...Electronics India The Second Sunrise Content • Why India? • Emerging Opportunities • Policy Environment Why India ? 1. 3. 4 Big Reasons Huge Market 2. Conducive Policy Large Talent Pool 4. Low Operating Costs Electronics Market in India Burgeoning Needs, Emerging Opportunities Demand & Production Trends for 2020 450.0 400.0 350.0 400 CAGR – 37% Demand & Production 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 69.6 32.5 Demand CAGR – 24.4% 99.5 CAGR – 15% 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Year 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 Values in US$ Bil India: 2020 Segment Telecom Equipment Market Size * Laptops, Desktops, Tablets LED Electronics Market by segment Consumer Electronics Set Top Boxes Automotive Electronics Medical Electronics 34 34 35 29 10 10 8.5 * US$ Billions Conducive Policy Environment Infrastructure, Incentives, Innovation National Policy on Electronics, 2012 Holistic, Investor-friendly, Market-driven NPE Vision 2020 “To create a globally competitive electronics design and manufacturing industry to meet the country's needs and serve the international market” Investment : US$ 100 Bil Production : US$ 400 Bil Employment : 28 Mil NPE 2012 : A Holistic Approach I II III • Electronics Manufacturing Cluster Scheme (EMC) • Modified Special Package Incentive Scheme (M-SIPS) • Setting up of Semi-conductor Wafer Fab in India IV ...
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...Running head: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEMICONDUCTOR-BASED SOLAR CELL 1 Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-based Solar Cell Jorge Tavarez Strayer University PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEMICONDUCTOR-BASED SOLAR CELL 2 Abstract Energy is the capacity to do work and make things happen (Mader, 2009, p. 72). Human or other living things would not be on Earth without the source of energy. In photosynthesis, plant cells harness the sun’s solar energy with carbon dioxide to transform water molecules into oxygen, hydrogen and electrons and a semiconductor-based solar cell harnesses solar energy to convert it to electricity required by humans. In this paper, I will discuss the comparison and contrast of the two systems. I will also describe ways in which the plant cell and the solar cell are similar and different to each other. In addition, I will discuss how the laws of thermodynamics apply to each system. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEMICONDUCTOR-BASED SOLAR CELL 3 Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-Based Solar Cell Two ways in which energy is created for the various life forms on earth are photosynthesis and the process that a semiconductor-based solar cell goes through to make energy. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities. Semiconductor-based solar cells utilize photovoltaic...
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...sparked inventions, such as the semiconductor-based solar cell, that would allow humans to produce energy in a way that is very similar to that of a plant’s photosynthetic process. In this paper, I will compare and contrast the photosynthetic process with that of semiconductor-based solar cells in their capacities to generate energy while also explaining the application of thermodynamics to each process. In order to discuss the photosynthesis and the semiconductor-based solar cell, it is crucial to understand what is involved in each process and how they could be different or the same. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some bacteria use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the fuel used by all living things. The solar cell connects solar energy to convert it into electricity, which is required by all humans. This process can be understood as solar electricity, which is created by using Photovoltaic technology, which is converting solar energy into solar electricity from sunlight. This system is providing sunlight to everyday use constituents such as computers, lighting and electrical equipment. The foremost contrast between photosynthesis and semiconductor-based solar cells is that they require solar energy, or sunlight, to commence the processes. In photosynthesis, plants use chlorophyll, often found in green leaves, to engross solar energy from the sun. Likewise, a semiconductor-based solar cell utilizes...
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...Running head: PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. SEMICONDUCTOR BASED SOLAR CELL Photosynthesis Vs. Semiconductor Based Solar Cell Biology – SCI 115 23 January 2012 Abstract This paper discusses photosynthesis and how it is used by plants to harness solar energy. It also discusses semiconductor-based solar cells and how they are able to harness solar energy and convert it to electricity. This paper also compares the two types of solar energy systems and provides an overview of how the two systems are alike and how they are different. In closing, this paper will briefly explain how the laws of thermodynamics apply to each of the two energy systems. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process that transfers solar energy, or energy from the sun, into a chemical energy that provides nutrients to plants and animals all over the world. Without these important nutrients, plants, animals and humans would not be able to survive on earth. “Animals and plants get energy by metabolizing nutrient molecules made by photosynthesizers.” (Mader, 2010) Semiconductor-Based Solar Cell Before discussing what a semiconductor-based solar cell is, I would first like to define a semiconductor and then explain how it is used in a solar cell type environment. A semiconductor is, “a class of materials, such as silicon and germanium, whose electrical properties lie between those of conductors (such as copper and aluminum) and insulators (such as glass and rubber)...
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...The plant photosynthesis process and semiconductor-based solar cells processes are very similar in their functions and creating an end product as well as there are a variety of differences between them. First we need to look at photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants, algaes and cyanobacteria absorb sun light and convert it to sugar. In the photosynthesis processes, the plant absorbs the sun light then in complex processes converts the intake of carbon dioxide to the end results to sugar (carbohydrates) and releases water and oxygen. The oxygen is what humans and all living animals use to survive and breathe in. Humans and animals release the carbon dioxide which is what the plants absorb in with as well as the light rays from the sun. According to Mader, “if the amount of carbohydrate were instantly converted to coal, and the coal loaded into standard railroad cars (each car holding about 50 tons), the photosynthesizers of the biosphere would fill more than 100 cars per second with coal” (2010, p.86). During my research on semiconductor-based solar cell energy, I found that the solar cell energy is capture in about the same means that the plants absorb light rays and carbon dioxide. The solar cells are made up of usually silicone. In 2010, Heindl stated, “the second most abundant element in earth`s crust, silicon has the advantage, of being available in sufficient quantities, and additionally processing the material does not burden the environment” (e.g., Heindl...
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...#1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS USED BY PLANTS TO HARNESS SOLAR ENERGY Introduction This document will educate us on the theory that energy is around us. It will be proven that energy comes from many forms and in fact is created multiple ways. Photosynthesis and the process that a semi-conductor solar can go through to make energy are just two ways in which energy is created for life forms here on earth. This study will allow us to see by comparing the two it’s evident that while they are alike how they use the sun to produce energy, they are very different in their processes. Similarities The similarities of semiconductors and photosynthesis are similar because they aim to trap energy from the sun. Example: the plants use photosynthesis to trap energy from the sun and will manufacture food and the semiconductors trap energy from the sun and convert it to electricity. Another, similarities between photosynthesis and semiconductor is that both have cells that traps energy from the sun, the semiconductor has solar cells that trap energy from the sun and convert it into useful product. (O'Connell) But semiconductor and photosynthesis can also be noted with more similarities because they can transform the solar energy into useful form. Remember the energy absorbed by the solar cells will and can covers into electricity and the energy absorbed in the plant is transformed can produce concrete products. Photosynthesis and semiconductors systems can work well together...
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...with products that were composed of semiconductors, while they also sold semiconductors. They quickly achieved market dominance in the communications sector. As the communications sector became increasingly regulated by government, some of Mitel’s major customers lost market share resulting in fewer sales for Mitel. This resulted in Mitel’s competitors advancing ahead of them in industry dominance. Over time, Mitel was sold and resold with its share value increased, decreased, and then increased again but to only a fraction of what it used to be. Mitel continued to be a company that stayed rooted to its initial specialities in the communications industry. As other sectors developed to the extent that the communications sector only occupied 0.5 per cent of the overall market, Mitel has been unable to diversify such that its future is again dependant on unforeseen changes in the industry. It is critical that Mitel achieve the ability to secure product to enable further product development and enhance its research and development so it may diversify its products and balance its products among various markets, so that event changes in a particular market will not compromise the entirety of Mitel. 2 Overview In the 1960s, semiconductors were developed and quickly became the “backbone of all electronic devices. Consumer electronics, automobiles, aeroplanes, space travel, appliances and many other products depended on semiconductors to perform even the most basic operations”...
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...Mitel Semiconductor is a division of the Mitel Corporation that produces semiconductors, which are used in the fabrication of integrated circuits for consumers in the aerospace, automobile, and any electronics industries. Semiconductor sales accounted for approximately 15 percent of Mitel corporate revenue and the firm held a seven percent market share of the one billion dollar business communications semiconductor market in 1995. Kirk J. Mandy, vice president and general manager of the Mitel Semiconductor division is faced with the challenging task of choosing investment options for the division, ensuring sustainability and increased market share for the company over the next five years. Kirk is faced with several alternatives, which include: 1. Maintain the status quo, and having the Bromont plant continue to use 100mm wafers. 2. Convert Bromont to larger wafers, 150mm, 200mm, or 300mm. 3. Contract out fabrication to other facilities. 4. Increase capacity through the acquisition of other semiconductor facilities. Considerations There are several factors which need to be taken into consideration, outside of the alternatives themselves. One such factor is that, due to Mitel past financial failures, the corporation has a policy that over the long term, business must be able to finance their own growth. Therefore the company is in opposition to further debt and only available cash and cash equivalents can be used for investments. A 15 percent...
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...Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-based solar cell Robyn Beavon Strayer Univestity SCI 115 Professor Meri Stanec July 23, 2012 Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-based solar cell Photosynthesis, by definition, “is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis) A solar cell “is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell) Photosynthesis and a semiconductor-based solar cell have several similarities and differences. Photosynthesis and solar cells both require solar energy or sunlight for the process to begin. We rely on both processes for survival, photosynthesis produces us oxygen, food and materials for living on Earth (fiber for clothes, wood for our homes, ect) and solar cells provide us with electricity. Another similarity is that they both lose electron during the process. When the electrons are lost in solar cells they are replenished once the electrical circuit is complete. In photosynthesis the electrons lost by the pigments are replaced by splitting water. Splitting water occurs in both plant cells and solar cells, a chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen. Water splitting occurs naturally in the process of photosynthesis, however...
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...Plant Cell versus Solar Cell Katrina Minchew July 18, 2011 Strayer University | | Photosynthesis is defined as the process in which green plants and other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. It takes place mainly inside the leaves. This process utilizes light energy and it is transformed into chemical energy used to create organic compounds. Photosynthesis consists of two processes that use both light and dark energy. The first process, light reaction transforms light into energy. The second process utilizes dark reactions, use the energy and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. The process needs sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. These materials are transported through the leaves. Water is absorbed by the plant through the roots and is then delivered to the leaves through the plant tissue. The carbon dioxide is absorbed through small holes in plant leaves known as stomata. It also releases oxygen. The process known as chlorophyll is when the green pigment of plants and photosynthetic algae and bacteria trap the energy of sunlight. In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts, which is the organelle that carries out photosynthesis and starch grain formation. A chlorophyll-containing organelle in plants is the site of photosynthesis. A solar cell also known as the photovoltaic cell is a solid state electrical mechanism that converts the energy of light directly into electricity...
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...living organisms need energy in order to survive. The way that the energy is obtained is through a process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses energy from the sunlight, solar energy, to produce sugar where sugar is then converted into chemical energy. In order for a plant to use sugar to convert into chemical energy, the the plant must have water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. These substances are then transported to the leaves where photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, light reactions and dark reactions. Light reactions take place in the day where sunlight is required and taken to create ATP; where dark reactions do not require sunlight, but usually take place during the day as well and carbon dioxide is converted to sugar. Semiconductor-based solar cell is used to generate electric energy. Semiconductors are the devices that are located in a solar cell that absorb the sunlight in order for electric energy to be created. These devices have proven to be efficient due to the fact that they easily absorb sunlight and require less solar energy in order to be converted. Photosynthesis is used to create energy that living organisms need in order to survive and semiconductor-based solar cells are used to create energy that we do not have to have, but have found to be very helpful and have come to depend on. The differences between these solar energy absorbers is photosynthesis absorbs less sunlight and more energy is required for energy to...
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...What is Solar Energy? Sunlight is a renewable energy source which can be converted into usable energy by solar panels. There are two main types of solar energy. Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels directly convert solar energy into a usable form of energy using a PV cell containing a semiconductor material. CSP (concentrating solar power) on the other hand, concentrate energy from sunlight to a heat receiver which transforms energy from heat into mechanical energy, and in turn, solar thermal electricity. Converting Sunlight into Electricity Light striking a silicon semiconductor causes electrons to flow, creating electricity. Solar power generating systems take advantage of this property to convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. Solar panels (also called “solar modulesE produce direct current (DC), which goes through a power inverter to become alternating current (AC) — electricity that we can use in the home or office, like that supplied by a utility power company. There are two types of solar power generating systems: grid-connected systems, which are connected to the commercial power infrastructure; and stand-alone systems, which feed electricity to a facility for immediate use, or to a battery for storage. Grid-connected systems are used for homes, public facilities such as schools and hospitals, and commercial facilities such as offices and shopping centers. Electricity generated during the daytime can be used right away, and in some cases surplus electricity...
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...dependent either directly or indirectly on it. A solar cell is “any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics”. Photosynthesis and solar cells are similar in a variety of ways. Both systems trap energy from the sun. Plants use photosynthesis to trap energy from the sun and then convert it to food and solar cells trap their energy from the sun and then convert it to electricity. Another similarity with both systems is that they both transform energy into useful forms. The energy that is absorbed by the sun can be used to make solar electricity while the most widely useful product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is used by all animals here on Earth. In order for animals to survive, they must deliver oxygen to all cells of the body. Finally, both systems require the use of sunlight to begin their processes. Photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, which can be found in green leaves, to absorb energy from the sun and solar cells use photovoltaic cells to absorb light. Even though both systems are similar, they are also quite different. One way they differ is by their forms of production. Photosynthesis is a natural process as the plants are able to gather the energy naturally and convert it while solar energy is...
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...other processes. Plants and certain other organisms are able to capture solar energy and carry on photosynthesis, a process that transforms solar energy into the chemical energy of nutrient molecules. Animals and plants get energy by metabolizing nutrient molecules made by photosynthesis (Mader, 2012). Most of this solar radiation is in the form of invisible ultraviolet and infrared frequencies, as well as the spectrum of visible light. But the most important use of solar radiation by living organisms is photosynthesis, the direct conversion of visible light into usable energy for plant and animal life, and oxygen to breathe. Only a vanishingly small part of the total amount of radiation given off by the sun actually reaches earth, and only a portion of that is utilized by photosynthesizing organisms (Shields and Teng, 2012). Photosynthesis is the process of producing and releasing oxygen in the air. It needs sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. During the process of photosynthesis, the plants decompose the molecules of hydrogen and carbon-dioxide into hydrogen; carbon and oxygen produce glucose which forms the source of their energy, growth and food. For plants their main source of energy is photosynthesis, which is used by plants to harness solar energy. Semiconductor-based solar cells harness solar energy to convert it to electricity. A solar cell is a device that can be made, which takes the energy of sunlight and converts it into electricity. Finally, plant cells and solar...
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...industry sectors including electronics, finance, trade and services (Siegel and Chang, 2005). In 1974 a semiconductor company in South Korea started ‘wafer’ production. This was purchased by Samsung Company who merged the semiconductor company with their electronics division to form a ‘global powerhouse’ (Siegel and Chang, 2005). They started with producing watch chips. In the 1980s, semiconductor was decided to be the future of Samsung Group. And the company gave most of its resources to this ‘star affiliate’ (Siegel and Chang, 2005). During 1983 to 1985, Intel exited the DRAM market. Samsung still held on despite incurring losses hoping that it would someday pay off. Their persistence paid off in later years. Samsung built its first large plant in the mid 1980s. Building a semiconductor facility is difficult and time consuming, because of high sensitivity to dust and electric shock. But the Samsung workers, from the executives, engineers, down to the field laborers, were highly dedicated. One memorable event was when a 4-mile long road was paved in one single day. There was a shipment due on the evening and the people who brought it in were taken by surprise to find a newly paved road which was entirely unpaved the previous day (Siegel and Chang, 2005). Since 1992, semiconductor has been South Korea’s largest export, which is fully 10.4%of the country’s semiconductor export volume...
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