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Poland

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POLONYA’NIN KISA TARİHİ
Polonya Devleti, 10. yüzyılın ortalarında ortaya çıkmış ve 963 yılı ülke tarihinin başlangıcı olmuştur. Polonya ve Vistula nehirleri arasında yaşamış olan Islav kabilelerinin kurmuş olduğu bir devlettir. O zamanki bu Islavlara"yayla insanları" manasına gelen "Polane" deniyordu. Zamanla bu isim Polonya haline dönüştü.
Polonya 14. yüzyıldan 17. yüzyıla kadar geçen süre içinde Avrupa'da güçlü bir devlet halindeydi. "Üç parçalanmadan" ilki 1772 tarihine kadar olan çeşitli hanedanlıklar idaresindeydi. Bu tarihten itibaren Polonya'nın çöküş dönemi başladı. 1772 tarihinde Prusya, Rusya ve Avusturya, ülke topraklarını aralarında paylaştılar. Bunu 1793 ve 1795 paylaşmaları takip etti. Polonya'nın elinde sadece doğu Prusya civarı kaldı. Birinci Dünya Savaşından sonra uzun mücadele ve sıkıntılardan sonra 1918 yılında Versay Antlaşmasıyla bağımsızlığı sağlandı.
1939 yılında aynı anda Hem NaziAlmanyasının ve hem de Rusya'nın işgaline uğradı. Harp boyunca altı milyon Polonyalı öldürüldü. Daha sonra Alman orduları müttefiklere teslim oldu. İşgal sırasında kurulan sürgündeki Polonya hükümeti işbaşına geldi. 1947 yılında yapılan seçimlerde komünistler hükümeti kurdular ve ülkeyi Rusya'nın peyki durumuna soktular. İkinci Dünya Savaşınin bu zor günlerinden sonra Polonya, Rusya'ya verilen 178.842 km²lik bölgeye karşı 1945'te Alman topraklarından 102.400 km²lik bir bölgeyi aldı. Oder-Neisse hattının doğusunda kalan bu bölge Silezya, Pomerania, Batı Prusya ve Doğu Prusya'yı da içine almaktaydı.
Polonya idaresine komünistlerin gelmesiyle, büyük mülkiyetler kaldırıldı, endüstriler millileştirildi, okullardaki eğitim sistemleri komünistleştirildi. Üretim azaldı. Bütün bunların neticesinde 1956 yılında Poznan'da isyan çıktı. 1970 yılında yeni ağır vergiler ve aşırı fiyat yükselmeleri yeni isyanlara yolaçtı. 1980 yılında olaylar daha şiddetlendi. Lenin tersanelerinde gelişen "İşçi Grevleri" sonunda, işçinin yanında olduğunu söyleyen komünist idare "21 imtiyazı" vermek mecburiyetinde kaldı. Gdansk adıyla bilinen bu grevler sonunda, bağımsız işçi sendikaları kurma hakkı elde edildi.
Olayların gidişinden ürken Rusya'nın tehditleri ülkede sıkıyönetim ilanına sebep oldu. İşçi ayaklanmalarını organize eden Dayanışma Sendikası liderleri tutuklandı. 1982 yılında ABD baskısı neticesi sıkıyönetim kaldırıldı. 1983 yılında yine Gdansk'ta Lenin Tersanelerinde hükümet aleyhtarı gösteriler yapıldı. 1 Mayıs'ta Polonya İşçileri, İşçi hükümetinden haklarını talep etmek üzere "İşçi Bayramını" grevlerle kutladılar. Askeri idare işçilere bazı haklar verdi.
1985 seçimlerinden sonra başa geçen Jaruzelski, Batıyla ilişkilerini geliştirmeye çalıştı. DayanışmaSendikasına karşı takip edilen sert politika 1986'da yumuşamaya başladı. Artan ekonomik problemler 1988'de büyük bir grev dalgasına sebep oldu. 1989 Haziranında yapılan seçimlerde, o tarihe kadar iktidarda olan Birleşik İşçi Partisi ağır hezimete uğradı. Dayanışma Sendikasının teklifi üzerine Tadeusa Mazowiecki başkanlığında bir koalisyon hükümeti kuruldu. 1990'daki devlet başkanlığı seçimlerini Lech Walesa kazandı. Kaynak: http://www.msxlabs.org/forum/ulkeler-ve-tarihleri/10706-polonya-ve-polonya-tarihi.html#ixzz2kwkDPJkm
GDANSK
Benim için Polonya, önce Gdansk’ı hatırlatıyor. Baltık Denizi kıyısında sevimli bir liman şehri olan Gdansk’ın bugün turistleri kendine çekiyor olmasının nedeni de benimkiyle benzer. Şehrin yakın tarihte direnişin ve değişimin sembolü olması ve buradan esen rüzgarların tüm Orta Avrupa’yı etkilemesi. Özelllikle sanayi devriminden sonra, dünya tarihinin geleceğini işçi hareketleri belirlemiştir diyebiliriz. İşte bu işçi hareketlerinin en önemlilerinden biri Gdansk’taki Lenin Tersanesi’nde yaşanan grevdi. Polonyalı arkadaşım Lasski sayesinde, 14 Ağustos 1980’de başlayan tersane grevini görüntülemiş ve adeta bir dönemin değişmesine tanıklık etmiştim.
14 Ağustos 1980’de Lenin Tersaneleri’nde işçiler greve gitmişlerdi ama olaylar bundan 10 yıl önce zaten başlamıştı. 1967’de Lenin Tersanesi’nde çalışmaya başlayan Lech Walesa, tüm olayların en yakın tanığıydı. Bu da onu zaman içinde cumhurbaşkanlığına kadar taşıyacaktı.
1970’de polis, Gdansk’ta sokağa dökülen göstericilerin üzerine ateş açtı. Bu kanlı olaylar, bağımsız sendikaların kurulmasına yönelik mücadelelere güç kazandıracaktı. İşçiler, fiyatlardaki artışı ve iki işçi arkadaşlarının işten çıkarılmalarını protesto etmek için, 14 Ağustos 1980’de gösteri düzenlediler ve 17 bin işçi greve çıktı. Grevcilerin talepleri kabul görse de, grev diğer işyerlerinde çalışan grevcilerin isteği doğrultusunda, sürdü. Başlayan grev sonunda, Fabrikalar arası Grev Komitesi, Dayanışma(Solidarnosc) adıyla bağımsız bir sendikaya dönüşecekti. Yıllar sürecek mücadelede grev öncüsü Lech Walesa’nın ismi öne çıkacak, ona Nobel ödülünü kazandıracak, dayanışmanın bir figürü olarak yükselmesini sağlayacaktı.
Solidarnosc üyeleri yasaklanıp, tutuklandılar ama zaman onları haklı çıkaracaktı. Siyasi ve ekonomik reformların yürütülememesi, yeni grevleri doğurdu. Walesa, siyasi bir figür haline geldi ve hükümetle yapılan görüşmelerde yer aldı. Öyle ki, Aralık 1990 tarihinde yapılan seçimlerde cumhurbaşkanı seçildi.

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