...For hummingbirds, pollen is useless. Hummingbirds don’t have any specialized pollen-grooming structures. Based on the structure of a penstemon flower and the structure of the bee, anthers will transfer pollen on the dorsal surfaces of the head, face, and thorax. Stigmas obtain pollen from the same sections. The collected pollen is then fed to the larvae. Due to natural selection these bees are designed with highly effective grooming structures and behaviors that allow them to collect and preserve large quantities of pollen. The distinctions in grooming behavior contributes to the subsidiary of conversions from the melittophily vortex to the ornithophily vortex in penstemons. Affirming that ornithopilous anthers of penstemons open more extensively and present pollen more freely than the melittophilous...
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...Calyx & Corolla: Case Analysis Calyx & Corolla is a newly founded venture in the fresh flowers selling business. With two and a half years’ experiences and practices, it has consummated over 150,000 transactions, yielding revenues in excess of $10 million and successfully pioneered the concept of selling fresh flowers by mail. However, the managers of the company, Fran Wilson and Ann Lee, are reassessing the firm’s long-term growth strategy. Although the business achieved a huge success in such a short time, it is hard for the business to grow and generate more revenues when facing with growing challenges. Hence, the management is thinking of a more aggressive growth strategy to stimulate the business and increase the sales. In order to conclude a better strategy, an analysis of the industry would be necessary to help understand the company’s current situation. In 1990, retail flower and plant sales were almost a $9 billion business in the United States. Most of these flowers are planted domestically while several types of flowers, including carnations, roses and a variety of other flowers, are imported from other parts of the world. Although there are some large sellers in the industry, major sellers are still small, family-operated companies. Usually, growers sell their flowers to distributors. And then distributors sent flowers to different wholesalers and wholesalers then sent flowers to florists. This whole process will add a 500% to 700% markup to the final selling...
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...diploid spore-producing sporophyte generation. Reproduction in angiosperms is mainly of two types. Asexual Reproduction is facilitated by mitosis in the reproduction without the fusion of gametes. Sexual reproduction, is the process in reproduction with the fusion of xx, this process is facilitated by miosis. When angiosperms go through double fertilization it involves the joining of a female gametophyte with two male gametes resulting in a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. Pollen is released, and it travels by wind or animal and lands on another flower. When it lands on another flower, self-fertilization can occur or cross fertilization, which means that pollen from one flower pollinates to another flower. The pollen will land on the stigma and with a bit of moisture the pollen grain starts to germinate. Next the pollen tube grows down the style and through the micropyle. Male gametophytes are held in pollen grains that develop into pollen sacs, of the anthers on the stamens. When pollen which is haploid fuses with the egg, which is also haploid, the result is a zygote, which is diploid. For double fertilization the other sperm nuclei is united with the two polar nuclei. Then the ovule develops into a seed. The seed is surrounded by the endosperm which...
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...Name __Joel Mason____ Sec. ______ BIO 182L – Angiosperms Lab Report 1. Q2, p.335 (1 pt). a. How many carpels (locules) are apparent? -One carpel is apparent. b. How many ovules are developing in each locule? -There is one ovule in each locule. 2. Q4, p. 339 (1 pt). a. OMIT b. Can you see vegetative and generative nuclei in the pollen tubes? -Yes. 3. Q5, p. 342 (1 pt). a. Why is the endosperm being digested? -It is providing nourishment for the zygote or baby plant. b. Is Capsella a monocot or dicot? How can you tell? -Capsella is a dicot. You can tell this because the embryo has two cotyledons (seeds). 4. Q7, p. 343 (1 pt). a. OMIT b. OMIT 5. Q8, p. 344 and Q9, p. 344 (1 pt.) a. Does the pod appear to be a single carpel with one cavity containing seeds? -Yes. b. Is the micropyle near the attachment of the seed to the pod? -Yes. Q9 a. Before today would you have referred to the uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit? Why or why not? -No I wouldn’t have referred to an uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit because it never registered as having seeds to me before. I also never really thought about it but now that I do it’s very obvious that it is. b. Is sunflower a monocot or dicot? -A sunflower is a dicot. 6. Q11 a, p. 346 (1 pt). a. How many carpels are fused to form an apple? -Five carpels fuse to form an apple. 7. Q1, p.346 (1 pt). What is meant by “double fertilization”...
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...sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091217183442.htm new study reveals the reason why orchids use sexual trickery to lure insect pollinators. The study, published in the January issue of The American Naturalist, finds that sexual deception in orchids leads to a more efficient pollinating system. While most flowering plants reward pollinators with tasty nectar, many orchid species turn to trickery. Some use what's called food deception. They produce flowers that look or smell like they offer food, but offer no edible reward. Other orchids use sexual deception. They produce flowers that look or smell like female insects, usually bees or wasps. Males are drawn to the sexy flowers and attempt to mate with it. In doing so, they accidentally collect pollen on their bodies, which fertilizes the next orchid they visit. From an evolutionary...
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...Survey of the Plant Kingdom Gymnosperms of Phyla Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta Exercise 30 Françoise Jessica Lisa Question 1 a). The presence of the flagellated sperm in cycads is surprising, because they do not have true flowers and their seeds are borne naked.. In other gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sperm is transported directly to the female ovule by a sperm tube, and does not have the flagellated sperm. b). The possession of flagellated sperm has a primitive characteristic in the plant kingdom, because it has characteristics of early ages in the history of mankind. Question 2 a). Dioecious means having the male and female reproductive organs are borne on separate individual plants. Question 3 a). The needles are arranged vertically pointed up, outwards, and are stuck close to one another; attached in clusters. b). In a bundle, there are two leaves in a bundle. c). Pine leaves have needles, instead of flat leaves, like the broad-leaved trees. The needles help to survive winter’s hardship. For example, the needles cut evaporation so trees can save water, which is very useful during the winter season. Broad leaves trees, produce new leaves every spring. Photosynthesis occurs rapid in broad- leaved trees, unlike the pine leaves. d). Pines are called evergreens because the tree does not shed its leaves during the fall, they stay green all year around. e). Pine roots and fir are some plants that we’ve studied in the lab...
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...An onion is a monocot plant in the Phylum Angiospermophyta. Its leaves have long reticulate veins running from the petiole to the apex. Onions are plants used by people for cooking purposes. An onion has two structures. Root system Shoot system Onions have an adventitious root system. The purpose of the roots is to provide firm anchorage of the plant and absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil. The shoot system comprises of the leaves that perform a photosynthetic function. They have numerous chloroplasts. They contain chlorophyll that trap light energy from the sun. Flowers provide reproduction sites. This is where pollen grains are produced by the anthers and ovules by the ovary. Onions develop specialized underground stem to create bulbs. This is a modification of the standard stem that is set to provide support to the plant. The bulbs are usually swollen fleshy leaves found on the underground. This differs from the standard plant structure where the stem is found above the ground. Animals are important in a given ecosystem. The behavior of different animals ensure ecological balance. A vulture is a scavenger that benefits humans in various ways. They feed on decaying carcasses. When animals die, either naturally or through illness, Vultures feed on the remains and clean the environment. This is imperative to control the spread of diseases that might destroy the human population. Animals perform certain functions that plants do not. This reason for this...
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...other orchids by their colors, shapes, and ingenuity the use to attract insects. Each Ophrys species has its own insect that it depends on for pollination. Bumblebee Orchids are completely dependent upon bumblebees (Eucera algira). Each flower has a lip that tricks the insect visually and by mimicking female pheromones that attract the males. The Bumblebee Orchid has 2 to 3 flowers that look and smell so much like female bumble bees, that the chemical signals stimulate the bees sexually. The smell, look, and feel of the lip of the flowers mimic female bumblebees so well, that the males attempt to copulate with the flower and pollen sacs stick to its head and abdomen. Bumblebee Orchid pollination is a precise process that requires the pollen sacs to shift into a position that allows it to stick to stigma of another orchid of the same species. If the pollen does not shift into position, the new orchid can not be pollinated. “Ophrys bombyliflora-Bumblebee Orchid-(Orchidaceae)” First Nature. 27 Jul 2011, "Coevolution." New World Encyclopedia. 3 Apr 2008, 19:17 UTC. 27 Jul 2011, 17:34...
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...heterosporous. They produce two types of spores: Microspores occur in male cones and form male gametophytes. Megaspores occur in female cones and form female gametophytes. Gametaphytes of gymnosperms are microscopic and completely dependent on the large, free-living sporophyte. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from male cones to female cones, which house the eggs. Pollen is carried from the male cones to the female cones by the wind. Sperm of cycadophyta are flagellated. Phylum Ginkgophyta consists of one species, Ginko biloba, a large dioecious tree that does not bear cones. Phylum Coniferophyta are the large group of cone- bearing plant that includes the 5000 years old bristlecone pine, earth’s oldest living individual organisms. The cones they bear are reproductive structures of the sporophyte generation. Sporophylls bear spores in conifers; sporophylls of male cone are called microsporophylls. Microsporangium are the cells on the surface of each mocrosporophyll that produces spores. Sporophylls of female cones are megasporophylls; each bear two spore- producing megasporangia on its upper surface. Pollination and seed formation in pine Pollination is the transfer of pollen to a receptive surface. It occurs more than a year before ovule produces a mature female gametophyte. Seed. The evolution of seeds is one of the most significant events in the history of the plant kingdom. Chapter 31 Survey of the plant kingdom Angiosperm PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA The sporophyte of angiosperms...
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...flowers and the seeds are enclosed in a fruit are called angiosperms. Angiosperms are commonly known as flowering plants. Many botanists considered the flowering plants are the most successful group of land plants. Flowering plant success is primarily attributed to their co-evolution with animals (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). When spore-producing plants need on water for reproduction, while non-flowering seed plants need wind to carry pollen to a seed. There are some systems of nature it contains to success. Earliest developments that led to the flowering plants' to success were the evolution of a vascular system. The vascular system allowed them to grow larger and shade their competitors (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). Root system with a large surface area allowed for absorption of minerals, phosphates, sulphates, fixed nitrogen, and water and this system is help to grow especially water. Root system allowed for mutualistic relationships with some fungi, and, in legumes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The waxy cuticle and bark slowed water loss even in direct sunlight. Pollen allowed plants to grow at a distance from each other in dry climates the sperm did not have to swim across the environment. Flowers (color, scent, nectar) attracted pollinators (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). Seeds containing nutrients and energy for the plant embryo within, allowing the seed to survive for years before germinating, thus allowing the plant species to "skip a bad year for germinating. Researchers have long chalked...
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...plants. They belong to the kingdom Plantae, subkingdom Embryophyta. They can be classified as monocotyledons and eudicotyledons. Characteristics of Angiosperms * The flowers serve as the reproductive organs for the plant.(exchanging genetic information) * They have small pollen grains that spread genetic information from flower to flower. * They have stamens- reproductive structures found in flowers that produce the pollen grains that carry the genetic information. * They have much smaller female reproductive parts, allowing them to produce seeds more quickly. * They have carpel that encloses developing seeds that may turn into fruit. * A great disadvantage is the production of endosperm. It is a material that forms after fertilisation and serves as a highly nutritional food source to the developing seed and seedling. The life cycle of Angiosperms They follow: * Seed * Germination * Sprout or seedling * Mature plant * Flowering Materials: * Flower for dissection (hibiscus flower) * Scalpel * Dissecting microscope * Prepared slide of young lily anther, c.s. * Prepared slide of mature lily anther (pollen grains), c.s. * Mature pollen * Glass slide * Coverslip * Compound microscope * 0.5% sucrose, in dropping bottle * Prepared slide of lily ovary, c.s megaspore mother cell * Compound microscope * Bean fruits * Soaked bean seeds * Iodine solution(I2KI), in a dropping bottle ...
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...Jordan Ellerby BI112 Dr. Ikenga April 7, 2015 Chapter 39 Test Yourself 1. Where do the pollen grains of flowering plants develop? a. In the anthers of the flower b. In the carpels of a flower c. While being dispersed by wind, water, or animals d. Within ovules e. Within pistils 2. Where do mature male gametophytes of flowering plants primarily develop? f. In the anthers of the flower g. In the carpels of a flower h. While being dispersed by wind, water, or animals i. Within ovules j. On the surfaces of leaves 3. Where do you find female gametophytes of a flowering plant? k. In the anthers of a flower l. At the stigma of a pistil m. In the style n. Within ovules in a flower’s ovary o. In the structures that are dispersed by wind, water, or animals 4. How does double fertilization occur in flowering plants? p. The two sperm in a pollen tube fertilize the two egg cells present in each female gametophyte q. One of the two sperm in a pollen tube fertilizes the single egg in a female gametophyte, and the other fuses with the two nuclei present in the central cell. r. Two sperm, one contributed by each of two different pollen tubes, fertilizes the two egg cells in single female gametophyte. s. Two sperm contributed by separated pollen tubes enter a single female gametophyte; one of the sperm fertilizes the egg cell; the other...
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...Lesson 3 Essay Questions: 1. Compare and contrast directional selection and disruptive selection and provide an example of each. Both directional and disruptive selection is a type of natural selection. Natural selection is the differential survival and/or reproduction of organisms as a function of their physical attributes. (phenotype) This results in evolution over many generations. Each mode of selection alters the mean or variance of a phenotypic trait in a population or species. These distributions can be represented in bell curves. Both selection processes can be influenced by human interaction. Directional Selection occurs when an extreme phenotype at one end of a population distribution is favored over all other phenotypes and over many generations it will lead to one distinct form. An example of directional selection is resistance to antibiotics. When an antibiotic is administered a few of the bacteria survive because they are genetically resistant. The surviving bacteria will pass on this phenotype (resistance) to the next generation. Over time the bacteria will be completely resistant to the initial antibiotic. Disruptive selection is an outcome of natural selection in which both extreme phenotypes at the end of a population distribution are favored over the average phenotype. This type of selection favors polymorphism, the occurrence of two different forms in a population of the same species. It can also lead to specification and form two or...
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...These are usually the bright colored parts you see in flowers. Petals surround the reproductive parts of the flower. STAMENS-slender structures with knobs on top are near the middle of the flower. The slender parts are the FILAMENTS and the knobs are the ANTHERS. The tall, vase like part in the middle of the flower are called the PISTIL. Notice the sticky stigma is supported by the STYLE. At the base of the pistil is the OVARY. Inside the ovary are one or more ovules. An egg is produced inside each ovule. PERFECT FLOWERS-have both stamens and a pistil. IMPERFECT FLOWERS-have either stamens or a pistil, but not both. HOW SEEDS AND FRUITS DEVELOP For seeds to form in Angiosperms, a pollen grain should be transferred from an Anther to a Stigma. Stigma helps trap the pollen. Recall chapter 11. When a seed begins to form, a flower changes in many ways. The flower’s petals and stamens wither and fall off. SEED COAT-it protects the embryo from drying out. As a seed develops, the ovary ripens and develops into a fruit. Sometimes, a part of the receptacle or the sepals also become part of the fruit. Depending on the type of plant, some ripened ovaries can be moist and fleshy, while others are dry and...
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...Keondre Masters New Growth Imagine a flower with no roots would it grow? The answer is no, a plant is more complicated than that. A plant is made up from different sections which each section plays a role in the growth and the maintaining of the plant. The plant is made up of four or five sections depending on the plant, the root, the stem, the leaves, the flower, and the fruit. Without those following ingredients there would be no plants, no trees, and no air to breathe. Realize how important a plant is why it’s something you should know. The roots help provide support by anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients needed for growth. They can also store sugars and carbohydrates that the plant uses to carry out other functions. Plants can have either a taproot system (such as carrots) or afibrous root system (such as turf grass). In both cases, the roots are what carries the water and nutrients needed for plants to grow.(http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2a.html) In other words the root is the life of a plant because it won’t grow without it The stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers),conifer cones, roots, other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer to new fresh plant growth and does include stems but...
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