...The following paper serves to explain the thought process of acting upon the following scenario: You are a police psychologist for a major metropolitan area. You are also a member of its hostage negotiation team. You have just been called out to a crisis incident at 3:15 p.m. on a Friday. It is a residential area about three blocks from a middle school and a public library. The information you have at this time is that the subject is a 42-year-old male who is holed up in his house with his wife, son, and family friend. He has murdered his next-door neighbor and is threatening to kill those in the house if he does not get his demands. One of his demands is for immunity from the murder charge if he surrenders without harming any of the people in the house. He also wants a case of beer and some fast food soon or "something will happen". The focus of this essay is to explain the type of incident that has occurred, which category this hostage-taker falls into, and what my optimal role is in the situation as a police psychologist. Next will be to provide a plan and course of action to interact with the suspect, explain the precautions to be taken, along with the precautions I will request the department to take, express what fundamental problems that I as a police psychologist may be able to foresee in a prolong standoff and how to address them. Identifying the sources used to gather information regarding the perpetrator and the specific information that would be most beneficial...
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...analyze the elements of conflict and peacemaking involved in the situation. While knowledge in peacemaking skills and negotiation tactics can lead to successful conflict resolution, the result lies strictly in the hands and mental capabilities of the conflict instigator. The Conflict According to CBSNews.com (2010), a conflict arose when a former police officer believed he was unjustly accused of a crime and lost his badge. The incident occurred in 2008, but the former police officer did not take action until yesterday. The former police officer entered a tourist bus in Manila and held the passengers and drivers hostage. The former police officer believed this action would achieve his reinstatement as a police officer and refused to end the siege until he was given back his badge. CBSNews.com further informs the negotiations were successful in the beginning as a few of the hostages were released without harm. However, police made several failed attempts to enter the bus and end the situation. The police also had opportunity to remove the former officer physically from the bus, but hesitated. The longer the situation went on, the more intense it became. The former office no longer chose to wait for further negotiations and began firing on the hostages. Thus, the police entered the bus and killed the former officer. Unfortunately, as many as seven of the hostages were killed in the incident and others injured. Elements Involved Myers (2008) defines conflict as “A perceived...
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...inmates rebelled and seized control of the prison, taking 33 staff hostage. Prison officials continued negotiations with the inmates for 4 days. The prisoners continued to unsuccessfully negotiate with Correctional Services Commissioner Russell G. Oswald and then later with a team of observers that included Tom Wicker, an editor of the New York Times, James Ingram of the Michigan Chronicle, state senator John Dunne, state representative Arthur Eve, civil rights lawyer William Kunstler, Minister Louis Farrakhan, National Representative of the Nation of Islam and others. (The Attica Uprising, 2013) Authorities finally agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands, however they would not agree to complete amnesty from criminal prosecution for the prison takeover or for the removal of Attica's superintendent. Finally the Governor Nelson Rockefeller ordered state police to overtake the prison and take back control. As a result of this tactic at least 39 people were dead, including ten correctional officers and civilian employees. (The Attica Uprising, 2013) On September 5, 1972, eight members of the Palestinian terrorist organization, Black September, snuck into the Olympic Village at the XXth Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. The Black September members raided the building housing the Israeli athletes. Two Israeli athletes were killed during the raid and nine others were taken hostage. After hours of failed negotiations the terrorists demanded a plane to take then to Cairo Egypt. German...
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...serving high-risk arrest warrants, explosive devices, hostage rescue, counter-terrorism, and engaging heavily-armed criminals. They are often equipped with specialized weapons including assault rifles, submachine guns, shotguns, stun grenades, and high-powered rifles for snipers. They also have specialized equipment including heavy body armor, entry tools, and armored vehicles. Throughout this paper we are going to give a general overview of these tactical teams. Tactical teams were developed from a number of cases in law enforcement history that came to a head in the 1960’s. The Los Angeles police department realized it needed a team specializing in high risk situations. This realization came from an examination of the way in which the LAPD handled the Watts Riots which resulted in six days of over three thousand arrests. The LAPD and other police departments also needed a way to combat sniper attacks such as the sniper incident in Austin, Texas in 1966 in which the only people capable of returning long range fire were civilians armed with hunting rifles. An LAPD officer name John Nelson introduced the idea of a specialized police unit to an Inspector Daryl Gates. Gates built the original SWAT team with 15 four-man teams. Each of the men originally involved in SWAT were volunteers from patrol officers, and all had prior military experience. Other Tactical Operations teams developed from or to aid SWAT teams, such as negotiations and bomb squads. The components of the Tactical...
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...Adalberto Saenz 7/27/2013 BU3110 Final Part 4 Hostage Negotiations Hostage situations involve the taking of a person captive for Tangible reasons; the suspect needs the police or other authorities to meet specific demands (e.g., ransom, transportation, money). In these events, the captive is used as leverage to obtain other substantive goals.Law enforcement agencies have been employing negotiation strategies in their responses to hostage/barricade situations, kidnappings, personal crises, and other critical incidents since they were first introduced by the New York City Police Department in 1973. Fewer than 20 percent of law enforcement critical incidents deal with actual hostage taking, and most crises are successfully resolved without loss of life. In fact, containment and negotiation strategies yield a 95 percent success rate in terms of resolving a hostage crisis without fatalities to either hostages or hostage-takers There are three especially dangerous periods during a hostage crisis. The first is the initial 15-45 minutes when confusion and panic are likely to be greatest. The second is during the surrender of the Hostage / Takers, when strong emotions, ambivalence, and lack of coordination among “HT’s” and crisis team members can cause an otherwise successful resolution to go bad. Finally, tactical assault to rescue the hostages carries the highest casualty rate, probably for two interrelated reasons. First, the very fact that tactical intervention is necessary...
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...Unit 8 Joseph Delbert CJ407-01: Crisis Negotiation 01-07-2014 Abstract We have not always had crisis negotiation there was a time we law enforcement relied on just the basic communicational skills of their officers. There were no set guidelines to negotiation, not formal training, and least of all a negotiation team. The Attica prison riot and the 1972 Olympic Terrorist attack both had the same things in common, hostages and demands. The following of these historical events led to a change in the application of crisis negotiation. Unit 8 The Attica prison riot began on September 9, 1971, in Attica, New York. There were about 1,000 rebelled and seized control of the prison. The reason for the riot was based on the prisoners' wanting better living conditions as the prison was over overcrowded at the time. There were 43 staff members taken hostage during the riot, which the prisoners for hostages and negations. For 4 days the prisoners made demands and the authorities agreed. Negotiations broke down over two key points. The prisoners wanted amnesty from criminal prosecution of the riot and the authorities wanted the removal of the prison’s superintendent. Once the hostages’ lives were threatened the prison was stormed, 39 people were killed, but control was regained of Attica. In the end between the riot and the storming of the prison 43 people were dead (NYSED, 2013). 1972 Olympic in Munich...
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...prison officials can prevent further deaths and injury to prison staff and inmates and destruction of prison property. Three approaches to solving a prison crisis, tactical intervention, negotiations and waiting for the conclusion. Implementing tactical intervention often involves the introduction of an emergency response team which makes a planned tactical strike which they have prepared for. Prison tactical staff have the special skills and training required to deal with such incidents and they are also frequently called to action as a precautionary measure with the vast majority of such incidents being dealt with very quickly with minimal disruption to the prison (converseprisonnews.com). Hostages being taken is often the deciding factor for prison officials in putting a tactical maneuver into place. By forcibly retaking control of the prison from the rioting inmates, the prison officials may implement the use of deadly force since the force of a tactical assault must bear overwhelming force, which will overtake the riotous inmates (Useem, Camp & Camp, 1996). By using intelligence gleaned over time from various inmates and other sources, the prison officials have a better understanding of any inmate groups and their leaders. This information can be used to have leverage during any negotiations which may take place. Tactical commanders also have the ability to know when to act in relation to any information they have...
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...Crisis situations or hostage negotiations and the way they are handled have changed over time. Some may say that through trial and error of historical events, have led to the number of techniques that are used in addressing crisis situations today. Two historical events that changed the way crisis situations were responded to and addressed are the 1972 Olympic terrorist attack in Munich and the 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff. These two events changed approaches in negotiations with hostage takers in the effort to try and save lives. Modern day Crisis negotiations were pretty much born from the 1972 Olympic terrorist attacks that occurred in Munich. During the incident, “13 Arab terrorists invaded the Olympic compound that housed the Israeli Olympic athletes and took 11 hostages. The terrorists demanded the release of 200 Arab prisoners held in Israel and free transportation to Egypt” (McMains & Mullins, 2014). Even though diplomats offered the terrorist several alternatives to their demands A...
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...State of Security Westfield Shopping Town By: Jeremy Howell ITT Tech CJ261 I. Introduction In this report you will find information collected during a security survey conducted at Westfield Shopping Town located in Toledo, Ohio. This will include a brief a description and the subject matter evaluated. The state of security for this establishment will also be assumed from the results of the conducted research. Lastly I will include some viable recommendations for improvement and sustainment. II. Description Opened in the mid-1970s, this is currently Toledo’s only successful enclosed mall. Franklin Park was recently acquired by Westfield America and is anchored by JCPenney, Macy’s, and Dillard’s. It is the ‘destination mall’ for the metropolitan area, and of many up market and trendy stores this is their only Toledo location. It was expanded and renovated in May 2005 to increase the total square-footage of the mall by 40% to over 1.2 million square feet of selling space. Franklin Park also has a new 16-screen Cinema De Lux movie theatre, Borders, and several destination chain restaurants. While located in rural Toledo, Ohio it is neighbored by residential housing and several other business and has operational hours of Monday through Saturday 10:00am to 9:00pm and Sunday 11:00am to 6:00 pm. Some tenant store hours vary in relation to mall hours. III. State of Security The state of security is within acceptable working parameters. The security force is somewhat lax...
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...abuse, victims display allegiance to their abusers and/or captors. This paper will not only provide an overview of this disorder, but will explore the causation and describe well-known instances where this syndrome has been publicized. Stockholm syndrome is a psychological disorder that describes the behavior of kidnap or abuse victims who, after a certain period of time, become sympathetic to them. It occurs in the most psychologically traumatic situations, often hostage situations or kidnappings, and its effect usually do not end when the crisis ends. In most classic cases, victims continue to defend and care about their captors even after they escape captivity. Symptoms of Stockholm syndrome have been identified as being similar to the battered-spouse cases, cults, and slave/master relationships. This disorder was first coined in the early 1970’s to describe the odd behavior four bank employees had for their captors in Stockholm, Sweden. In this situation two robbers seized four bank personnel hostage for approximately 5 days. During this time period, the sufferers shared a bank vault and developed a familiarity with their imprisoners. In fact, they became emotionally attached and even went so far as to defend them after the ordeal was over. Today, people tend to categorize Stockholm syndrome as a type of psychological reaction of a captive or a person in a comparable situation where the governing person has the authority to...
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...Evaluating the Moral Justification of Force in the UK Police Consequentialism and the Use of Deadly Force Among Police Personnel in the UK Against a backdrop of a democratic society, the use of deadly force by the police in countries such as the UK seems implausible for human rights activists. First, police officers are expected to uphold the human rights of every individual hence, civilian rights are always preserved even in criminal cases where the due process of law is considered to be the golden standard in the judicial system. Thus, threading the line between regulations and policies of the agency as well as the ethical and moral dilemma in the use of deadly force predisposes police officers to question the legitimacy as well as the moral justifications in their use of deadly force. While several philosophical theorists have argued for different justifications through philosophical theories, the theory of consequentialism appears to be the one that closely justifies the use of deadly force among the police. Before examining the moral and ethical arguments for the use of deadly force using the consequentialist paradigm, let us first examine the important aspects of deadly force and the use of it by the UK police. First, deadly force as defined by Geller and Scott (23) pertains to the force reasonably capable of causing death or bodily harm. According to this definition, an act that can kill should be consumated before it can be considered as a deadly force hence; threats...
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...Learning to talk outside gunpoint Boyd Fuller and Shriya Mohan, 8-1-2013 2 * Capturing hostages is believed to be the only way for Naxalites to get the government to lend them their ears. So by agreeing to talk only when kidnapped, are we not asking to be held at gunpoint? At left, Maoists during a training session in the Dantewada forest. (Right) Sukma Collector Alex Paul Menon, accompanied by an interlocutor, following his release by the Maoists in the forests of Chintalnar in Chhattisgarh, in May last year.— photos: Akhilesh Kumar * When Roger Fisher, negotiation guru and former director of the Harvard Negotiation Project, was once asked in an interview if he could really negotiate with a terrorist, he said, “I’d much rather listen to them than fight. A lot of times, they’ve got legitimate grievances packaged as extreme political positions.” Near the end of 2012, the government made an important move towards negotiations with the Maoists, promising to put in place Crisis Management Groups (CMG), which are essentially teams to negotiate hostage situations in Left Wing Extremist (LWE) States. Clearly, the two high profile Maoist kidnaps of last year — Collector Alex Paul Menon at Chhattisgarh and the Italian tourists at Orissa — created much national distress. But as we embark on combating a new year of conflict, let us reflect for a bit. Capturing hostages is believed to be the only way for Maoists to get the government to lend them their ears. So by agreeing...
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...Ossetia-Alania Russian was taken hostage for three days. There were around one hundred and ten teachers and staff members, more than two hundred and fifty students and an unknown number of parents and relatives taken hostage. Due to the first day of the Russian school year there were a lot of people for the festivities that were going on that day. The reports were around one thousand people taken hostage. The hostages were taken into the school’s gymnasium for three days. One the first day the Chechen rebels entered into the school at 9:30 a.m. on September 1st 2004 they arrived in a stolen police car and a military van. They also came into the school wearing masks, camouflage and some were wearing explosive belts. During this take over some people were able to escape and they went for help. Once the attackers gathered everybody into the school’s gymnasium the attackers told the hostages that they were to hand over any cell phones. They were also told that if they were spoken to they would have to speak only in Russian. After the attackers had everyone in the gym the separated the men and took the fifteen to twenty strongest and killed them. The Russian government stated that they wanted a peaceful resolution to take place so they would not be using force to rescue any of the hostages. During the second day September 2nd 2004 they started negotiation which turned out to be unsuccessful. The attackers were not letting the hostages have any food, water or medication...
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...Summary of Hostage: The story is about police officer who lost his job because of police brutality and became a hostage negotiator. "Hostage" starts out with a young man threatening an old lady, with gun to her head. This is where Walker comes in the picture. He is the main character in story. He's the lifesaver today. Walker talks a little bit with the detective who's at the scene, and tries to get some info about the situation. Then the story changes over to Walker's point of view and he gets some kind of flashback. The flashback tells us about Walker. It tells us about how he went up and down in his career. In the end it got so bad when he shot a kid without knowing, that he was sent to visit the department shrink. After sometime with the shrink, he wanted to see what his files said. Bad news. He had been stated as: Post-traumatic stress disorder, addicted risk-taker and so on. Since he had been a sniper back in Vietnam, they tried to put him on the SWAT Team. He was taken off that as well. Then he had two choices. To retire early or to go to a new special school they had. He would learn hostage negotiation. The flashback ends, and we're back to reality. He calls the guy with gun over a phone and they agree that Walker can come up and talk with him in the apartment. When Walker comes up the apartment they talk about how they can work this out. They end up agreeing that they'll let the old lady go and then they both go back up in the apartment and talk. When they've...
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...to far because his/her mistake can lead to detrimental circumstances. To clarify, hostages as well as the negotiator’s fellow police officers may be hurt due to a ruse gone badly. A ruse that could be an advantage according to Mcmains & Mullins (2013) is lying to the actor about a favor. For example, if the lights were left on where the actor was located, the negotiator can lie and tell the actor that he talked the incident commander into keeping the lights on because he/she felt that the actor was basically a good person that made a bad mistake. This lie can never be revealed by the actor (unless leaked out by law enforcement) because the actor really does not know if the negotiator was lying to them or not. This lie would be a good one if the negotiator gained a good rapport with the actor. Therefore the actor may feel that they are obligated into returning a favor by possibly releasing a hostage, or surrendering (Mcmains & Mullins, 2013). A negotiator should not use a ruse that could be easily found out by an actor because that ruse would probably eliminate any rapport the negotiator had with the actor which would be a huge disadvantage. Also a negotiator should not utilize a ruse with an actor that they do not have any rapport with because that form of dishonesty if revealed as a dishonest gesture may be the final button that is pushed, which can cause the actor to hurt or kill a hostage. In closing a negotiator should lie to an actor as long as the lie cannot be...
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