...Abstract For over a decade, researchers have analyzed the effects of liberalization and globalization on urban development, considering the local political implications of shifts at the national and global scales. Taking the case of Mumbai, this article examines how the past 15 years of political reforms in India have reshaped property markets and the politics of land development. Among the newly empowered actors, local criminal syndicates, often with global connections, have seized political opportunities created by these shifts to gain influence over land development. The rise of Mumbai's organized criminal activity in the 1950s was closely linked to India's macroeconomic policies, with strict regulation of imports fuelling the growth of black market smuggling. Liberalization and deregulation since the early 1990s have diminished demand for smuggled consumer goods and criminal syndicates have since diversified their operations. With skyrocketing real estate prices in the 1990s, bolstered by global land speculation, the mafia began investing in property development. Supported by an illicit nexus of politicians, bureaucrats and the police, the mafia has emerged as a central figure in Mumbai's land development politics. The article examines the structural shifts that facilitated the criminalization of land development and the implications of mafia involvement in local politics. The efforts of this article were to examine informal governance structures in conjunction with criminal...
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...Incidents of Organized Crime Abstract Domestic and international crimes have great impacts politically, socially, and economically. Various criminals who organize crimes have different reasons behind. For the Black Liberation Army, they are after social justice and equality due to the rampant police brutality directed to the Blacks. To the Russian Mafias, there is a need to generate money and make more profit through the illegal activities they undertake even if it means that they have to rob, kill, and destroy the lives of people. Although these criminals have different reasons in committing crimes, they after their own welfare and self-interest, even if it means that they achieving their goals require force, threat, intimidation, and even...
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...created obstacles in this transition to a functioning market economy. This transition from the USSR to the Russian Federation has impaired Russia’s attempts at a market economy. It has worked its way through openings provided by the transition economy to become a setback to the Russian society and economy. Organized crime disables successful economic reform by influencing important issues such as competition, entrepreneurship, capital flight, the shadow economy, and violence. The major roots of organized crime in Russia go back to the middle of the twenty century. As early as the 1970’s, the Russian mafia had advanced to the status of primary protectors and beneficiaries in the robust Soviet shadow economy. By 1991, organized crime had expanded to form over 700 gangs in the Russian republic alone. This expansion was aided by Perestroika’s, a political movement within the Communist Party, opening up of market opportunities. In Leningrad, as much as ninety percent of the cooperatives produced by the liberal policies of Perestroika were deeply involved with organized crime. Specifically, two characteristics of the USSR were integral in the development of a powerful organized crime syndicate. These were an excessive bureaucratic power and the presence of illegal markets. This excessive bureaucratic power facilitated organized crime by providing a basis for corruption, bribery, shakedowns, and extortion. According to the...
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...CRIMINALIZATION IN POLITICS a) Public Awareness b) Strict Rules or Regulations c) Party should Ban tickets to candidates having a criminal background India is the largest democracy of the world and our public is politically aware of its rights. Election time always generates hectic activity in the society initiated by the political leaders to businessmen to film stars all trying to win votes. As G.B Shaw had said " Democracy is a social order aiming at the greatest available welfare for the population and not for a class". But it is also said that Politics is the last refuge of' Scoundrels. Public Awareness ; India is the largest, working democracy in the world, which in its constitution has incorporated from every best constitution, of the world. The thing, which goes against India, is Population, Illiteracy and Poverty, which is being easily, exploited by the mafia as they find safe refuge. So Election Commission has to play an important role. The general public should be very well aware of the Candidate's past record, his and the party's agenda. People should have good knowledge about how to use the ballot paper and should be aware of the symbols of all political parties. The election commission should make adequate steps to make authenticated Voter's I-Card and put the names of eligible people in the Voter's list. They should ensure that all members of the family must give their valuable votes. Seniors must ensure the names of all members who have attained 18 years of age...
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...Around 3:30 a.m., August 5th, she became alarmed that Marilyn's light was still on and that the door was locked. She called Marilyn's psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson, and he immediately rushed over. When he arrived they looked in Marilyn's window and saw her lying on the bed. They then proceeded to break into her room, and when they found out she was dead they called the police. The coroner pronounced it probable suicide. This is the official version of what happened. But one must also take into consideration the cover-up, the conflicting stories of what happened, and the inefficiency with which the investigation was carried out. Marilyn Monroe did not die by her own hand, it was someone else's. Who killed her? Was it the Kennedy’s or the Mafia? What reasons did anyone have for killing Marilyn Monroe? Did she know too much? Was she a security risk? Was her death used to blackmail the Kennedys? Whoever the person, whatever the motive, Marilyn was dead, and it was due to foul play. The man who performed the autopsy on Marilyn was Dr. Noguchi. His report stated that her blood contained 8 milligrams percent chloral hydrate, and her liver contained 13 milligrams percent phenobarbital (the chemical found in Nembutal), but no alcohol was found. Dr. Christopher Foster, a pathologist, says Marilyn had taken ten times the normal therapeutic dose of Nembutal, and twenty times the recommended amount of chloral hydrate. Some say she had to have ingested somewhere from thirty to forty pills...
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...relationships established by organized crime, and describe the legal limitations associated with combating organized crime, including a critique of major federal laws and strategies that support this effort. Finally, the author will suggest a realistic solution to control organized crime by discussing and evaluating the effectiveness of organized crime prosecutions. Problems with Organized Crime The problem with organized crime is that it often infringes on people’s basic rights and destroys economic structure, and political and civil development, on a global scale. Transnational organized crime rears its ugly head in many different forms, ranging from the trafficking of drugs and people to illegal arms. This is often accomplished by using unsuspecting individuals to transport goods and clean dirty money through legitimate businesses. The large sums of dirty money often impact communities because it is used to buy political power through funding campaigns of political supporters and bribing officials to push illegal agendas of organized crime. Every year, countless individuals lose their lives at the hands of criminals involved in organized crime,...
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...so interesting to me. To start my research, I came up with a few questions about the revolutions, which guided my research. These questions were: Why did the citizens start to revolt? What is happening during the aftermath of the revolution? What effect does this revolution (Tunisian) have on other countries? Why has Tunisia succeeded while other countries have not had the same success? These questions were very helpful when it came to doing research. While doing my research some websites were helpful, when others did not have quite the same usefulness. The two best sources that I used for my research were Britannica and Aljazeera. These sources had great insight on the revolution in Tunisia, especially the Aljazeera article “Political Violence and the Efforts to Salvage Tunisia’s Revolution.” Aljazeera has even sent field agents to go report in Tunisia and Libya. Britannica gave a day by day outline in the article “Jasmine Revolution.” These two articles gave plenty of information, which was almost completely relevant. The first uprisings throughout the Middle East came from a single protestor in the small town of Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. Unrest began after Mohammed Bouazizi, an unemployed 26-year-old, protested...
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...Gangs and Organized Crime in the United States Criminal Justice Janaree Nagel 10/15/2011 Gangs and Organized Crime in the United States is on the rise. With the increase in turf wars, position and the financial gains, gang wars and Organized Crime are linked together in many ways. Within this paper, I will show how they are all tied together in. The M-13’s are the largest reported gang controlling large areas of our states. However, the largest area to which the MS-13’s control is within our own capital, Washington D.C. Their leaders rule all the gangs from inside El Salvador. I will discuss other gangs, and their ties into Organized Crime. Gangs and Organized Crime in the United States When I first began this research, I was stunned by the number of gangs that can be accounted for living on US soil. I wasn’t shocked by the type of activities that they are involved in ranging from drug trafficking, carjacking, murder, rape and kidnapping. The news media is constantly reporting the ages to which individuals join a gang, and the reasons behind their becoming involved. Most that join look for acceptance, and are often from families that have one parent, typically run by their mother who represents head of the household. While others join gangs because they believe it will make others respect them. Throughout our course study, we have discussed a number of things concerning the criminal...
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...ETHICS – PROBITY IN PUBLIC LIFE Integrity and probity in public life are the standards that society expects those elected or appointed to public office to observe and maintain in the conduct of the public affairs to which they have been entrusted. These standards are what safeguard the nation from corruption by politicians and public officials who have been given almost unrestricted access to public resources together with the power to take decisions that impact on the lives of everyone and the nation as a whole. It follows that those in positions of power can use these positions to take decisions that are solely in the public interest or they can use them to benefit themselves, friends, and in the case of politicians, their party supporters to the exclusion of others. There is mounting evidence, documented by Transparency International among others, that given their privileged position those in power can and sometimes do inflict immense, often irreparable, damage on the country by acting in any other than in the public interest. This, essentially, is the rationale for the legislative and other measures that countries take to govern the behaviour of their public officials. The absence of integrity and probity in public life is manifested in corruption which is a worldwide phenomenon. But its impact is strongest and most pervasive in small states that already suffer from all the known disadvantages that characterise smallness such as unfavourable economies of scale, high per...
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...This scare caused Americans of the Cold War to have a fear of communism. This period of time involved major tension between the Soviets and the Americans. This period started in the 1950s. The period of communism is also an age of all types of economy clashing against each other.this was also known as the rival of the largest countries. The next event in history I chose to talk about is the equal rights amendment. This movement was first brought to action in the 1920s. It was brought to action by the political party of women. The date that it begun was March 22nd, 1972. This movement allowed women to have the same rights as men. It also allowed them to not be discriminated and do what they want to do and not feel like they aren’t welcome. Hawaii was the first state that passed this movement. This was a great thing because now women are equally in Power as most men. World War Two is the next event I will be discussing. This war resulted in an allied victory. It also had a result as the creation of the United Nations. Another thing it did as a result was end the German third Reich. After this war Russia and America became the superpower...
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...Circumstances of unleashing Cablegate 5 Freedom of information and Whistleblowing 6 The Freedom of Information Act 6 Protected disclosures i.e. Whistleblowing 6 Conclusion 7 Reference List/ Bibliography 8 Opening Wikileaks is a worldwide known organization and Cablegate has been one of the most recognizable, shocking and revealing affair for past years. This report will explain a little what the Wikileaks really is, along with its goals, principles, security structure and ideology. It will try to unravel Julian Assange’s personal trait and the role he has been playing for years within and beyond this organization. In the main and the most important section dedicated to Cablegate, the reader will find out the secrets about the political system in Russia, who is the real leader of that superpower county and what relationship is there between government and organized crime. It will also be revealed why Google was forced to withdraw from Chinese market and how many users it potentially lost. Circumstances of the cables disclosure will be discussed in separate paragraphs. And finally, definitions such as The Freedom of Informational Act and Protected disclosure Bill will be explained. Wikileaks and Julian Assange Wikileaks is a non-profit media organization whose purpose is to deliver crucial material and documentation to the people (Wikileaks, 2011). Their sources can dispatch information in innovative, secure and anonymous way via a high security anonymous drop box...
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...father had opposed entry into World War II. The military had earlier in 1962 proposed creating pretexts for an invasion of Cuba (Operation Northwoods). The missiles provided Kennedy with an actual reason to invade, and he chose not to. • Of interest here is the apparently false information connecting Oswald and Castro held in government files prior to November 22, 1963. On the afternoon of the assassination, FBI Director Hoover told Robert Kennedy that Oswald "made several trips to Cuba," which was something not supported by the record. Army Intelligence cabled the US Strike Command in Florida later the same day, providing two apparently false facts: that Oswald had defected to Cuba in 1959, and was a card-carrying member of the Communist Party. And it is unknown what caused RFK himself to call Cuban exile Harry Ruiz Williams on the same day and say "one of your boys did...
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...Topic: The biggest scams in the banking history Course: Banking Students: Nino Vepkhvadze, Gohar Trchunyan, Giorgi Menteshashvili & Giorgi Paksashvili Date: 04.06.2012 A fraud, by definition, is the act of deliberate deception of people to secure an unlawful gain. These are mainly for the purpose of defrauding money as well as prestige rather than immediate financial gain. A study by BBC has revealed that the average woman lies twice a day while a man tells three lies a day. However, the lies they tell differ from each other a lot, both in essence and the results yielded. This is why we decided that the frauds and scams of the banking industry as well as their influence on other financial institutions would be quite interesting and intriguing. Let us together investigate how far a human mind can go to earn as much money and glory as we desire. Jerome Kerviel’s case-Societe Generale on the edge In January 2008, A French court sentenced former Société Générale trader Jérôme Kerviel to three years in prison for his role in one of the world's biggest-ever trading scandals and ordered him to repay his former employer €4.9 billion—a sum it would take him 180,000 years to pay at his current salary. In convicting Mr. Kerviel of breach of trust, forgery, and unauthorized computer use, the judge also handed Mr. Kerviel a lifetime trading ban. The prison sentence handed to Mr Kerviel is for five years, of which two years were suspended. Throughout the trial, Mr. Kerviel and...
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...Zimbabwe. After the final visit to the Qaddafi stadium to ensure the arrangements for the match, he sat down on the corner of the stadium to give few thoughts on the emplaced challenges. More than 30,000 spectators will watch the match tomorrow. The passion of cricket in Pakistan is not only commendable but also at times terrifying for the management. Winning the series against the Zimbabwe at the home ground was not the only challenge. Reactive violence from the die heart cricket fans on a loss, media criticism, organizational mafia, terrorism, political pressures and poor team performances were the hard blocks hanging up on his shoulders. Since 1992, when Pakistan became the World Champion, the nation desperately wants to uphold that title again for the country. Keeping in view the performance of the team in 2015 world cup and in their tour to Bangladesh recently, nation has almost lost their hopes in the national cricket team. The open and clear political interference in appointing PCB Chairman in 2014 backed by massive media criticism was the cherry on the top for the nation to...
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...legal right to intervene in Cuba in order to protect ‘life, property and individual liberties.’ The terms of the Platt Amendment included: - Restricted Cuba’s ability to make treaties with other countries - Gave the United States the power to intervene in Cuban affairs - Gave the U.S the right to buy or lease land for military use - Guaranteed the right to use land indefinitely The Platt Amendment effectively placed Cuba under American control. Majority of middle class Cubans were frustrated by its lack of political power and influence. Many Cubans were fed up of being ruled by big countries and wanted independence. Another factor that led to the Cuban Revolution was the ruthlessness of the Batista government. The Batista regime became increasingly unpopular because: - The Cuban economy depended on the U.S demand for its sugar - Cuba had become a playground for the U.S with gambling, prostitution and large scale corruption flourishing and the American Mafia an increasing presence - The sugar industry, although provided well-paid employment, would only offer seasonal work for...
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