...After the initial observation that many of the beaches in New Zealand had high concentrations of plastic pellets, further studies found that different species of prion ingest the plastic debris. Hungry prions mistook these pellets for food, and these particles were found intact within the birds' gizzards and proventriculi. Pecking marks similar to those made by northern fulmars in cuttlebones have been found in plastic debris, such as styrofoam, on the beaches on the Dutch coast, showing that this species of bird also mistakes plastic debris for food.[20] An estimate of 1.5 million Laysan albatrosses, which inhabit Midway Atoll, all have plastics in their digestive system. Midway Atoll is halfway between Asia and North America, and north of the Hawaiian archipelago. It’s a remote location, and the plastic blockage has proven deadly to these birds. These seabirds choose red, pink, brown and blue plastic pieces because of the similarities they share with their natural food source. On the shore, thousands of birds corpses can be seen with plastic remaining where the stomach once was. The durability of the plastics is visible amongst the remains. In some instances, the plastic piles are still present while the bird's corpse has decayed.[4] As a result of plastic ingestion, the digestive tract can be blocked resulting in starvation. The windpipe can also be blocked, which results in suffocation.[4] The debris can also accumulate in the animal’s gut, and give them a false sense of...
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...complete testing to find out whether they might cause problems for human health. Many that are produced in enormous quantities have never been tested at all. Usually, it takes dramatic episodes of workplace injuries or wildlife poisonings, combined with rigorous scientific proof of harm and public outcry, before the government will act to restrict or ban any chemical. And that is no accident. The current regulatory system allows synthetic chemicals into our lives unless proven beyond doubt to be dangerous. Terms Dioxins are not intentionally manufactured. They are unintentionally formed as byproducts of chemical processes involving chlorine, such as the manufacture of pesticides and the bleaching of paper. The manufacture and incineration of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC, commonly used in consumer product packaging and medical devices) is another major source of dioxin. Two of the most serious health effects of dioxin exposure are cancer and endocrine disruption. The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and hormones that regulate many of the body's functions including growth, development, and maturation, and the way various organs operate. The endocrine glands –- including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, and testes – release carefully-measured amounts of hormones into the bloodstream that act as natural chemical messengers, traveling to different parts of the body in order to control and adjust many life functions. An endocrine disruptor...
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...INTRODUCTION TO SANITATION Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry toilets, septic tanks), or even simply by personal hygiene practices (e.g., hand washing with soap, behavior change). Providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than only focussing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself. The experience of the user, waste collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, waste treatment, and reuse or disposal all need to be thoroughly considered. DEFINATION OF SANITATION The World Health Organization explains sanitation as follows: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage...
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...Nowadays, there is an increase demand of cosmetic surgeries due to the greater influence of mass media on people. Cosmetic surgery is a kind of plastic surgery which is mostly done to improve and reconstruct the normal appearance of an individual (Zuckerman, & Abraham, 2008). According to American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), approximately 13.1 million surgeries were performed in United States in 2010 (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2010). In this modern world, cosmetic surgery has become a trend, but it should not be encouraged as it is very expensive with unpredictable outcomes, induces various adverse effects on person’s physical health and affects the psychological health as well. Firstly, cosmetic surgery is costly and its outcomes are unpredictable. According to literature, cosmetic procedures are “extremely expensive and often are not covered by insurance” (Abraham, & Zuckerman, 2011, p. 453). The procedure itself is very expensive but what makes it more expensive is that it may need multiple surgeries to get the required results as according to a study conducted by Abraham and Zukerman (2011), if performed surgery does not satisfy the client or he needs further perfection then there are high chances that more than one surgery has to be performed. It is also not necessary that individuals, who undergo cosmetic surgeries, will have an improved appearance. One of the reasons for this could be the unqualified doctors who offer discounted prices which attract...
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...layer of organic and inorganic materials that covers the Earth's rocky surface. The organic portion, which is derived from the decayed remains of plants and animals, is concentrated in the dark uppermost topsoil. The inorganic portion made up of rock fragments, was formed over thousands of years by physical and chemical weathering of bedrock. Productive soils are necessary for agriculture to supply the world with sufficient food. A soil pollutant is any factor which deteriorates the quality, texture and mineral content of the soil or which disturbs the biological balance of the organisms in the soil. Pollution in soil has adverse effect on plant growth. The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment. Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through many different activities. Most of these are the result of accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste material from site of origin to a disposal site. Soil pollution is particularly dangerous for the environment and our health because soil, either in the mountains or in the plains, contains the largest part of the water we drink and produces all the food we need. There are many types of soil pollution, each one with its own features and preventive measures to avoid...
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...of carrying out an exchange of goods and services (Hubbard et al, 2009). As transaction costs of negotiating, binding and monitoring the agreement are very expensive when many individuals are involved, the transaction costs can exceed the gains from the transaction itself. When these two assumptions are held, an optimal solution will be reached when the monetary damage of one more unit of pollution to the third party is equal to the amount the polluter is willing to pay for it. Figure 2 Figure 2 This diagram represents the marginal benefits and costs of reducing pollution, in which equilibrium (P0, Q0) is the point of maximum net benefit to society, where marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefits of reducing pollution of plastic bags. The net benefit...
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...This is obviously not the case. Bottled water is essentially just municipal tap water that is being sold back to us. Also the plastic that the bottled water is being sold in is being made in chemical plants in the form of paraxylene, which is in the benzene family. The Benzene family causes cancers. Therefore the fact that they are saying that bottled water is “safe” is obviously a contradiction. They will continue to get away with this however because the FDA does not regulate bottled water nearly as much as it regulates municipal tap water. Also note that bottled water companies do not have to report their reports of what is in the water to the FDA if it is bottled and sold in the same state. Municipal tap water is tested multiple times per day whereas bottled water is only tested by a single person at the FDA. When bottled water was put under testing, many results came back shoeing positive testing for agents that have adverse reproduction outcomes. States have implemented recycle return rates to increase the recycle return rates. The higher the return rate the higher the percentage of bottles got returned. Most plastic that is thrown away ends up in the ocean and on a beach. The Pacific Ocean is getting the worst of this because it is getting the trash from asia and the west coast of North...
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...Kevin Sadati will close any incisions that he made using an absorbable suture. In addition, he may gently insert soft, silicone splints or plastic tubes into the nostrils, or use internal sutures to support the patient’s newly positioned septum. Furthermore, to prevent post-operative bleeding, Dr. Sadati may place a bandage-like material in the nose. At the Gallery of Cosmetic Surgery the entire Septoplasty procedure usually lasts from 30 to 90 minutes. Most of Dr. Kevin Sadati’s patients who undergo a Septoplasty due to breathing difficulties related to a deviated septum find that they can breathe better after their procedure. However, as each patient is unique, the level of improvement does vary from one patient to the next. Within three to six months of the Septoplasty, the nasal tissues become stable; however, as time passes, the cartilage and tissue of the nose may move slightly or...
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...throughout the lifespan in laboratory animals and humans (e.g., diethylstilbestrol). These effects include the disruption of normal sexual differentiation, ovarian function (i.e., follicular growth, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and maintenance), fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy. Only a few agents are associated with direct interference with the endocrine reproductive axis. Examples are those with estrogenic activity or the potential to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Exposure to toxicants during development is of particular concern because many feedback mechanisms functioning in the adult are absent and adverse effects may be noted at doses lower than those observed in the adult. Endometriosis is a painful reproductive and immunologic disease of women characterized by aberrant location of uterine endometrial cells. It affects approximately 5 million women in the United States from 15 to 45 years of age and often causes infertility. The etiology of this disease is unknown. In a single study with a small number of animals, research has suggested a link between dioxin exposure and the development of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. The severity of this lesion was dependent on the dose administered. Recently, a small pilot study to test the hypothesis that serum dioxin concentrations have an association with human endometriosis has been reported. No statistically significant correlations between disease severity and serum levels of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW http://suite101.com/article/xeno-estrogens-in-water-bottles-disrupting-male-and-female-hormon-a232123 A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers found that participants who drank for a week from polycarbonate bottles -- the popular, hard-plastic drinking bottles and baby bottles -- showed a two-thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in the manufacture of polycarbonate and other plastics, has been shown to interfere with reproductive development in animals and has been linked with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in humans. The study is the first to show that drinking from polycarbonate bottles increased the level of urinary BPA, and thus suggests that drinking containers made with BPA release the chemical into the liquid that people drink in sufficient amounts to increase the level of BPA excreted in human urine. In addition to polycarbonate bottles, which are refillable and a popular container among students, campers and others and are also used as baby bottles, BPA is also found in dentistry composites and sealants and in the lining of aluminum food and beverage cans. (In bottles, polycarbonate can be identified by the recycling number 7.) Numerous studies have shown that it acts as an endocrine-disruptor in animals, including early onset of sexual maturation, altered development and tissue organization of the mammary gland and decreased sperm production in offspring. It may...
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...Touro University International BHE314 Module 4 Case: Environmental Health and Safety Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the earth's crust. Lead can be found everywhere, because of human activities such as burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing. Lead is a soft, heavy, toxic metal. Lead is found in many products we use every day, it is even found in toys. It is also in the paint in many houses and in some dirt and dust. Lead Poisoning means having lead in the body in an amount that can cause serious health and development problems. It is much more dangerous for children than adults because it affects kids’ developing brains and nervous systems. The younger the child, the more harm lead can cause. Lead can cause serious health effects: kidney problems, anemia, hearing loss, development delay and growth problems. The only way to know for sure if you have lead poisoning is to have blood test. People who are most at risk of harmful effects from lead in their body include (Risk Factor, 2010): Babies and children under 6 years of age. Infants and young children are more likely to be exposed to lead than are older children. They may chew paint chips, and their hands may be contaminated with lead dust. Young children also absorb lead more easily and sustain more harm from it than do adults and older children. Children living in older homes. Although the use of lead-based paints has been banned since the 1970s, older homes and buildings...
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...commodity. Salt has many beneficial applications in commercial industries. Salt plays a role in chemical manufacturing, food preservation and consumption, plastic fabrication, glassmaking, pharmaceutical synthesis, pulp and paper production, textile production, waste and water treatment, petroleum production, agricultural processes, dye production, and de-icing methods (). However, as beneficial as salt is to our society, its use can lead to major environmental pollution issues. In this experiment, the effects of salt as a pollutant to the freshwater algae,...
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...had a beer,” Mazen Hajjar thought over carrots, nuts and a mojito when listening to the boisterous mix of post-punk and Arabic classics at a popular bar in Beirut’s main nightlife quarter, Gemmayze. It was an evening in February 2009, and Hajjar, one of the founders and owners of 961 Beer — 961 is Lebanon’s country code, hence the name for the first craft brewing company in the country — tried to gather his thoughts for a strategy meeting he would have with his partners the next day. Being disappointed with the quality of local beer, he had started his own brewery from scratch in 2006. The start-up phase took place under the most adverse conditions in terms of security and economic challenges. Bombs were shattering Beirut International Airport when Hajjar went ahead and registered his company. Although the 2006 war would negatively affect the country’s entire infrastructure and paralyze much of its economy,...
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...Paper on Entertainment and Social Media Abstract Entertainment has a significant influence on the people. The effects of entertainment can both be positive and negative. This influence of the entertainment industry has grown tremendously over the years. The influence can be greatly attributed to the advancement of technology. Entertainment is mostly through the media which includes; the television, magazines, newspapers, radio, and internet, among others. The influence of entertainment on the younger generation affects the way that they dress, talk, and act. This is because the current generation and society depends on entertainment as a form of communication and information. The society, therefore, turns to entertainment for the daily activities like education, health care, traveling, work, and personal relationships. This paper is going to look at the effects of entertainment on the younger generation. In addition, it is going to look at how entertainment affects the young generation in terms of their acts, the way they dress, and talk. Introduction A nation like America is an example, of a country that has developed in terms of entertainment (Fisher 58). It is one of the countries that has got and has produced some of the greatest entertainers. The country is one of the leading producers of entertainment in the planet. In addition, it is one of the nations that there is a greater influence of entertainment on the younger generation. The effects of entertainment on the younger...
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...upsurge in actions which trigger this ongoing cultural phenomena. Selfie had been titled “Word of the year 2013” as its usage had incremented up to 17000 percent in that very year. The contemporary superficial world where people become self-critical of their appearances on social platforms is the major reason behind such a phenomena. Most of the content uploaded on the social platforms is image based content, thereby literally compelling individuals to embrace a magnifying glass up to the image of their own and gaze at them with an extremely self-condemning eye. According to a recently conducted study, it was observed that 33.33% physicians in the plastic surgery industry noticed an escalation in those patients who wanted facial surgeries so as to manifest a superior social outlook, particularly online (American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2014). As enlightened by the AAFPRS President, generally the initial portrayal of the image of young folks is reliant on their self-portraits on such media, where they want to put their best face forward. It becomes more of a necessity than a desire to convey...
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