...Future of Democracy in Africa With the aid of the book, State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa, I will try to come up with some type of conclusion to the future democracy in Africa. These Africanists that I will mention in my paper have assessed that contemporary Africa has struggled to deal with false starts, unsatisfactory attempts to reconfigure power and varies political reforms. The first theoretical essay is written by Crawford Young on the Third Wave of Democratization in Africa. Young is a Political Scientist, who received a PhD from Harvard and he specializes in development and politics in developing countries, particularly Africa. His works are “The Politics of Cultural Pluralism” , “Ideology and Development in Africa” , and “The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State”. In his essay, Young offers insight on Africa's experimentation on political liberalization. Young starts off by talking about the “third wave” of democratization which hit Africa in 1989 which was seen as a global dynamic. Factors such as modernization, diffusion and power politics helped shaped this transition. In Africa there were deeper structural factors which started first with the economical field. “In dramatic contrast to the aggressive assertion of economic nationalism in the 1970s, a decade peppered with sweeping indigenization programs and widespread nationalism, the 1980 Organization of African Unity Lagos Plan of Action, and the blistering critique of African development performance...
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...Dwight Waldo, 1913-2000 James D. Carroll; H. George Frederickson Public Administration Review, Vol. 61, No. 1. (Jan. - Feb., 2001), pp. 2-8. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-3352%28200101%2F02%2961%3A1%3C2%3ADW1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V Public Administration Review is currently published by American Society for Public Administration. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aspa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more...
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...RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN GRADES 17 & 16 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1971 ENGLISH ESSAY Maximum marks: 100 C SS .C O M .P Note: Write an essay in ENGLISH on ONE of the following: 1. Man as part of a design infinitely vaster than himself. 2. Knowledge demands love as its complement. 3. The amusement mania. 4. The art of feature films made in Pakistan. 5. Art and Religion. 6. Education of freedom. 7. Brain-washing. 8. The lessons of the past. 9. Requisites for social progress in Pakistan. 10. How words change our lives? 11. Man is condemned to be free. 12. Leaders and followers. K Time allowed: 3 hours ENGLISH ESSAY EXAMINATION 1972 Maximum marks: 100 C SS .C O M .P Write an essay in English on One of the following: 1. Relevance of Islam to Science. 2. The sanctity of law. 3. Competitive results of planned economy? 4. The sick soul. 5. The strategy of political warfare. 6. “If’ in History. 7. Psychology and its social meaning. 8. Reverence for life. 9. International morality. 10. The divided self and the process of its unification. 11. Statesmen and Diplomatists. 12. The foundations of the feature. K Time allowed: 3 hours ENGLISH ESSAY EXAMINATION 1973 Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 100 1. (a) Make an outline for writing an Essay in English on One of the following subjects: (b) Write the Essay on the subject you have selected more or less on the basis of the Outline you have...
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...battles were unfold in the international arena and within countries. Overnight concepts collapsed that before seemed unshakable. In this case, not only the political picture of the world changed . At large numbers of people in different countries sense of global community, solidarity, public interest, human intimacy has been strengthened . Not surprisingly, that the rapid evolution of the global situation, the collapse of the bipolar system and fade into the background of ideological aspects confused scientists specializing in political predictions. Now, it is necessary not only to explain the reasons which led to the formation of new political realities after the "cold war", but also suggest new approaches and concepts on the basis of which it was possible to trace the dynamics of international relations in a changing world. Francis Fukuyama, his works and intepretations. Francis Fukuyama - known American political scientist and geopolitician. He received a bachelor's degree from Cornell University (New York), then - PhD in political science from Harvard University. "The End of History and the Last Man" is the first book of the American philosopher and political scientist Francis Fukuyama, was released in 1992 by publisher Free Press. It preceded the appearance of the book's publication in the journal The National Interest essay "The End of History?" (1989), which has received considerable attention in the press and scientific press....
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...Essay on the Scope of Political Science by Suhana Dhawan There is no general agreement on the nature and scope of Political Science, “the master science” as Aristotle described it, since there is no generally accepted definition of the discipline, and its organising concept the State. The definitions of both Political Science and the State, the latter in particular, reveal the bias of the thinkers, for example, the metaphysical (Hegel), the juridical (Austin), the sociological (Maclver), the descriptive (Garner) and many others with their own distinctive labels. In fact, there are as many definitions as there are writers on the subject and all these definitions give to the entity — the State — different meanings and conflicting roles. This tendency continues even now though in a slightly different form. “The recent definitions of politics (as a study),” writes Frank Thakurdas, “are not so much cast in the discipline of the thinker (easily detectable) but in the conceptual framework that he has worked out in advance (as it were) the basic presupposition of his personal manner of interpreting the complete phenomenon of politics. But also including the ‘purpose’ that the studies involve in terms of the practical ends they sub serve.” Some writers restrict the scope of Political Science to the study of the State alone, for example, Bluntschli. All such writers exclude the study of government from the scope of Political Science, for the State for them obviously includes the study...
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...Possible Essay Questions for Exam 1 What is absolutism? Briefly discuss the 16th-century context for the development of absolutism in France as well as the development of absolutism from Henry IV through the reign of Louis XIII. In many ways, absolutism began under Louis XIII and reached its peak under Louis XIV, particularly the personalization of power around Louis XIV himself. Explain. In answering, be sure to outline the general history of Louis XIV’s reign as discussed in class. Be sure to include a discussion of the reading titled “A Royal Tongue Lashing.” In particular, what political claims did the document make? What was the Copernican Revolution and why was it so important? What was the initial reception to the Copernican System, and how did Copernicanism ultimately become accepted throughout the European scientific community and European culture more broadly? In answering, be sure to outline the general history of the Scientific Revolution as we discussed in class. What were the cultural and social implications of the new science? In particular, how did Francis Bacon rethink science as a social process? And how did Robert Boyle rethink the culture of the new science, particularly considering the political context of his time? Be sure to include a discussion of Bacon’s New Atlantis, in particular the way it reflected Bacon’s conception of science and society. Seventeenth-century England was a time of seemingly endless contestation. What...
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...Carleton University Department of Political Science Winter 2016 PSCI 3600B International Institutions Thursdays - 11:35am to 2:25pm Please confirm location on Carleton Central Instructor: Office: Office hours: Telephone: e-mail: James Milner Loeb A629 Thursdays, 3-4pm and Fridays, 10-11am (or by appointment) (613) 520-2600 x2211 James.Milner@carleton.ca Please use your Carleton e-mail address or the e-mail function of cuLearn to send an email to the instructor or TA and always include the course code in the subject line. First class: Last class: 7 January 2016 7 April 2016 NOTE: No class meeting on 18 February 2016 due to Reading Week cuLearn: On-line components of this course will be managed through cuLearn. Please visit the cuLearn site at least once a week to receive the most current information pertaining to the scheduling of the course and required readings. Course objectives: International institutions have come to play an increasingly important role in global politics in the last century. Arguably the most prominent of these institutions is the United Nations (UN). Established in 1945 and in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the UN’s Charter set out the rights and obligations of Member States, and pledged to: “save succeeding generations from the scourges of war”; “reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights”; promote “respect for the obligations arising from treaties”; and “promote social progress and better ...
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...begin my essay by describing the development of behaviourism. This will show how its roots are completely different from those of psychoanalysis. It will also reveal something of the methodology of behaviourism and the principles behind it. This will provide the ground for developing a fuller description of maladaptive behaviour and those elements that 'maintain and sustain' it. I will conclude by contrasting the positions of the Behaviourist and the Analytical Psychologist underlining the ethical issues involved. The first striking contrast between psychoanalysis and behaviourism lies in the fact that the former was developed in Europe in order to meet the therapeutic needs of patients while the latter grew out of the Progressive Movement (P.M.1880-1920) in the United States. This movement arose from three main sources: 1.The industrial revolution. 2. Scientific Rationalism. 3. Liberal political philosophy. The P.M. wanted scientific thinking that had created a new society so swiftly, to be brought to bear on every aspect of life. 'Progressives transformed, professionalized and made "scientific" the social sciences, especially history, economics, and political science’. (Wikipedia) According to the P.M. The discoveries of the Industrial Revolution opened apparently infinite vistas into the future, provided the scientific method was observed and the financial benefits there from were shared with those who had been disadvantaged by it. This political stance...
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...College Spring 2012 Sections: CRN 81371, 81372 Campus: Stafford Professor: Larry J. Gonzalez, PhD Room: W114 E-mail: Larry.Gonzalez@hccs.edu Voice: 713.718.6998 Purpose of the Course: Government 2301 is one of two courses designed to introduce students to the study of government in the United States at the national, state, and local levels. This particular survey of the American system of government includes a study of the fundamental principles of political science, the study of the national and state constitutions, methods of participation, and analyzes contemporary policies. This course is fully transferable to all Texas State colleges and universities. Required Texts: O’Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, Alixandra. 2011. American Government: Roots and Reform, Texas Edition. Pearson Education. Paperback Edition/ISBN-13: 978-1-256-28850-3; ISBN-10:1-256-28850-0 Recommended: Study Guides are available on-line to accompany the required texts. Students are also encouraged to follow current political events by reading newspapers and following media news reports. Please refer to instructor’s Learning Web page. Student Notification Statements: 1. Advising and Counseling Services Advising can be accomplished by contacting the Student Associate at 713-718-6879, selection 2, and on-site advising at other HCC locations upon request. Confidential sessions with education counselors will help students understand admissions, registration, entrance testing requirements...
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...ESSAY DRAFT #6 To what extent is the knowledge’s perspective essential in the pursuit of knowledge? If we were to see this essay as a voyage, we could say that the knower is the vessel, perspective is the leg of the course and knowledge is the destination. But before departing, it would be wise to understand the phrase ‘the Knower’s Perspective’, as well as, the knowledge question in a deeper level. A knower is a person or a group of individuals, who have acquired facts, information and skills through experience and/or education. Perspective is an evaluation or analysis of something from a specific point of view. The knower’s perspective is how an individual’s mind capacity, education, experiences, etc. influence the use of ways of knowing in the formation of personal knowledge, or knowledge claims. The knower’s perspective contributes to the formation of personal knowledge, but is in turn also influenced by the individual’s personal knowledge, being part of it. However, knowledge can be produced by one or more human beings. “It can also be the work of...
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...Introduction There is an old controversy going on which is “Is management an art or a science?”. Management is everywhere. It can be found in offices , schools, banks, Hospitals etc. Whether it be a profit or non-profit organization, it is required for the smooth transition of the business. There is no agreed definition for the term management but according to Harold Koontz, Management is defined as “the art of getting things done through others and with formally organized groups” (Koontz, 1954)..To be effective in management, A manager should have should have undergone necessary training and Should possess some individual skills. This essay seeks to explore the question ‘Is management an art or a science? This essay will analyze whether management from the perspective of an art and a science. .Management as an art Ayn Rand (1905-1982) defines art as “a selective re-creation of reality according to an artist’s metaphysical value-judgments. If those who believe that management were an art, they are those people who believe that there is no specific way to learn management and it just takes two things i.e. personality and ability to learn and understand management. Additionaly these people would also believe that people can’t be taught to be effective managers, throughout the years they become better through experience and training. But For Schein, (2001) People’s attention towards the environment becomes more clear ,provoke them to question long-held beliefs, encourage developing...
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...aware about who is Milton Friedman, and why Thomas Mulligan has strong oppositions toward him. In this essay you are going to read a comparison of two different arguments by Thomas Mulligan and Milton Friedman. Their contentions are about corporate social responsibilities. What are responsibilities for executives and companies? Do they have to fulfill them or not? Are social responsibilities only for individuals? Wikipedia defines Social Responsibility as “an ethical framework which suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual.” It means it is not only obligated for individuals or just companies. However, Milton Friedman doesn’t think so; and Thomas Mulligan has strong arguments against Friedman’s. Milton Friedman is an American economist that received Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He has lots of theories and doctrines about monetary policy, taxation and socialism. One and the most popular of his article published in New York Times Magazine at September 13, 1970. In his article, he approached to social responsibility of companies’ and stakeholders’. Briefly, he stands behind the view that "There is one and only one social responsibility of business to increase its profits." (Friedman, 1970, p.268) Beside with, Tomas Mulligan is a philosopher works on political and social philosophy. In his article, “A Critique of Milton Friedman's Essay 'The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits”, he criticize Friedman’s doctrine with...
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...Agenda-setting Weaver D H, Graber D, McCombs M, Eyal C 1981 Media Agenda Setting in a Presidential Election: Issues, Images and Interest. Praeger, New York M. McCombs Agendas: Political The political agenda is the set of issues that are the subject of decision making and debate within a given political system at any one time. Significant research specifically on the topic of agenda setting, as opposed to decision making, dates mostly from the 1960s. Early studies of agenda setting were quite controversial because they were often presented as critiques of the pluralist studies of the 1950s and 1960s. Truman (1951) mostly ignored the issue of who set the agenda of political debate. Dahl (1956) discusses the matter in mentioning that ensuring that no group have control over the range of alternatives discussed within the political system is a requisite for democracy. In his study of New Haven he explicitly raises the question of agenda setting, noting that with a permeable political system virtually all significant issues would likely come to the attention of the elites. ‘Because of the ease with which the political stratum can be penetrated, whenever dissatisfaction builds up in some segment of the electorate party politicians will probably learn of the discontent and calculate whether it might be converted into a political issue with an electoral pay-off’ (Dahl 1961, p. 93). In Dahl’s view, then, any issue with a significant potential following in the public would likely find an elite-level...
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...Introduction to Social Research Name Institution Date Introduction The module, introduction to social research is crucial as it introduces a student to the process of understanding what is entailed in social research. The module is grouped into ten lectures, and eight of them are concerned with introducing a student to theoretical and practical issues involved in conducting an empirical social research. The remaining two lectures are concerned with the workshops that help a student to understand the discourse of academic writing and reading. This paper seeks to highlight the basic information of each lecture a student should expect while undertaking this module. Additionally, this paper will note some key points from each seminar and try to define some concepts pertained therefof. Lecture 1 This lecture is aimed at helping a student to understand the significance of social research and why it matters. A learner will understand that a research method is a technical subject that encompasses its own language and this language ought to be utilized in precise way. In this course, the precise meaning of technical terms ought to be learned and then applied carefully, more so in undertaking examinations. A student of social science, a learner will be familiar with the idea of sociology as multi-paradigm discipline. Debates and controversies aside, the main divide in social research has been about the philosophical basis of sociological research and the...
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...This essay intends to identify and explain the basis of the critical political economy approach to media analysis. This task will be achieved by first delivering a brief historical overview of this scholarly discipline. Additionally, and by way of a thorough inquiry of the pertinent literature, this paper will highlight the critical boundaries of this Marxist social theory. Moreover, this essay will contend that in an attempt to overcome these perceived limitations, contemporary proponents of the critical political economy of the media have in fact adopted a conciliatory position with the cultural studies approach. Indeed, this paper will deliver an understanding of the emergence of critical theory in social analysis. Consequently, through...
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