...CONSULTAFRIC PARTNERS EY is a global leader in assurance, tax, transactions and advisory services. Locally, we are committed to doing our part in building a better working world for our people, for our clients and for our communities. Globally, we are also united by our shared values, which inspire our people worldwide and guide them to do the right thing, and our commitment to quality, which is embedded in who we are and everything we do. Advisory Services Who we are One business, one Advisory practice We operate as the most globally integrated firm, with one methodology, across all our geographical areas. It's a structure that enables us to mobilize our people quickly, and allocate them to projects in the right place, at the right time. Through our industry-focused approach and worldwide reach, we help clients like you manage risk, improve performance and sustain the results. How we work We help drive your business performance Some consulting firms think only about business strategy; some physically deploy technology; but our Advisory services help execute enterprise-wide performance transformation initiatives. We help turn strategy into reality. KPMG in Kenya provides Audit, Tax, and consulting delivering a globally consistent set of multidisciplinary financial and accounting capabilities based on deep industry knowledge. KPMG professionals in Kenya work for a wide range of clients, from global organizations to entrepreneurial start-ups., Audit We provide clients with...
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...National Tax Journal Vol 49 no. 3 (September 1996) pp. 421-35 CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING LILLIAN F. MILLS * Abstract - The tax law provides varying opportunities for tax planning, and firms have competing incentives to consider in planning a tax reporting strategy, including financial reporting effects. I present preliminary results that Internal Revenue Service audit adjustments increase in the excess of book income over taxable income. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher book income than taxable income. I also investigate the relationship between compliance costs and taxes paid. Existing descriptive research emphasizes the social cost burden of such compliance costs. Preliminary results indicate that firms that spend more on tax research and planning report lower tax expense. results that proposed Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit adjustments increase as the excess of book income over taxable income increases. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher financial statement income than taxable income. I also investigate how the level of conformity varies as the relative incentives for book income versus tax savings change. Tax regimes that require more conformity between book and tax accounting will likely induce higher tax payments than those firms whose incentives to maintain high book income are the greatest. In addition, government...
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...Courses in Accounting/Tax Research and Analysis and Accounting/Business Communications September 3, 2014 The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy requires each candidate to complete a minimum of two semester hours in accounting research and analysis or tax research and analysis from a recognized college or university. The semester hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered through an integrated approach. If the course content is offered through integration, the college or university must advise the Board which course(s) contain the research and analysis content. Courses identified through integration must dedicate 1 semester hour, or quarter hour equivalent, to research and analysis. Courses used to meet this requirement may not be used to meet the requirement for accounting or business communications described below. Course(s) identified by a university to meet the requirements for research and analysis in accounting or taxation should primarily address the identification, organization, and integration of diverse sources of information such as authoritative literature and pronouncements, to reach a conclusion or make a decision; and should analyze accounting and taxation issues by reviewing information, using empirical data and analytical methods, recognizing data in patterned activities, forecasting, and integrating data. CPAs may be asked to conduct research and analysis when providing attest services, professional accounting services, or...
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...Lesson from Malaysian Companies towards Goods and Services Tax (GST) Mohd Rizal Palil1, Rosiati Ramli1, Ahmad Fariq Mustapha1 & Norul Syuhada Abu Hassan1 1 School of Accounting, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Correspondence: Mohd Rizal Palil, School of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Management, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: mr_palil@ukm.my Received: May 6, 2013 Accepted: June 20, 2013 Online Published: August 30, 2013 doi:10.5539/ass.v9n11p135 Abstract URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n11p135 Various parties including academics, professionals and the society (the potential GST payers) are arguing about the introduction of GST in Malaysia. Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax imposed on the sale of goods and services. The Malaysian government introduce this potential tax mechanism, in order to increase the existing tax bracket and replacing the long-implemented service and sales taxes. With the introduction of GST, the Malaysian government felt it would provide them with the prospect to reduce the rates of individual and corporate income tax. However, do all companies particularly small and medium enterprises (Companies) ready to adopt the systems efficiently? If they could adopt the system, how much their compliance costs involved such as developing new software, human resource training and accounting systems? The objective of this paper is to obtain companies’...
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...Accounting System in a Company Almost all the countries in the world allow foreign companies to compete with domestic firms nowadays, which make the costs of spending in the international trade plummet over the past decades. However, global markets provide more potential for the competitive companies. In other words, the companies have to face more challenges. If they can’t win the game, they will vanish from the global market. It is not a game winning by the capital; it is a competition with wisdom, good customer service, and in-time decision and so on. If they can get some useful information, selecting them among a great deal of data, papers, reports or something else to help them make a right decision on one project, they will get benefits from it and win in the commercial battle. Do you think the accounting information is important for you to make the right decision? The accounting sources can show you a lot of valuable information which are the right things you are looking for. You can make use of these resources to make a suitable financial planning for the coming action of the company, analyze through the data to determine how much money you should spend in different units and how many products you need to sell to reach your target profits, and broaden your vision and your strategies into specific goals. Why does a company need accounting? In the intense competition between rival companies, a corporation needs to gain more market and increase more profits...
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...global market. It is not a game winning by the capital; it is a competition with wisdom, good customer service, and in-time decision and so on. If they can get some useful information, selecting them among a great deal of data, papers, reports or something else to help them make a right decision on one project, they will get benefits from it and win in the commercial battle. Do you think the accounting information is important for you to make the right decision? The accounting sources can show you a lot of valuable information which are the right things you are looking for. You can make use of these resources to make a suitable financial planning for the coming action of the company, analyze through the data to determine how much money you should spend in different units and how many products you need to sell to reach your target profits, and broaden your vision and your strategies into specific goals. Why does a company need accounting? In the intense competition between rival companies, a corporation needs to gain more market and increase more profits. How does it get it? Using accounting information to decide how to allocate its resources can give this corporation a chance to gain more profits over its competitors. Product Costing A company always pays a lot on the costs to produce a product, whether the money is used in marketing, engineering, production, general management, or finance. It is called a product that the workers use some direct materials to build a specific...
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...person assigned within the accounting, finance, or controllers department to keep track of property, plant, and equipment. This person may be called a fixed asset accountant, property accountant, or may have some other similar title. This accountant's primary responsibility is to maintain the official fixed assets records for the business or organisation. This may be a full-time position in a company that has a large investment in fixed assets and that has either a high volume of activity in fixed assets, or has major capital expenditure projects in process. In operations where keeping track of fixed assets does not involve sufficient work to occupy an accountant full-time, this responsibility may be combined with other accounting duties. The level of responsibility of the person in charge of fixed assets, and the functions performed will also depend on the size and nature of the operation, and the way in which the organisation is set up to handle accounting and reporting for property, plant, and equipment. Accounting for fixed assets may be more of a clerical function, involving entering data and maintaining records. Or the position could involve more of a financial analyst role, where the person would participate in economic evaluations of proposed projects. An audit role may also form part of the overall planning, controlling and reporting function for capital expenditures. What Does A Fixed Asset or Property Accountant Do? In an accounting and administrative capacity...
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...Accounting is the process of identifying the transactions and events, measuring the transactions and events in terms of money, recording them in a systematic manner in the books of accounts, classifying or grouping them and finally summarizing the transactions in a manner useful to the users of accounting information . Let’s now discuss these accounting processes one by one: 1. Identifying the transactions and events: This is the first step of accounting process. It identifies the transactions of financial character that is required to be recorded In the books of accounts. Transactions is transfer of money or goods or services from one person or account to another person or account. 2. Measuring: This denotes expressing the values of business transactions and events in terms of money 3. Recording: It deals with recording of identifiable and measurable transaction and events in a systematic manner in the books of original entry that are in accordance with principles of accountancy. 4. Classifying: It deals with periodic grouping of transactions of similar nature that appear in the books of original entry into appropriate heads by posting or transfer entries 5. Summarizing: It deals with summarizing or condensing transactions in a manner useful to the users. This function involves the preparation of financial statements such as income statement, balance sheet, statement of changes in financial position and cash flow statement 6. Analyzing: It deals with the...
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...the institute of cost accountants of india(ICAI) (A Statutory body under an act of parliament) SYLLABUS 2012 STRUCTURE & contents Evaluation Synthesis ANALYSIS ANALYSIS APPLICATION APPLICATION COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE LEVEL A LEVEL B LEVEL C FOUNDATION COURSE - Syllabus 2012 the institute of cost accountants of india(ICAI) (A Statutory body under an act of parliament) SYLLABUS 2012 STRUCTURE & contents The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body under an Act of Parliament) Page 1 FOUNDATION COURSE - Syllabus 2012 The Following table lists the learning objectives and the verbs that appear in the syllabus learning aims and examination question. Learning objectives Level A COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand List Make a list of. State Express, fully or clearly , the details/ facts of. Define Give the exact meaning of. Communicate the key features of. Distinguish Highlight the differences between. Explain Make clear or intangible/state the meaning or purpose of. Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration. Illustrate What you are expected to know Definition Describe KNOWLEDGE Verbs used Use an example to describe or explain something. The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body under an Act of Parliament) ...
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...Heading 2 Financial reporting in an uncertain economy A closer look at income tax valuation allowances October 2009 Additional text goes here. Heading 3 Additional text goes here. Notwithstanding early signs that the global recession may be waning, the uncertain economic future continues to constrict corporate America. As companies continue to incur losses, focus has heightened on income tax valuation allowance assessments by companies and their auditors, as well as the Securities and Exchange Commission staff, through the issuance of comment letters. Specifically, much of this focus is on whether deferred tax assets reflected on corporate balance sheets will ultimately be realized. When a deferred tax asset is not fully realizable, a valuation allowance must be established against the deferred tax asset to reduce it to a net amount that is realizable. The related expense is generally reflected in the income statement as an income tax expense. A clear understanding of the judgmental nature of valuation allowance accounting models is critical in addressing this issue. The need for judgment The accounting requirements for deferred tax assets are set out in ASC 740, "Income Taxes," which establishes a "more likely than not" threshold for recognizing deferred tax assets. The interpretation of this criteria has historically been (and continues to be) one of the most judgmental areas of accounting in practice. Performed on a jurisdictional basis, ASC 740 requires the following...
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...reviewing Deloitte (D) guidance and the requirements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes, we addressed (1.) What are the four possible sources of taxable income according to ASC 740? (2.) How much of the reversing taxable temporary differences may be considered in estimating taxable income? (3a.) In evaluating the income LOL is projecting related to future operations, is LOL in a cumulative loss position? (3b.) May LOL exclude the impact of the impairment of the non deductible goodwill when estimating future taxable income? (3c.) May LOL exclude the expense from writing off the accounts receivable from the customer who declared bankruptcy when evaluating the projections of future income? (3d.) Does the evidence of historic losses affect our ability to accept the company’s estimate of future growth? (3e.) In evaluating the income that LOL is projecting related to future operations, what evidence might you ask for to support the company’s projections? (4.) Would the tax- planning strategy to sell and lease back manufacturing equipment be a tax- planning strategy that is considered prudent and feasible? (5.) Would the tax-planning strategy to sell but not lease back the primary manufacturing facility be a tax-planning strategy that is prudent and feasible? We first looked to see if a valuation allowance should be necessary for the deferred tax asset (DTA). The following analysis helped us reach our conclusion...
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...• Define accounting Accounting is a process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information about an organization for the purpose of making decisions and informed judgments. • Identify users of accounting information and explain why it is useful Users of accounting information include the management of the entity or organization; the owners of the organization; potential investors in and creditors of the organization; employees; and various federal, state, and local governmental agencies that are concerned with regulatory and tax matters. Management When performing the function of planning, directing, and controlling, management makes may decisions and informed judgments. Investors/shareholders When considering whether to invest in the common stock of a company investors use accounting information to help access the amounts, timing and uncertainty of future cash returns on that investment. Creditors/Suppliers When determining how much merchandise to ship to a customer before receiving payment, creditors assess the probability of collection and the risks of late or nonpayment. Banks also become creditors when they make loans and they have similar needs for accounting information. Employees When planning for retirement employees assess the company’s stability to offer long-term job prospects and an attractive retirement benefits package. SEC (Securities and When reviewing for compliance with SEC regulations, analysts determine...
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...The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society Strayer University Professor Powell August 27, 2014 The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society Anyone considering accounting needs to assess whether this career fits his or her interests, abilities, and aspirations. There are certain qualities and qualifications that a person should consider before making a commitment to a particular career field. Selecting a career can take a lot of time, and many people do not choose until they are adults. Contributing to the difficulty in choosing a career is the vast number of vocations from which to choose. The field of accounting alone covers dozens of types of accountants and dozens of jobs. In trying to decide whether accounting is an appropriate career choice, a person should talk with bookkeepers and accountants that have years of experience. Ask questions about their daily work requirements, their likes and dislikes about accounting, and how they became interested in the profession. Questions such as these can give a person insight into the profession and help in considering accounting as a career. Accounting is a system used to provide financial information about a business or person. Accountants prepare and analyze financial records for individuals, companies, governments, or other organizations. Accounting is a basic need for every business, and the term business has been broadened to mean any operation that deals with money. That includes families...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting Information Systems Business Processes and Accounting Information Systems • Business Process: sequence of activities performed by a business for acquiring, producing, and selling goods and services o Used by accountants and others • Transaction Cycles: group related events that typically occur in a particular sequence o Acquisition (purchasing) cycle = purchasing and paying for goods or services o Conversion cycle = transforming resources acquired into goods and services o Revenue cycle = providing goods or services to customers and collecting cash • Management Information System (MIS): system that captures data about an organization, stores and maintains the data, and provides meaningful info for management • Accounting Information System (AIS) is a subset of an MIS • Data captured by the MIS are aggregated, summarized, and organized to produce information that helps an organization monitor and control business processes Scope of an Accounting Information System • AIS provides accounting and financial information, and other information obtained in the routine processing of accounting transactions • It tracks info about sales order, sales in units and dollars, cash collections, etc. • Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP): business management system that integrates all aspects of a firm’s business process Uses of AIS • Producing External Reports ...
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...High client retention, providing consistent referrals to the firm. Expertise in specific vertical markets of medical/health, dental, and lodging industries. Three CPAs, our "rainmakers," who bring in an estimated 65% of the new client work. Weaknesses Over-dependence on tax preparation work for individual and business clients and, therefore, a lack of diversification in our revenue sources. Inability to generate sufficient billable hours in the off-season, based on the current capacity of our systems and full-time staff. Difficulty in retaining aggressive non-partner CPAs, as they move to smaller firms that will make them partners sooner. Being perceived as a non-progressive, "too traditional" firm and maybe overlooked as a viable option for new clients. Some individuals within the professional staff do not have an understanding of or a commitment to the marketing activities of the firm. Opportunities Benefiting from the ongoing increase in population to the San Clemente area, particularly for the retirement segment. Increasing income levels of the population over the age of 60 that have aggressively saved for retirement and have increasingly complex tax planning, tax preparation, and estate planning needs. Leveraging the positive perception business has about locating in this...
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