...School of Social Sciences ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET (Please complete in FULL using BLOCK CAPITALS) ANTHROPOLOGY (Please tick correct discipline) | ARCHAEOLOGY (Please tick correct discipline) | ASIAN STUDIES (Please tick correct discipline) | COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA STUDIES (Please tick correct discipline) | LINGUISTICS (Please tick correct discipline) | POLITICAL SCIENCE (Please tick correct discipline) | ALL SECTIONS BELOW MUST BE COMPLETED: | UNIT CODE:COMM1001 | UNIT NAME:COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA STUDIES | STUDENT NO: 21330476 | FAMILY NAME: BAUTISTA | GIVEN NAME: RAUL FRANCISCO | TUTOR’S NAME: KEVIN CHIAT | TUTORIAL TIME & DAY 2:00 PM – 2:45 PM ON WEDNESDAYS | DUE DATE: MAY 31st 2013 | OFFICE USE ONLY: | ALL STUDENTS MUST READ AND SIGN THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT BEFORE AN ESSAY WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR SUBMISSION: “I am aware of the Faculty policy relating to academic misconduct (http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/students/policies/dishonesty) I certify that this work is my own, complies with the relevant guidelines, and uses an approved form of referencing throughout. I acknowledge that the work may be electronically scanned for detection of plagiarism. I have taken a backup copy / computer copy / photocopy of this assessment prior to submission.” Signed Date : June 1st 2013 ------------------------------------------------- Marker’s Comments: PROMT #7: Is media censorship by the government justifiable? ...
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...Article Watching the Watchers and McLuhan’s Tetrad: The Limits of Cop-Watching in the Internet Age Brian P. Schaefer Kevin F. Steinmetz University of Louisville, US. brian.schaefer@louisville.edu Kansas State University, US. criminogenic@outlook.com Abstract The internet is considered by many to be a boon for political activists, such as cop-watchers—a free, open, and widespread medium in which to disseminate political messages. While there is truth to these claims, the internet, like any technology, can be used for many purposes and comes with its own arrangement of limitations. To elucidate these limitations and to provide a word of caution about the political potential of the internet, particularly for video-activists/cop-watchers, the theoretical work of Marshall McLuhan is used to understand how the internet, as a medium, shapes and limits political messages. Using McLuhan’s tetrad, this study examines how the internet is problematic for cop-watching groups. In particular, the internet is said to yield consequences through how it (1) enhances or intensifies how the viewer experiences political messages through speed, (2) retrieves the importance of the narrator, (3) renders previous media increasingly obsolete, yet opens up new avenues for commercial dominance, and (4) creates additional reversals or other problems for video activism, such as the mass proliferation of surveillance and formatting discussion in counter-productive ways. ...
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...OBJECTIVES O • Describe the various ways in which the police subculture conflicts with the official norms and values of policing. • Compare and contrast the various forms of an organization’s culture. • Identify and elaborate on variables that influence police officers’ acceptance of the subculture. • Describe the positive aspects of the police subculture. • Identify the sources of police stress. • Highlight the various strategies that both organizations and individual officers can implement to mitigate the negative effects of job-related stress. • Describe the ways that the police subculture and stress are related. • Identify and provide examples of the ways in which community policing can both increase and decrease stress levels among police officers. • Describe the characteristics associated with the phenomenon of police burnout. I n Chapter 4, we focus on organizational and administrative aspects of policing, on the formal structure and the impact of police leaders. While these formal considerations are crucial to an understanding of the police role, there are two other contributing factors that must be considered in our attempt to understand policing as an occupation: the police subculture and the pressures and stresses of police work. Police administrators and the law specify the broad parameters within which officers operate, 97 98 O INTRODUCTION TO POLICING O PHOTO 4.1 This patrol officer is attempting to explain to members of his department’s administrative committee on...
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...International Business Environment BE2501 – Summary Chapter 1 Globalization – refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization of markets – refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Globalization of products – refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, land and capital) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) World Trade Organization (WTO) – is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system and making sure nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in the trade treaties signed by WTO member states. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) were both created in 1944 by 44 nations that met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary system; The WB was set up to promote economic development. United Nations (UN) – was established on October 24, 1945, by 51 countries committed to persevering peace through international cooperation and collective security. International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country. Stock of foreign direct investment – refers...
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...of the state to its citizens as a ‘social right’ agreed between the government and its citizens, (Kempa, Carrier, Wood, and Shearing, 1999) enforced through policing, establishing a line of accountability between the publicly funded police and their citizens, providing services on a non-profit basis, (Department of Criminology, 2009/2010). Bayley and Shearing, (1996) describe public policing as government ‘monopoly’ which in recent times has inevitably undergone restructuring enabling private security to blossom. Significantly, the boundaries between the roles of the public police and private security have become less clear in recent years, despite the varying degrees to which the private security and the public police are regulated, creating accountability gap between the ‘highly regulated’ public police and the ‘barely regulated’ private security. Johnston, (1999) describes the term ‘policing’ as a ‘social function’ while the term ‘police’ refers to agents. According to Johnston, (1999) policing is a form of social control. As many aspects of life can be influenced by a social control, Cohen, (1985, as cited in Innes, 2003:13; Johnston, 1999) defines social control in the context of policing as organised (societal) response to deviant behaviour. Reiner (1997, as cited in Johnston, 1999) describes policing as surveillance and threat of punishment or sanction. This role is usually carried out by agents funded by the state known as the public police along side other...
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...first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that focused on prevention of crime rather than the repression of disorder. This state civilian model became the basis for all UK forces on the mainland and the principal influence on the development of East Coast US policing in the 1840s. As the three models have developed and evolved in different political systems over the years since 1800, they have both diverged and converged in various ways....
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...Prostitution. An age-old profession or an age-old problem begetting more problems? The United Kingdom is in the process of determining if and how to update or change its current laws regarding prostitution. In the midst of this determination, questions abound. Prostitution is no easy matter. In the age of women’s rights and the women’s movement, prostitution is a dividing factor. On the one end, it is the epitome of patriarchal abuse throughout centuries and perfected in our culture today. On the other end, it is a form of empowerment. And in between is the common person with his or her own take on prostitution as either abuse, a profession, or something a little of both. Alongside this culture of moral, cultural and legal uncertainty and to confound the problem is prostitution’s purported connection to international human trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation. Therefore, on the one hand, prostitution’s reason for being illegal due to immorality may be obsolete, but should it remain somewhat illegal or banned altogether because it is linked to another crime that transcends borders and cultures? The following is a discussion on the same, and in the end, it is hoped that some clarity may be revealed from a puddle of obscurity. First, a brief introduction will be given about prostitution and human trafficking. Second, the laws of the United Kingdom and international law will be reviewed and analyzed. Third, a comparative review of current legal systems and...
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...NT OF J US CE TI Bureau of Justice Assistance IJ J O F OJJ D P B RO J US T I C E P Bureau of Justice Assistance Understanding Community Policing A Framework for Action MONOGRAPH S G OVC RA MS Office of Justice Programs N BJ A C E I OF F Bureau of Justice Assistance Understanding Community Policing A Framework for Action MONOGRAPH August 1994 NCJ 148457 Bureau of Justice Assistance This document was prepared by the Community Policing Consortium, supported by grant number 93–DD–CX–K005, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Assistance Response Center 633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20531 800–421–6770 The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. ii Monograph Acknowledgments The Bureau of Justice Assistance wishes to thank Stephen J. Gaffigan, Director of Operations, Community Policing Consortium for supervising and coordinating the preparation of this document with the Consortium Management Team. BJA also acknowledges the members...
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...crime occurred in society had invited a cornucopia of theoretical ideas based on ideology, pragmatism, and concomitant paradigmatic shifts. This debate, sometimes vitriolic and vexatious in equal measure, had resonated across the centuries mostly via philosophical thought. In the last two hundred years, however, the debate had become increasingly interwoven and complicated by newly-developed and derivative theories (sometimes polar or diametrically opposed) through the complex entanglement of modern societal development and socio-political thought. Insodoing, unpacking and defining the etiology of crime has proved to be a noteworthy adversary. This essay would seek to examine this unfolding drama of etiological proportions by addressing one of these key modern-day ideological polarities: right realism and left realism. It would critically discuss the relational polarity between these two theories by first examining and then comparing their respective etiologies. Second, it would examine and critique the interplay between ideology and British crime policy. Left Realism (LR): Etiology. “Left realism was explicitly, although not exclusively, concerned with the origins, nature, and impact of crime in the working class” (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2007: p.191). It was a radical criminology and a very British development (Newburn, 2007). It was ‘Left’ as crime was envisaged as endemic owing to the class and patriarchical construction of advanced industrial society, and ‘realist’ in...
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...Reducing Bureaucracy in Policing Advocate October 2010 Contents Executive Summary 1 Risk (Good Decision Making) 7 Governance Accountability & Performance 10 Continuous Improvement 15 Criminal Justice System 17 Key Processes 24 Technology 29 Reducing Bureaucracy Practitioners Group 31 Executive Summary Introduction Sir Ronnie Flanagan likened bureaucracy to cholesterol; there is both good and bad. The police service is accountable and records need to be kept. Some bureaucracy, enough to run an efficient and effective police service is necessary, but extra layers of bureaucracy have been created to meet the demands of scrutiny and quality assurance, in times when budgets are being cut, the question needs to be asked, what is affordable? Where the requirement to record becomes more important than the quality of the investigation, the balance is wrong. And when quality assurance is more about complying with a set of rigid rules than achieving a successful outcome the balance is also wrong. The checks should not outweigh the balances. Recognition of the negative impact excessive bureaucracy creates has long been understood. Previous Chief Inspectors of Constabulary, Sir David O'Dowd and Sir Ronnie Flanagan both made a series of recommendations aimed at reducing unnecessary bureaucracy and prepared costed business plans for change. The reports received considerable support across policing and government, a great...
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...Education in Ireland Ireland has a long and prestigious tradition in education, dating back to the middle ages when it held the position of the principal education providers to the western world (International Education Board - Ireland, 1997). Ireland requires that all children from six until sixteen years of age, or until the child has completed 3 years of secondary education, attend school by law. Due to Ireland’s emphasis on education and literacy, 99 percent of the population aged 15 and over can read and write, according to the Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book. The Department of Education and Science direct the educational system; however overall responsibility for education in Ireland lies with the Minister for Education, who is a member of the Irish Government and responsible to the National Parliament (International Education Board - Ireland, 1997). Ireland’s education system is technically classified by three levels of education: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. As stated earlier, although children aren’t required to attend school until the age of 6, many enroll into the Early Start Programme at the age of 4 with almost all children enrolled but the age of 5. The pre-primary education is not State funded, with the exception of the Early Start Programme and the Rutland Street Project. These programs are specifically designed for children who live in areas of urban disadvantage and have the risk of not succeeding in education. Throughout Ireland, there are...
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...Human Rights “The Essence of Constitutional Governance“ “Problems can be solved by the same level of thinking that created them.” Introduction * Human: (noun) A member of the Homo sapiens species; a man, woman or child; a person. * Rights: (noun) Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are guaranteed. * Human Rights: (noun) The rights you have simply because you are human. * Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.” Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. * Every person has dignity and value. One of the ways that we recognize this fundamental worth is by acknowledging and respecting a person’s human rights. * Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. They recognize our freedom to make choices about our life and develop our potential as human beings. They are about living free from fear...
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...Vol 6. No. 2, June 2013 African Journal of Computing & ICT © 2013 Afr J Comp & ICT – All Rights Reserved - ISSN 2006-1781 www.ajocict.net Design and Implementation of Real-Time Crime Information System for National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) in Nigeria C.H. Ugwuishiwu & K.C. Ugwu Department of Computer Science University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria Chilkodili.ugwuishiwu@unn.edu.ng H.C. Inyiamah Department of Computer Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria drhcinyiama@gmail ABSTRACT The problems of narcotic drugs in Nigeria as manifested in the cultivation, trafficking and abuse of drug is of increasing concern to the government, social researchers, and other stakeholders. The impact of illicit drugs continues to threaten the economies and social structures of both producing and consuming countries. This paper presents an implementation framework for a reliable, efficient and mobile real- time crime information system (CIS) that will help to maintain instant flow of information between the general public and NDLEA. This application solved this problem through a just-in-time flow of crime information from an informant who could be an individual, corporate body or any other government agency to the NDLEA office for a necessary action. This kind of information if handled properly will lead to illicit drug supply suppression hence reduce its availability as well as other substances of abuse. It will also help in drug demand reduction which result in a decline...
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...Project Management in the OSCE A Manual for Programme and Project Managers Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Development, Coordination and Design This manual is designed and developed by the OSCE Secretariat’s Conflict Prevention Centre, Programming and Evaluation Support Unit (CPC/PESU). Main Author: Sebnem Lust, Programme and Project Evaluation Officer Co-Authors: Laura Vai, Head of Programming and Evaluation Support Unit Sean McGreevy, Project Co-ordination Officer Editor: Keith Jinks Designer: Nona Reuter Published by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE Secretariat CPC/PESU Wallnerstrasse 6 1010 Vienna Austria Telephone: +43 1 514 36 6122 Fax: +43 1 514 36 6996 www.osce.org Email: pcc-at@osce.org © 2010 OSCE ISBN: 978-92-9234-301-9 Rights and Permissions: All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE as the source. ii Acknowledgements This manual contains comprehensive guidance on how the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe applies the Project Cycle Management method and the Logical Framework Approach to its project work, as well as essential information on the political, programmatic, regulatory and information technology aspects of project management. The manual’s purpose is to ensure coherence, consistency and transparency...
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...Kenya Vision 2030 REPUBLIC OF KENYA July - August, 2007 This publication is a summary of Kenya’s new long-term national planning strategy, officially known as Kenya Vision 2030. The publication briefly states the main goals of the Economic, Social and Political pillars that underpin the Vision 2030. It also provides a run-down of major, (or flagship) projects to be embarked upon in the Medium Term period of the Vision, i.e from 2008-2012. The final version of Vision 2030 will be completed after this and other consultations. Kenya Vision 2030 THE CONTEXT OF KENYA VISION 2030 Kenya Vision 2030 is the new country’s development blueprint covering the period 2008 to 2030. It aims at making Kenya a newly industrializing, “middle income country providing high quality life for all its citizens by the year 2030”. The Vision has been developed through an all-inclusive stakeholder consultative process, involving Kenyans from all parts of the country. The vision is based on three “pillars” namely; the economic pillar, the social pillar and the political pillar. This vision’s programme plan comes after the successful implementation of the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERS) which has seen the country’s economy back on the path to rapid growth since 2002, when GDP grew at 0.6% rising to 6.1% in 2006. The relationships between the pillars can be seen in Exhibit One below. The economic pillar aims at providing prosperity...
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