...of policing in the United States. Overall what the relationship is like between the police officers and the different ethnic groups and social classes. This paper will be covering the law enforcement practices that have been used in the past and at present times towards the groups and classes of people. It will also cover the three different era’s that took place in the policing history. It will give examples towards the way minorities were treated in past. The political era of policing was characterized by officers as an intimate relationship with the community and the police force was influenced heavily by politics (Robert McNamara and Ronald Burns, 2009). During the political era of policing there were race riots and racial controversy in major cities like Philadelphia and Boston. During this period police officers were not formally trained on how to deal with unruly citizens and would choose violence to get the point across. During the reform era police officer were dealing with a lot of riots and outburst that were racially motivated. One incidence started when and off duty police officer in 1964, shot and killed a black teenage boy. This caused a tension between the white officers and the black community. The police officers were considered the enemy in many cases. Racial profiling was something the public would consider a common thing, when a white police officer solely focused on the black community’s when riots started. The community era of policing which...
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...Jessica Couture 7/22/2012 CJS/210 Final: Future of policing paper The biggest issue that effects policing is technology. Technology is at a rise and growing at an incredible rate. Technology advancement gives criminals a whole new way or an easier way to commit crimes. Eventually technology is going to take away jobs from our police officers and other individuals working in law enforcement. We are no longer going to need police officers out on patrol monitoring traffic, we have high speed cameras to detect incident detection, and vehicle counting, traffic flow monitoring and even people who violate traffic laws like speeding, running red lights and stop signs. The technology only gets better with the better quality of surveillance camera on street corners. This trend is going to push for more cameras in high populated areas to maintain safely and order. They now have surveillance cameras with facial recognition so that the camera can identify you. These trends are either going to affect policing in a good way or a potentially be used against them because criminals these days are getting smarter with all this tech-savvy generation that we all live in. We are going to see more criminals of all ages young and old committing more crimes like internet fraud, financial crimes like embezzlement, bribery, credit card fraud, indentify theft and insider trading are just to name a few. The question is can law enforcement keep up with the latest trend of technology? Law enforcement...
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...Alex Goldsmith SOC-S 163 9/18/12 Group 6 crime paper 1 Crime For many years there has been a lot of attention on racial profiling, media and otherwise in the United States. Through the years there has been a history of issues that include racial bias regarding African Americans, Muslims, and middle-eastern people. This racial profiling intensified in the 1990’s. There have been a number of studies revealing evidence of racial profiling. The comedian Ron White said in a comedy act that he was once arrested because “the police were stopping ever car going down that particular sidewalk and that’s profiling, which is illegal.” He was making fun of this situation, but unfortunately it is something that happens every day in the United States. Many Americans of ethnic background face racial profiling. Racial profiling goes against what our constitution stands for, and violates the constitution’s promise that all people are equal and that people should be free from unreasonable searches and seizers. Racial profiling targets people of color and different ethnic backgrounds for investigation and police enforcement, but unfortunately this alienates communities from law enforcement and causes them to lose creditability and trust among the people they are supposed to protect. We expect the police to protect and be fair and just, but this horrible practice of racial profiling has led to people living in fear and makes communities feel that they are all suspects...
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...Throughout history, police departments have utilized various technological advancements in an effort to improve their ability to fight crime and maintain public safety. These technological advancements have enhanced a variety of areas in policing, including communication and transportation. Helicopters have assisted police activities by providing law enforcement presence in the air. Helicopters have served an important role in modifying and improving police operations, but questions remain about the priority of this new form of vehicle technology in law enforcement. This is particularly true regarding the use of the helicopter because they are expensive to operate. There are many factors that a department should consider when deciding whether or not helicopters are worth the expense. A brief description of the history of the use of helicopters in policing will be given. Various uses of the helicopter in policing, the costs of using helicopters, and helicopter technology fighting crime will be discussed. Historical Background of Helicopters New York and Los Angeles were the first police departments to create aviation units. These units used fixed wing aircraft to serve rescue tasks with minimal involvement in daily patrol activities (Riley, 1997). The first uses of helicopters occurred in New York City during the 1940s. Their uses included rescuing civilians trapped in ice, spotting fires, following cars being pursued, and finding cars "buried in the swamps of Brooklyn and Queens"...
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...For instance in Bob Herbert’s article, Jim Crow Policing by Herbert writes about the New York Police Department and their nonstop humiliation of young black and hispanic New Yorkers. Stop and frisk law are a practice used to check those who are “colored” and might have committed a crime. A man by the name of Lalit Carson was stopped and arrested in front of his own apartment for having an outstanding warrant, he was soon released hours later with no outstanding warrants. In the article Jim Crows Policing Paul Browne, the chief spokesman for commissioner Kelly said, “the racial makeup of the people stopped and frisked is proportionally similar to the racial makeup of people committing crimes”. This quote just comes to show how they based their search, by racial profiling and not even knowing if they got the correct man who is committing the crime and not an innocent...
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...\\server05\productn\C\CPP\8-2\CPP204.txt unknown Seq: 1 5-JUN-09 8:30 Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?* Patricia Y. Warren Florida State University Donald Tomaskovic-Devey University Massachusetts, Amherst Research Summary Scholarly research has documented repeatedly that minority citizens are disproportionately stopped, searched, and arrested relative to their baseline populations. In recent years, policymakers have brought increased attention to this issue as law-enforcement agencies across the United States have faced allegations of racial profiling. In the 1990s, the politics generated by accounts of racially biased policing placed heightened pressure on law-enforcement agencies. However, to date, few studies have explored whether the increased social and political scrutiny placed on police organizations influenced or changed their general pattern of enforcement among black and white citizens. Using data in the search and citation file from the North Carolina Highway Traffic Study, this research specifically examined whether the politics generated by the media coverage of racial profiling and racial profiling legislation in North Carolina influenced the search practices of officers of the North Carolina State Highway Patrol’s drug interdiction team. The findings suggest that media accounts and the passage of new legislation were particularly powerful influences, which thereby reduced ...
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...Drug Trafficking Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2014. [pic] [pic] Drug trafficking refers to the international black market trade of illegal drugs. While some drugs are produced and sold locally, the cultivation and manufacture of some illicit drugs occurs in only a few locations around the world. Most of the world's supply of cocaine comes from Central and South America and most opiates are cultivated in Central, Southeast, and Southwest Asia. A chain of drug cartels ships drugs around the world in order to get the drugs from the point of production to the user on the street. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in its “World Drug Report 2008” estimates that 208 million people worldwide use drugs annually on at least one occasion. The vast majority of global drug uses involved some form of cannabis. UNODC estimates that 165 million people have used cannabis in the last year. Amphetamine use comes in second with about 25 million users per year. According to United Nations (UN) estimates, the drug trade is a $400 billion per year industry. Drug trafficking traces its roots back to eighteenth-century China. By the late seventeenth century, opium addiction had become a major problem on the Chinese coast, where European traders imported opium from other parts of Asia. In 1729, the Chinese emperor banned the importation of opium into China. As the supply of opium decreased, the price of opium increased and drug smuggling increased. By the end of...
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...essentially argue the same point. The point being that racial profiling practice is destructive and causes harm to innocent civilians. It can affect people mentally, threaten people’s future, and possibly put their lives in danger. Many law enforcement officers claim that racial profiling “[preserves] public order,” “[catches] criminals,” and therefore, is “the most fundamental practice in American policing.” William Bratton, a former police commissioner in Boston, New York, and Los Angeles, even thinks that “[if] the police do not racial profile, they are probably not doing their job” (Toobin 37). Although there have been reports that show a drop of crime rate in some states that practice racial profiling, there is no evidence to support that such a practice is the cause of this decline. In fact, the Brennan Center for Justice (BCJ) even argues in its article “Racial Profiling Post 9/11 – Still a Bad Idea” that the practice is ineffective and more harmful than many people realize. Angela J. Davis, the author of the column, claims that stopping people because of their race or ethnicity at airports unnecessary slows down the baggage-check lines and distracts law enforcement officers from real suspects. While policemen are busy focusing on the innocent minorities, they are actually missing criminals and drug sellers who, according to the Department of Health and Human Services, are mostly whites (par. 3). To further support her claim, Davis reminds her readers that there have been many...
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...HND Hospitality Management UNIT 39 - TOURIST DESTINATIONS LO3 -Understand how the characteristics of destinations affect their appeal to tourists. LO4 –Understand issues likely to affect the popularity of tourist destinations. [pic] [pic] Name: Carole Lewis TABLES OF CONTENTS PAGES Details of the topic 1 Name ID number Date of submission Contents page 2 3.1) Compare the appeal of current leading tourist destinations with that 3 of currently developing tourist destinations. 3.2) Evaluate how characteristics of a tourist destination affect its appeal 4 4.1) Analyse issues that affect the popularity of tourist destination 4 4.1) Analyse issues that affect the popularity of tourist destination (cont’d) 5 4.2) Discuss the potential for responsible tourism to enhance the host community at 5 worldwide tourist destinations 4.2) Discuss the potential for responsible tourism to enhance the host community at 6 worldwide tourist destinations (cont’d) References ...
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...Advisory Board Magnolia Station Grand Opening . . . . . . . . . .11 Riverside Police Department Facilities . . . . . .13 Administration Public Safety Communications . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Support Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Personnel Bureau Training Bureau Management Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Finance Payroll Grants Administration Fleet Services Facilities Management Court Services Unit (CSU) Alarm Enforcement Unit (EAU) Records Management Front Counters/Telephone Report Unit Automation and Digital Records Crime Analysis Unit (CAU) Property/Evidence Unit Operations Field Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Neighborhood Policing Centers (NPCs) Management Accountability Program (RPD~MAP) Watch Commanders Problem Oriented Policing (POP) Bike Team El Protector University Neighborhood Enhancement Team (UNET) Crime Statistics Special Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Community Services Group Citizen Academy Crime Free Multi-Housing Neighborhood Watch Business Watch Youth Court METRO/SWAT & Aviation Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Mobile Field Force (MFF) Emergency Negotiations Team (ENT) Aviation Unit Traffic Bureau Field Accident Investigators Police Motor Officers Major Accident Investigations Team (MAIT) Traffic Investigations Follow-up Traffic Program Supervisor Parking Enforcement Tow Enforcement School Crossing Guards Traffic Education Illegal Street...
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...CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA An Interpretive History TENTH EDITION James J. Rawls Instructor of History Diablo Valley College Walton Bean Late Professor of History University of California, Berkeley TM TM CALIFORNIA: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY, TENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2008, 2003, and 1998. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1234567890 QFR/QFR 10987654321 ISBN: 978-0-07-340696-1 MHID: 0-07-340696-1 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Michael Ryan Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Publisher: Christopher Freitag Sponsoring Editor: Matthew Busbridge Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela S. Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Nikki Weissman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Carole Lawson Cover Image: Albert Bierstadt, American (born...
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...http://research.create.usc.edu/nonpublished_reports Recommended Citation Bakir, Niyazi Onur, "A Brief Analysis of Threats and Vulnerabilities in the Maritime Domain" (2007). Non-published Research Reports. Paper 5. http://research.create.usc.edu/nonpublished_reports/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CREATE Research Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Non-published Research Reports by an authorized administrator of CREATE Research Archive. For more information, please contact gribben@usc.edu. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN1 N.O. BAKIR University of Southern California, Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) 3710 McClintock Avenue, RTH 322, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2902 USA Abstract The attacks of September 11 have exposed the vulnerability of the American homeland against terrorism. Terrorists have already expressed their intentions to continue their aggression towards United States. Their goal is to incur maximum economic damage, inflict mass casualty, spread unprecedented fear among citizens and thus destabilize the nation to further their agenda. Many critical sites lay across US maritime borders, all of which could be potential targets to accomplish these goals. All these sites are simple elements of a complex body where the vulnerability of the whole system is a function of the vulnerability of the weakest element against an adaptive adversary. Ports, nuclear facilities, LNG facilities...
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...AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks TERRORISME AÉRIEN Contrecarrer des attaques improbables à impacts élevés A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Jacques Duchesneau, C.M., C.Q., C.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 ©Jacques Duchesneau © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA COLLÈGE MILITAIRE ROYAL DU CANADA DIVISION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH DIVISION DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET DE LA RECHERCHE This is to certify that the thesis prepared by / Ceci certifie que la thèse rédigée par JACQUES DUCHESNEAU, C.M., C.Q., C.D. AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks complies with the Royal Military College of Canada regulations and that it meets the accepted standards of the Graduate School with respect to quality, and, in the case of a doctoral thesis, originality, / satisfait aux règlements du Collège militaire royal du Canada et qu'elle respecte les normes acceptées par la Faculté des études supérieures quant à la qualité et, dans le cas d'une thèse de doctorat, l'originalité, for the degree of / pour le diplôme de PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR IN WAR STUDIES Signed by the final examining committee: / Signé par les membres du comité examinateur...
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...which will cripple our airport infrastructure – rapid investment is critical PRINCIPATO ‘12 - president, Airports Council International-North America; M.A. in International Relations from University of Chicago; International Trade and Transportation specialist, Hunton & Williams (Greg, “Why we should invest today in 'Airports Inc.'”. March. http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/labor/218525-faa-why-we-should-invest-today-in-airports-inc) With the latest Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) forecast predicting a doubling of passengers and cargo by 2030, the current funding system is not up to the job of ensuring airports will have the infrastructure they need to handle such dramatic increases in traffic. This will have far-reaching consequences. Commercial airports are powerful economic engines, generating 10.5 million jobs and $1.2 trillion for the U.S. economy, according to a new Airports Council International-North America study. Across the country, workers and businesses count on local airports to attract investment and move people and goods around the world. Since 2001, the total number of jobs associated with airports has increased by more than 50 percent. Despite unprecedented growth and clear evidence of the economic benefits of infrastructure investments, airports expect to have $80 billion in unmet needs through 2015 because of the flawed system used to pay for infrastructure projects. That has not always been the case. Airports generated millions of jobs...
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...Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DAF/COMP(2014)14 06-Jun-2014 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE DAF/COMP(2014)14 Unclassified AIRLINE COMPETITION -- Background Paper by the Secretariat -18-19 June 2014 This document was prepared by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for Item IX at the 121st meeting of OECD Competition Committee on 18-19 June 2014. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. More documents related to this discussion can be found at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/airlinecompetition.htm. English - Or. English JT03358883 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DAF/COMP(2014)14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Features of the airline industry .............................
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