Wednesday, 27 January 2016

Explain how the global pattern of tourism is the result of a variety of factors (25 Marks)
(PLAN)
Intro
- Global data- in 1950 50 million international arrivals, in comparison in 2010 there was 1,015 million international arrivals

- However, this growth in tourism is not uniformly distributed, rather some areas such as Europe have prospered with Europe growing from 25 million in 1950 to
550 million in 2010, but some areas such as South Asia who have grown from
0 million in 1990 to 20 million in 2010. Showing signs of there being spatial patterns and variations.

- There are political, social, environmental and economic reasons for this pattern.
- Throughout the globe we have two main types of tourism:
• organised mass tourism
- top-down, high density, ‘package holidays’, all-inclusive, can lead to economic leakages, enclaved tourism (main example- cruise ships), generally ran by TNCs

• alternative tourism
- bottom-up, less planned, involving communities, eco-tourism, integrating with culture, minimal impact on local environment, niche

- Focus on the fact that it is not growth of tourism but the pattern of tourism
The global pattern of tourism can result from political factors
1. When a country is stable, tourists are more likely to go there, as it is safer than a less stable country. This could mean that there has been differences in the pattern of tourism between politically stable countries and non stable countries. 1

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- Example- Europe being generally politically stable, in comparison to the war torn Middle East. Although Dubai has been an exception to this.

- War example could be the Iraqi war from 2003-11 meant that tourists were deterred from this area. Meaning that it creates a bad reputation for the country and means that the countries who are more stable, have higher tourist arrivals.
2. Governments generally in MEDCs such as New Zealand and Australia, have invested into Tourist infrastructure, such as airports, roads) as well as advertisement. - This has helped the country to increase its carrying capacity for tourist arrivals.
Meaning that tourists are drawn to this area so therefore it has a higher amount of tourist arrivals. Example of Europe again, in 2010,1050 million tourist arrivals. - Whereas in Eastern Asia and the Pacific, they don't have as much tourist infrastructure meaning that only 150 million tourists arrived in 2010.
3. Introduction of common currency of the Euro

- Has meant that it has meant that it is easier to travel around Europe as you don't have to exchange as much currency

- This could of caused the pattern where Europe is the largest tourist arrival destination The global pattern of tourism can result from environmental factors

- Some countries such as in the Middle East have extreme climates of heat, making it too hot for some tourists especially in the summer time period. This has meant that people have been deterred from going there. With only 51 million international arrivals into the Middle East in 2014.

- Europe and the United States have very diverse climates. In Europe, you can go skiing in the Alps and then be in the Mediterranean by the beach. It offers two different types of climates which is attractive to tourists. With little or none extreme climates. Making it one of the most popular destinations for tourists.

- Another example of an extreme climate is the sub-saharan Africa in Mali.

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The global pattern of tourism can result from Social factors

- Religion- Some people go abroad to the Asia and the Middle East in order to attend religious events/places such as Mecca. This draws people from this religion (Muslims) and maybe other religions to go here and not go to other areas. - This means that places such as Europe will have less tourist arrivals as there is not as much religious sites or events occurring as there are abroad.

- On a demographic point of view. Some countries/tourism industries benefit from the older population, such as cruises, and also from the younger population with places such as Ibiza and Magaluf benefiting.

- People now want to experience new things, this has meant that eco-tourism is becoming more popular and in doing has increased alternative tourism.

The global pattern of tourism can result from Economic factors

- The growth of transport. This has come about due to advancements in commercial flights making flights cheaper for holiday makers to go to places such as Asia on long-haul flights has meant that people can pretty much go anywhere they like.

- Also the global growth in affluence has meant that people now have more disposable income and therefore can spend money on these long-haul flights meaning that there is still plenty of tourist arrivals in Asia and the Americans.

- In Eastern Asia, they have benefited from the industrialisation of the region as it has helped to create secondary resources, along with helping the countries growth which contributes the global growth. The countries growth means that people are more likely to go abroad to places such as Europe as they can now afford to. This has meant that the more expensive areas such as the Western areas have become more affordable for people so there has been an increase in tourism in these areas.

- In the UK, it industrialised in the late 18th century and early 19th century meaning that it has a more developed countries than others who are still developing meaning it has more carrying capacity to facilitate more tourists.

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Conclusion

- In conclusion, it is clear to see that there has been political, social, environmental and economic factors which have resulted in the global pattern of tourism. However, it must be acknowledged that there are many externalities which could have caused the pattern. E.g. Recessions, 9/11, stay cations,
Greek financial crisis, Terrorism in Tunisia. Which have deterred or crippled people from going abroad to be tourists. But overall, the main things which have caused the global pattern is the

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