...Executive Summary In 1971, Michael Cowpland and Terry Matthews incorporated and formed the company Mitel. They achieved immediate success with products that were composed of semiconductors, while they also sold semiconductors. They quickly achieved market dominance in the communications sector. As the communications sector became increasingly regulated by government, some of Mitel’s major customers lost market share resulting in fewer sales for Mitel. This resulted in Mitel’s competitors advancing ahead of them in industry dominance. Over time, Mitel was sold and resold with its share value increased, decreased, and then increased again but to only a fraction of what it used to be. Mitel continued to be a company that stayed rooted to its initial specialities in the communications industry. As other sectors developed to the extent that the communications sector only occupied 0.5 per cent of the overall market, Mitel has been unable to diversify such that its future is again dependant on unforeseen changes in the industry. It is critical that Mitel achieve the ability to secure product to enable further product development and enhance its research and development so it may diversify its products and balance its products among various markets, so that event changes in a particular market will not compromise the entirety of Mitel. 2 Overview In the 1960s, semiconductors were developed and quickly became the “backbone of all electronic devices. Consumer electronics,...
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...Name: John Smith Date: 11/13/12 Case Name: Advanced Technologies, Inc. Section I: Advanced Technologies, Inc. was a leading supplier of equipment for the semiconductor industry. Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, ATI had plants in Arizona and California and a sales and service network of 21 offices in North America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and Asia-Pacific. In October 1997, the CEO was reviewing a five-year financing plan. Sales of semiconductor equipment soared at a 52% annual compound rate during 1993-1996, or approximately twice the growth rate during the prior seven-year period and three times the sales growth of the semiconductor industry. Equipment providers were suddenly faced with capital spending cutbacks, order cancellations, and requests by customers for extended terms. Over the long-term, demand for semiconductor equipment was expected to resume its double-digit growth. New uses were growing far beyond the computer-in communications, transportation, medical technology, automation, and a host of consumer products: pocket-size cellular phones, interactive video games, digital VCRs, laser scanners, camcorders, and high-definition TV. To be competitive, suppliers must advance complex chips from the drawing board to the printed circuit board and provide production-worthy systems that can be supported on a 24 hour, worldwide basis. Section II As an external consultant, I recommend selling another convertible subordinated debenture with the coupon interest rate...
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...LDR works, first of all it is necessary to understand that an electric current consists of the movement of electrons within a material. Good conductors have a large number of free electrons that can drift in a given direction under the action of a potential difference. However insulators with a high resistance have very few free electrons therefore it is hard to make them move and hence a current to flow. An LDR is made of any semiconductor material with a high resistance. Consequently it has a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move; as the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move. Therefore in this state there is a high LDR resistance. As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the lattice and some of the energy is transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them sufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity. Thus resulting in a lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance. Light dependent resistors have become very useful to the world because without them lights would have to be on all the time or they would have to be manually adjusted. An LDR saves money and time what’s more another feature of the light dependent resistor is that it can be programmed to...
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...Semiconductor Semiconductors :- Most of the solids can be placed in one of the two classes: Metals and insulators. Metals are those through which electric charge can easily flow, while insulators are those through which electric charge is difficult to flow. This distinction between the metals and the insulators can be explained on the basis of the number of free electrons in them. Metals have a large number of free electrons which act as charge carriers, while insulators have practically no free electrons. There are however, certain solids whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between metals and insulators. They are called ‘Semiconductors’. Carbon, silicon and germanium are examples of semi-conductors. In semiconductors the outer most electrons are neither so rigidly bound with the atom as in an insulator, nor so loosely bound as in metal. At absolute zero a semiconductor becomes an ideal insulator. semiconductors - Theory and Definition Semiconductors are the materials whose electrical conductivity lies in between metals and insulator. The energy band structure of the semiconductors is similar to the insulators but in their case, the size of the forbidden energy gap is much smaller than that of the insulator. In this class of crystals, the forbidden gap is of the order of about 1ev, and the two energy bands are distinctly separate with no overlapping. At absolute o0, no electron has any energy even to jump...
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...common p-n junction and their differences are discussed. Further analysis on the non-ideal behaviours of both the SBD and p-n junction diodes are performed as well. Evac Metal eΦm EF n-type semiconductor Evac eχsc eΦsc Ec EF Ev Figure 1 – Band diagram of metal and n-type semiconductor when they are not in contact 2. RESULTS 3. DISCUSSION 3.1 Accuracy of Measurements There are a number of techniques to determine uncertainties in data, analytically or graphically. Table 1 shows some general rules in calculating data errors when simple algorithmic operations are performed. Table 1 – Some rules to calculate data errors in algorithmic operations For multi-variable functions, e.g. f(x,y,z), the resultant error in the value of the function comes from the contribution of individual error in each variable, i.e. , and the relation is as follows Graphically, to obtain the 3.2 Theory of SBD (Compared with P-N Junction) 3.2.1 SBD Theory by Band Diagram Illustration The SBD demonstrates a rectifying effect by taking advantage of its metal-semiconductor junction. This is basically a junction that is made by contacting a metal surface with a doped semiconductor together. Cases may vary according to the type of doping for the semiconductor and for convenience, only n-type doped semiconductor would be discussed in this work, and the situation for p-type counterparts is simply the opposite. As showed in figure 1, two band...
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...Lecture 1 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices Reading: Notes and Anderson2 Chapters 1.1-1.3, 1.7-1.9 Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Atoms to Operational Amplifiers •The goal of this course is to teach the fundamentals of non-linear circuit elements including diodes, LEDs, LASER diodes, transistors (BJT and FET) , and advanced device concepts such as microwave compound semiconductors and state of the art devices. •Due to the diverse coverage from various professors for ECE3040, you will repeat (for some) some of the material from 3040. Specifically, you will learn about the fundamentals of electron movement in semiconductor materials and develop this basic knowledge of how we can construct devices from these materials that can control the flow of electrons and light in useful ways. Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Market Study Silicon is and will for a very long time be the dominant material used for electronics. However, MANY up and coming materials are slowly eating into silicon’s dominance. Compound semiconductors Compound semiconductors Organic and compound semiconductors Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Devices we will study Bold indicates devices covered in depth in ECE 3040 P-N diode, heterojunction diodes, ballistic diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, Metal-Semiconductor Contacts, LEDs, Lasers, Solar Cells, Photodetectors, BJT, HBT, MOSFET, MESFET, JFET, Polarization Based Devices (III-Nitrides HEMTs...
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...Electronic Design Automation and the Design of Integrated Circuits Abstract A circuit, simply put, is defined as a complete path around which an electric current can flow in order to complete a predesigned task. Circuit design is the intermediate process by which electrical circuits are moved from the specification stage - where the circuit’s purpose is determined - to the production stage, where all of the information necessary to build a working circuit is ready for implementation. In order to keep up with demand for consumer electronics, a fast and efficient way to design and construct the myriad types of circuitry must be in place. This essay will illustrate the basics of circuit design and describe the automated circuit design process. Electronic Design Automation In a large part of the world, electronics are a mainstay of modern society. In the beginning, electronics were much more simple in design, but with the caveat of being much larger today: in the 1980s cellular phones weighed upwards of two pounds and were about three times the size of modern cell phones. Over time, as electronics became smaller and as demand for them increased, a way to design and construct smaller and more efficient circuits became necessary. Enter Electronic Design Automation. An electric circuit is an electrical path that provides a path for an electrical current to flow. While it may seem like a simple matter to design and construct a circuit, the process has become quite intensive...
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...By By [Weapon X] [Weapon Xl] [Semiconductor Diode Characteristics] [Semiconductor Diode Characteristics] Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate a semiconductor diode’s characteristics and its temperature dependence. The received data showed that the for the diode charters tics part of the experiment, there were close to no errors. While testing the temperature dependency of the diode it was found out of the three different temperatures of Hot Water, Room Temperature and Liquid Nitrogen, the Liquid Nitrogen temperature is the best for the diode. The voltage drop across the diode had a 10% error between the theoretical and the measured. Introduction Semiconductor diodes are used in electronics mostly because of its asymmetric conductance. It ideally has zero resistance in one direction and an infinite resistance in the other. The physical structure of a diode consists of a semiconducting material such as silicon or germanium which makes a p-n junction within the diode. A diode function by allowing electric current to pass in one direction which is called the forward bias direction and blocking the current to go in the opposite direction which is called the reverse bias direction. A forward bias state is achieved when the p-type material is made more positive than the n-type material and vice versa. Diodes differ from other circuit elements, as they are said to have a nonlinear relationship between the voltage and the current. Several models are...
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...Applications The “wonder material”, known as grapheme holds many superlative qualities allowing for it to be integrated into a huge number of applications. At the start, grapheme will be used to help improve the performance and efficiency of current materials and substances, but soon after it will be developed in conjunction with other two-dimensional crystals to create more amazing compounds to suit a wider range of applications. The following are a few science fields where grapheme may be used in the future. Biological Engineering graphene offers a large surface area, high electrical conductivity, thinness and strength, it would make a good contender for the development of fast and efficient bioelectric sensory devices. The bioelectric sensory devices would be able to monitor such things as glucose levels, haemoglobin levels, cholesterol and even DNA sequencing. Eventually graphene would be used as an antibiotic or even anticancer treatment. Furthermore, due to its molecular make-up and potential biocompatibility, it could be utilized in the process of tissue regeneration. Optical Electronics Graphene will soon be used on a commercial scale in optoelectronics, including touchscreeens, liquid crystal displays (LCD). In order for graohene to be used in the optical electronics field, it must be able to transmit more than 90% of light, offer high electrical conductive properties with low electrical resistance. Graphene being nearly transparent, being able to transmit 97...
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...2.4.1.Oxide trapping charge After the metal oxide semiconductor devices exposed to radiation, Ionizing radiation gradually breaks the bound between the bond of Si-OH, Si-O- Si in the atom of the inside component; therefore, the oxide trapping charge and interface trapping charge is formed. [12] It takes NMOSFET as example, the figure 4 shows the process of trapped charge that the photo of radiation transfer the energy after the exposure of ionizing radiation while the electron and hole is generated in between the gate-source of silicon oxide. [9] The movement is completed, because the mobility of the electron is fast while the electron of silicon oxide will move to gate the source. In contrast, the mobility for hole is significantly slower compared with the electron, so the movement of holes is transport by hopping through the localized state in silicon oxide bulk. This results in a trap in between the movement of holes. The positive trapping charge is formed in the silicon oxide where near between Silicon dioxide and silicon substrate while negative electrons locate in the interface of semiconductors. [13] Figure 4. The shows the process of the...
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...Unit 9 Assignment: | Definitions Unit 9 Definitions: 1) Forward Biased LED - a voltage applied to a circuit or device, especially a semiconductor device, in the direction that produces the larger current 2) Incoherent Light - Electromagnetic radiant energy not all of the same phase, and possibly also consisting of various wavelengths. 3) Laser - device for the creation, amplification, and transmission of a narrow, intense beam of coherent light 4) Output Pattern – Signal output made during an individual test 5) Output Pattern – Voltage output made by an individual object 6) Modulation Speed - the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal (high frequency signal), with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. 7) Core Diameter Mismatch – The initial core of a wire or cable is unsuitable for the made object 8) Current – The amount of power being produced within or by an object 9) PIN Photodiode – a diode with a wide, lightly doped 'near' intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. 10) Avalanche Photodiode – a highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device that exploits the photoelectric effect to convert light to electricity 11) Responsivity – measures the input–output gain of a detector system. In the specific case of a photodetector, responsivity measures the electrical output per optical input. 12) Optical Subassembly – subassemblies...
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...Vanadium Dioxide | MSE 510 Term Paper | Shamus E. O'Keefe Dec. 5, 2012 | Vanadium oxides are interesting materials owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) may be the most interesting, and as a result possibly the most studied of the class. VO2 is a strongly correlated electron system that exhibits a dramatic metal-insulator transition (MIT) near room temperature. In addition to the MIT, VO2 has also been shown to possess high temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance[2]. Thin films made of VO2 have been made into novel electronic devices including waveguides, thermochromic windows, ultra-fast optical switches, photonic crystals, and bolometers. The large diversity of physical and chemical properties that they can thus possess make them technologically important and a rich ground for basic research. We will review this and other properties of VO2 and discuss how the bonding and crystallographic symmetry give rise to these properties. Let us begin with the basics… In bulk form, vanadium oxides display different oxidation states and V–O coordination spheres. In VO2, we have V+4 and O-2 with coordination numbers of 6 and 3, respectively. Using Pauling electronegativities (V=1.6, O=3.5) we see that ΔE > 1.7, indicating ionic bonding. Indeed, this is the case in the monoclinic phase. However, since there is a difference in electronegativity, we know that the bond has polar character...
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...This is much related to the knowledge of conductor, insulator and semiconductor. P-n junction is made of semiconductors. So the concept of semiconductor, majority and minority carrier of p-type and n-type semiconductor, depletion region of p-n junction, fermi energy level, mobility and conductivity, drift and diffusion current is actually the comprehensive study of p-n junction. 1. Introduction Semiconductor materials are the main element from which In the market today the vast majority of all solid state devices are fabricated. Semiconductor family of materials includes the elemental semiconductors Si and Ge, compound semiconductors such as GaAs and some alloys also includes in this list. Some of the major attributes of the present-day age (i.e., the age of electronics) are such common tools as computers and fibre-optic telecommunication systems, in which semiconductor materials provide vital components for various micro-electronic and optoelectronic devices in applications such as computing, memory storage, and communication. The reason why the semiconductor materials are so vastly used is that we can easily vary its characteristics by adding impurity content to it. The process is called doping. Semiconductor conductivity can be controlled by introduction of an electric field, by exposure to light, and even pressure and heat; And the semiconductor devices are the combination of p-type and n-type semiconductor material. P-n...
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...1 1 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry Krishnan Rajeshwar The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electron Energy Levels in Semiconductors and Energy Band Model . The Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface at Equilibrium . . . . . . . . The Equilibration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Depletion Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mapping of the Semiconductor Band-edge Positions Relative to Solution Redox Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface States and Other Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current-potential Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dark Processes Mediated by Surface States or by Space Charge Layer Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate-limiting Steps in Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark . . . . . Light Absorption by the Semiconductor Electrode and Carrier Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light Absorption...
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...the way they are bonded together. The strength of a material can be examine as to how well they resist outside forces, and the ability of the material to conduct electricity. In fact the most important new material that has changed modern society, as a result the semiconductor and the microchip has changed and revolutionized computing. Several properties of silicon have made these developments in microelectronics possible. Silicon based microelectronic devices have revolutionized our world in the past three decades. Integrated circuits, built up from many silicon devices (such as transistors and diodes) on a single chip, control everything from cars to telephones, not to mention the Internet. Silicon technology is still the most reliable and cost-efficient way to fabricate large microelectronic circuits. Semiconductors have played an amazing role and have impacted technology in many ways. Every technology product we use in the modern world is created with silicon and depends on semiconductors. The earliest semiconductor device was a diode which let electricity flow in only one direction. Integrated circuits are called micro chips which are complex circuits that are made of many miniature chips of semiconductor and made of silicon. These chips are packaged in a plastic casing and the fine wires inside the chip link to the pins outside. Microchip is the integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips and greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated...
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