to conduct a case study of their business. Additional thanks go to Ron Boucher, Jourdan Crumpler, and Gordon Weller for taking the time to participate in interviews. I would also like to express my gratitude to Kathryn Voorhees for her help, humor, and friendship as she accompanied me throughout the research process. Finally, I would like to thank all of my friends and family for their support. In particular, I would like to thank to my parents for their constant support and for helping me to achieve my dreams. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES...........................
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...Step one re-learn re-learn by: Shifting Perspective Define The problem Understand your ambitions Challenge your assumptions Research case studies Building Knowledge Get out and look around Map the customer journey Identify barriers Find The Root of the problem Learn from experts Build Personas Understand customers expectations Customer SWOT Competitor Analysis Map the Problem Structure Insight re-learn Define the Problem re-learn re-think re-define launch Define the problem The first thing to be done before attempting to solve a problem, is to have a common definition of what problem the team is trying to solve. Ask yourself these questions 1. Why do we have to solve this problem? _______________________________________________________ 2. What are the benefits to be gained? _______________________________________________________ 3. What do we don’t understand? _______________________________________________________ 4. What isn’t the problem (What is working)? _______________________________________________________ 5. Do we have enough information? ______________________________________________________ re-learn re-think re-define launch Define the Problem: re-learn Understanding your Ambitions re-learn re-think re-define launch Understanding your Ambitions “We need to start with the end in mind”. We need to think within the context of a positive outcome. This will give a sense of direction to our thoughts ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Persuasive Communication: A literature Review Individual Assignment Thaniya Alkindy 20112091 MAN210/E1 Prof. Ayyappan Palanissamy ------------------------------------------------- Introduction Communication is passing information from one place to another. It can either be vocally, or on paper using printed or digital media such as emails books, magazines, websites or books etc or non-verbally (using the tone and pitch of voice ,body language, gestures and body language). In order to have good communication skills the information needs to be transmitted and received in a proper way. Having good communication skills can be beneficial in all aspects of our lives, from the office to social events and gatherings. It’s very important to be able to engage in an accurate and clear conversation with someone especially with effective communication skills. However, Persuasive communication also plays part in the day to day business processes or procedures. Persuasive communication may be defined as the process through which people induce or urge the adoption of certain actions or beliefs of others. Body The capability to persuade is essential in the business world. On a day-to-day basis, you need to be able to convince your employees to work on accomplishing the company goals or to persuade people or clients to believe your ideas or suggestions. If you can excel in the art of persuasive communication, you can...
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...overcrowded classes in some point of their teaching career. It also revealed that teachers are not comfortable in teaching large number of learners in class because it hampers teaching English language. Based on the first question, the variance in teachers' opinions is due to the fact that every teacher has his own perception about the number that makes large classes. Defining a large class depends to great extent on how the teacher perceives a large class. It means that the perception of large class is subjective and can depend on a number of variables according to teachers. According to Todd (2006), the definition of large class from the point of view of teachers depends on three variables including the subject taught, the largest size they taught and the content being taught. In addition to other variables such as the age of learners, their motivation and the room where lessons are taught. Therefore, it is argued that teachers have various perceptions of large classes. Nevertheless, in the current, we can assume that the ideal class size that is visible with peoples’ work is 25 students per class. Concerning on the teachers' responses for the second question, the research inferred that all teachers are familiar with teaching overcrowded classes in university. All the participants agree that the number of learners they teach is beyond the normal standard and is considered a large class. It also infers that teachers who...
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