...underlying advantages, to be discussed below, are much less favorable. The classification of social regulations In the course of the recent 50 years the decrease of economic regulations is quite noticeable while the social ones present an increasing tendency and have been gaining significance after the Second World War. New government institutions have been established and keep preparing an increasing number of regulations referring to social issues. This trend is present both in USA and in the EU countries. As opposed to economic regulations, which refer to market and economic variables, social regulations are focused on the influence of companies and the market on workers, clients and citizens. These regulations are mainly related to the following spheres: * employment, i.e. the protection of employees against discrimination, ensuring labor safety, proper working conditions, possibilities for promotion, appropriate remuneration for work, social security costs, social benefits, annuities and pensions (e.g. in USA OSHA, EEOC). * consumer protection against the threats resulting from the production of harmful goods as well as the safety and efficiency of pharmaceuticals (e.g. FDA, CPSC) and also referring to water, air and environment protection standards. The analysis The state which over-regulates social life is referred to as the “welfare state”. The objective behind active social...
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...Should accounting be regulated or unregulated? The controversial topic of accounting regulation has been argued for many years; should accounting be regulated or unregulated? Congress empowered the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) through the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to regulate financial reporting in response to the Great Crash of 1929 (B). Regulated Proponents of regulated accounting standards argue several valid points, the center argument of which revolves around the point that “do what is in the best interests of the public;” More specifically the protection of investors from fraudulent, misleading, or intentionally incomplete information, among others. Regulated accounting standards also help the user to compare the firms results with other firms easily as the reporting requirements have statements, to an extent, universal. But, the reason for regulation being passed in the1930’s was the failure of markets; this is still at the heart of the discussion today. Opponents of regulation often argue that the market would require firms to provide sufficient information, a lack of which would send red flags and cause investors to be leery of the firms operations, causing prices to fall and an inability for the firm to raise capital. Unregulated Unregulated accounting standards would free firms of the large amount of capital required to meet and follow and report these standards; allowing firms to use the capital...
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...ENG 301-03 10 February 2015 Smile, You’re on Security Camera In the March 2004 edition of the Boston Globe, correspondent John McElheny wrote a piece on video cameras and the action that unfold both in public and behind the scenes. The opening of the article starts talking about how one private detective Rob Selevitch has had many years, 25 to be exact, going about the city of Boston questioning witnesses and handling crime. McElheny introduces Selevitch as being one of the first people he’s come into contact with in conducting his interview. Selevitch gives account of how video cameras are pretty much everywhere and that you’re under surveillance all the time (81). The examples McElheny allows Selevitch to provide are good factual and experienced observations, but he allowed Selevitch to boast a little too much in his interview. Throughout the majority of this article, there were a lot of statistical data being thrown into the mix. This information broadens the spectrum of the article with these numbers and utilizes the time spent to research factual data. In paragraphs two through eight, Selevitch gives detail into the layout of every building, parking garage, and supermarket that were used to solve crimes while he served as detective (81). The article itself shows that John McElheny may have felt amused by the fact that cameras captured much of our daily lives that we practically failed to even pay attention to. His argument in concern to cameras being in such offset...
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...protected against security threats that exploit vulnerabilities. Organizations must therefore impose appropriate controls to monitor for, deter and prevent security breaches. Three areas have been considered, in a typical sense, as the basic critical security requirements for data protection: confidentiality is used to assure privacy; principles of integrity assure systems are changed in accordance with authorized practices; and, availability is applied to maintain proper system functions to sustain service delivery (Dhillon, 2007, p. 19). These security requirements are represented in Figure 1, Classic Critical Security Requirements. This figure depicts the cross-domain solutions of informal controls, also known as human relationships, and formal and technical controls, which provide for organizational and physical information security controls, respectively. Two additional security requirements have recently been added that are of particular importance to networked environments because attacks now extend far beyond traditional firewall perimeters. These are authentication, which is used to assure a message actually comes from the source it claims to have originated; and, nonrepudiation, which can be applied to prevent an entity from denying performance of a particular action related to handling data, thereby assuring validity of content and origin. Figure 2, Core Data Security Set, depicts the interrelationship of the five core requirements of information security. The remainder...
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...FINANCE Assignment: 1 Submitted to: Sir Asif Malik Submitted by: ZAINAB HASSAN L12-5295 Section C Question A: The IPO process is characterized by information asymmetries. Explain how these asymmetries may be reduced through the book-building process. Answer: Information asymmetries exist in an IPO market as the insiders have more information about the issuing shares than the investors. Moreover, the investors as well as firms don’t have enough information about the market. There exists a greater asymmetry in IPO market as compared to secondary market because there is no former data available for it. These asymmetries are somewhat limited by using book-building process to float initial public offerings instead of public auctions. The book-building process, which was first examined in the academic literature by Benveniste and Spindt (1989) and Benveniste and Wilhelm (1990), involves shares issuing company, investors and the intermediaries which are generally the investment banks. The investment bank first decides the price range or band for the bidding and then invites investors to evaluate and perhaps buy the issue. Next, investors evaluate the issue and provide the investment bank with preliminary indications of their demand for the issue. Finally, the investment bank prices the issue and allocates shares to investors, generally allocating more shares to investors who indicate higher levels of demand. Journal of Financial Economics...
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...Running header: IPAD’S SECURITY BREACH iPad’s Security Breach The Business Enterprise- BUS 508 May 28, 2011 IPAD’S SECURITY BREACH Abstract Across the globe AT&T is known as the world’s leading integrated companies-applying innovative technologies to discover, develop and complete construction of the first transcontinental broadband-communications network. This paper will investigate and discuss some of the major issues involving Apple’s security breach. First determine if hacking into a website is ever justifiable, applying your theory to a real-world case in which someone hacked into a system, including the name of the company and details. We will create a corporate ethics statement for a computer security firm that would allow or even encourage activities like hacking. Secondly discuss if it is important for organizations like Gawker Media to be socially responsible; determine what factors CEOs should consider when responding to a security breach. Lastly, create an email script to be sent to AT&T customers informing them of the security breach and a plan to resolve the issue IPAD’S SECURITY BREACH Determine if hacking into a website is ever justifiable, applying your theory to a real-world case in which someone hacked into a system, including the name of the company and details. According to Bosker (2010), recently, private information of iPad owners have been exposed through a security breach that has brought...
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...outline an Acceptable Use policy, Internet Use policy, Security policy, and acceptable conduct policy for its employees that is supposed to be required reading. Like with any law, in cyber security there are always law-breakers waiting for the chance to exploit a weak firewall, a patch in the system, or a careless employee who leaves login information open for the wrong eyes to see. For this reason government and private sector alike must constantly update security measures and do thorough investigations of employees upon hiring. The internet is so large and open that it is a serious security threat for individual corporations and especially government agencies. The US government defends against countless internet attacks every day and because of the vast connections between private companies and government it is both the responsibility of private and public sector to insure everyone’s safety. Developing a widespread Code of Ethics in regards to Cyber Security is an increasingly difficult task. New advances in technology make it difficult to have up to date policies on cyber issues. In the US every state has different laws regarding cyber issues so it complicates how business is run on an interstate or even transnational level regarding customer data. The different state laws affect corporate transparency and what information is required to be shared with internal and external stakeholders, as well as, in the case of a security...
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...EFB335 Tutorial Two Solutions 1. There are several reasons why one would expect capital markets to be efficient, the foremost being that there are a large number of independent, profit-maximizing investors engaged in the analysis and valuation of securities. A second assumption is that new information comes to the market in a random fashion. The third assumption is that the numerous profit-maximizing investors will adjust security prices rapidly to reflect this new information. Thus, price changes would be independent and random. Finally, because stock prices reflect all information, one would expect prevailing prices to reflect “true” current value. Capital markets as a whole are generally expected to be efficient, but the markets for some securities might not be as efficient as others. Recall that markets are expected to be efficient because there are a large number of investors who receive new information and analyze its effect on security values. If there is a difference in the number of analysts following a stock and the volume of trading, one could conceive of differences in the efficiency of the markets. For example, new information regarding actively traded stocks such as IBM and Exxon is well publicized and numerous analysts evaluate the effect. Therefore, one should expect the prices for these stocks to adjust rapidly and fully reflect the new information. On the other hand, new information regarding a stock with a small number of stockholders and low trading...
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...study IPO in detail and provide the necessary solutions to it. Internet has been also used with referencing to seek out the solutions. Table of Contents Content | Page no: | Question A | 4 | Question B | 5 | Question C | 10 | Question D | 12 | References | | Question A: The IPO process is characterized by information asymmetries. Explain how these asymmetries may be reduced through the book-building process. IPO (initial public offering):- The first sale of stock by a private company to the public. IPOs are often issued by smaller, younger companies seeking the capital to expand, but can also be done by large privately owned companies looking to become publicly traded.IPO process, are asymmetrically informed as managers and internal subjects posses private information about the firm's future prospects which may be not completely known to external investors. The process by which an underwriter attempts to determine at what price to offer an IPO based on demand from institutional investors. A company issuing an IPO through book building method follows the following steps: * A leading merchant banker is nominated by the IPO issuing company for book building, known as Book-Runner. * The concerned company then announces the total number of IPO shares that it is willing to issue along with the price range/band. ...
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...Social Media: Information Technology Abstract Social Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, are universally known and present in parts of the world in today’s society. Social media have become such a part of many people daily activities that most couldn’t image living without it. It has brought many benefits to us, but also some pitfalls. Facebook monitors how third parties use your personal data, however, they also state they cannot guarantee “that third parties will follow Facebook’s privacy policy, if you don’t want your privacy violated, then you probably want to reconsider joining Facebook or other social networks. The definition of “privacy” is subjective, however, things like personal information such as name, living and working locations, job, career, education, income, relationship status, contact information, and bank information should be safeguarded at all costs to prevent things like stalking, identity theft, fraud, and other attempts to undermine a person’s life. It’s not all bad, Facebook has reunited family’s, long lost friends, and is helping police officers catch the bad guys, however, like anything, too much can be bad for you. More recently social media has been known as the tool that facilitated many uprising in Middle Eastern countries. It helped kick start a revolution known as the Arab Spring. Facebook was used to schedule activities such as gatherings to protest, Twitter was used to coordinate an array of events at a moment’s notice...
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...Business Research Report Impact of FASB on Company A Presented to: CEO of Company A Assessment Code: RWT1 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Research Findings 4 FASB History 4 Public Corporation Requirements (GAAP) 5 Investor Impact 6 Recommendations 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to research the accounting and reporting standards of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and report the impact FASB may have on our company. The following research explains the history and purpose of FASB, the accountability requirements on public corporations, the effectiveness of FASB in setting standards in order to improve financial reporting in the public sector, and finally, the impact on and satisfaction of the investment community in regards to FASB’s imposed standards. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was established in 1973 and has been the designated organization in the private sector for establishing standards of financial accounting in governing the preparation of financial reports by nongovernmental entities. These standards, which are enforced by the authority of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, are important to the efficient functioning of the economy. It is in the best interest of a capital market that investors and potential investors have complete and reliable information provided them so they...
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...individual or an organization. A hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, forward contracts,swaps, options, many types of over-the-counter and derivative products, and futures contracts. Public futures markets were established in the 19th century[1] to allow transparent, standardized, and efficient hedging of agricultural commodityprices; they have since expanded to include futures contracts for hedging the values of energy, precious metals, foreign currency, and interest rate fluctuations. A mutual fund is a type of professionally managed collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.[1] While there is no legal definition of the term "mutual fund", it is most commonly applied only to those collective investment vehicles that are regulated and sold to the general public. They are sometimes referred to as "investment companies" or "registered investment companies."[2] Most mutual funds are "open-ended," meaning investors can buy or sell shares of the fund at any time. Hedge fundsare not considered a type of mutual fund. In the United States, mutual funds must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, overseen by a board of directors (or board of trustees if organized as a trust rather than a corporation or partnership) and managed by a registered investment adviser. Mutual funds, like other registered investment companies, are also subject...
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...An Assignment on Investment Management [FIN 364] Capital Market of Bangladesh Submitted to: Farhana Rahman Lecturer, School of Business UITS Submitted by: Shakerul Islam Tazu ID. 09510127 Eamin Zabed ID. 09510082 Farhana Yeasmin Lopa ID. 09510189 Rawnak Razzak ID. 08310026 UNIVERSITY Of Information Technology & Sciences Baridhara, Dhaka ------------------------------------------------- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL December 18, 2010 Ms. Farhana Rahman Faculty of Business Administration School of Business UITS Subject: Submission of the Assignment on “Capital Market of Bangladesh”. Dear Madam, It is a great pleasure for us that we have the opportunity to submit the assignment on “Capital Market of Bangladesh”. We have tried our level best to put meticulous effort for prepare this assignment. Any shortcomings or fault may arise as our unintentional mistakes. We will wholeheartedly welcome any clarification and suggestion about any view and conception disseminated through this assignment. Thank you. Yours Sincerely, Shakerul Islam Tazu ID. 09510127 Eamin Zabed ID. 09510082 Farhana Yeasmin Lopa ID. 09510189 Rawnak Razzak ID. 08310026 ------------------------------------------------- Aknowledgement One of the most pleasant parts of writing this report is the opportunity to thanks those who have contributed to it. Unfortunately, in any establishment, the list of expression of thanks- no matter how all-embracing-...
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...CONSERVATISM Key concepts 1) Hierarchy and organic society * The term ‘organic society’ refers to a belief, which became entrenched in traditional conservative thought in the latter part of the 19th century. * It was a reaction against the rise of liberal individualism. * It proposes that society is more than merely a collection of individuals, but it is a single entity. * We are connected to each other through our humanity and common membership of community. * Organic society is seen as a reality, which is superior to our own, individual interests. * The ideal organic society – where goals and aspirations of individuals coincide with the goals of the whole society. 1980s – Margaret Thatcher famously challenged this remarking that there “is no such thing as society”, implying that the goals of individuals are superior to those of society as a whole. * Traditional conservatives believe that there is a ‘natural’ order into which each individual fits. * It is normal and natural that society should be divided by a number of strata. * The very rigid feudal system had long since disappeared, but there remained a belief that some kind of class system was inevitable. * Hierarchy like this supports organic society in that it creates an order and stability, which the individualistic society lacks. * Different parts of the hierarchy have different roles that complement each other. * This implies inequality, but an ordered inequality, and one in which...
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...Police Department Policing is arguably one of the most significant issues, which affects the security of the community. It requires careful and proper organization in order to be successful. In many countries, policing is given significant attention whereby huge sums of money are spent on policing projects (Dempsey and Forts 13). This aims at ensuring that the security of the citizens as well as of visitors is guaranteed. After the 9/11 attacks, the level of policing had to move to the next level because, airports and planes were exposed as vulnerable means. In the United States, policing is done at different levels. The federal government through different local policing agencies does the coordination of all the activities. One of the major features in local authorities policing is the use of the police department located in different states of the country and cities for that matter. The Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) Police Department is one of such departments spread all over the country. The department, also known as the LAX Police Department has a rich history, which is evident from its long existence. This paper presents a research about the Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) Police Department from an argumentative perspective. Different matters emanating from how the department operates in Los Angeles are discussed based on how a good policing entity operates when serving the public. The major responsibilities of the police are investigation of crime, patrolling, encouraging...
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