...STUDENTS’ CONSTRUCTION OF THE BODY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Kinesiology by Laura Azzarito B.S., Universita’ di Scienze Motorie di Torino, Italy, 1994 M.S., University of Maryland, College Park, 2000 December 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’m very grateful to all the students and teachers who are the subjects of this work. I greatly appreciate their willingness to participate in this research and the time they dedicated to all of the interviews and member checks. I also thank the principals who gave me permission to conduct this study. I especially acknowledge and thank physical education teachers Celeste Alfred, for welcoming me to her school, and Vickie Braud for her great help in making contacts necessary to complete my data collection. Both Vickie and Celeste were wonderful throughout my research process, helping me to observe classes and arrange student interviews at the schools. I greatly appreciate all the suggestions, insights and comments of my committee members. Thank you to all of them: Dr. Kuttruff, my external committee member, for her interest in following the steps of my dissertation; Dr. Magill, for bringing a very challenging and valuable perspective to my research; Dr. Lee, for her deep knowledge and expertise in the field of physical education;...
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...p.11). The rules of language come from our every day lives, and from the environment in which we live. I will attempt to explain further how I learned language using examples of primary discourse, secondary discourse and literacy. Our first contact with language is our primary discourse. Of the three theories of how language is learned according to Lightbown & Spada (1993, pp.23-30), I would like to consider the third, which is the interactionist theory. Interactionist theory states that language develops as a result of the environment in which children live and their interactions with others. For example I was one of five children brought up in a small country town in a Catholic family. My father was a wharfie and my mother a house wife - she never ever went out to work. Much of my childhood was spent with cousins on their farm, or at home with my brother and sisters. We had very few books in our house and no television. We played in the paddocks, climbed trees, swung on rope swings, played in the creek, caught tadpoles in the swamp, played cops and robbers, and cowboys and Indians. I did not go to playgroup nor did I go to pre-school. Mum decided I did not need them because I had enough to keep me occupied. So most of my early language learning was done with close family. Mum had the power of control over what I learnt up...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...The media Anne O’Keeffe Historical overview of media discourse ‘The media’ is a very broad term, encompassing print and broadcast genres, that is anything from newspaper to chat show and, latterly, much more besides, as new media emerge in line with technological leaps. The study of ‘the media’ comes under the remit of media studies from perspectives such as their production and consumption, as well as their aesthetic form. The academic area of media studies cuts across a number of disciplines including communication, sociology, political science, cultural studies, philosophy and rhetoric, to name but a handful. Meanwhile, the object of study, ‘the media’, is an ever-changing and ever-growing entity. The study of ‘the media’ also comes under the radar of applied linguistics because at the core of these media is language, communication and the making of meaning, which is obviously of great interest to linguists. As Fairclough (1995a: 2) points out, the substantively linguistic and discoursal nature of the power of the media is a strong argument for analysing the mass media linguistically. Central to the connection between media studies and studies of the language used in the media (media discourse studies) is the importance placed on ideology. A major force behind the study of ideology in the media is Stuart Hall (see, for example, Hall 1973, 1977, 1980, 1982). Hall (1982), in his influential paper, notes that the study of media (or ‘mass communication’) has had...
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...ARTICLES Sociology o Sport Journal, 1998, 15, 1-20 f O 1998 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. "Disciplining the Body": HIV-Positive Male Athletes, Media Surveillance,and the Policing of Sexuality Shari Lee Dworkin and Faye Linda Wachs University of Southern California This paper analyzes how mainstream print media polices sexuality through framings of HIV-positive male athletes. We analyze the HN-positive announcements of Magic Johnson, Greg Louganis, and Tommy Morrison. Specifically, we discuss differences between the framing of gay men (Louganis) and self-identifiedheterosexual men (Johnson and Morrison). First, there is an extensive search for the ways Magic Johnson and Tommy Morrison contracted HIVIAIDS. Media coverage emphasizes that "straights can get it too" through promiscuity and a "fast lane" lifestyle. Consistent with the historically automatic conflation of HIVIAIDS with gay identity, the media pose no inquiries into the cause of Louganis' HIV transmission. We close our discussion by focusing on the meaning of extending the signifier of HIVIAIDS beyond gay bodies to include working class and black male bodies. Media surveillance of sexual identity and the body reinforces hegemonic masculinity in sport while feeding into the current sexual hierarchy in U.S. culture. Cette Ctude porte sur la f a ~ o n les mCdias Ccrits surveillent et contr6lent la sexualit6 par dont le biais de leur traitement des athlktes masculins skro-positifs.Nous analysons les annonces de skro-positivitk...
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...Self-Governance in Post-Modernity: In the modern world, power is increasingly exercised by individuals upon themselves, that is, through forms of self-governance. The authority of major institutions such as the government, church, and economy, is critical to understanding the relation of personal lives and societal development. These associations shape the development of individual identities. Self-governance is demonstrated by one’s identity dovetailed with the role one might take in society. Irrespective of major institutions or other outside influence, individuals will govern their lives autonomously to some degree. In post-modernity no outside force can completely control every thought an individual has, due to the desire for independence and convenience of social networking. According to Severyn Bruyn, an individual’s sense of ‘duty, obligation, privilege, conscience, and beliefs’ is formed in society’s associations (p. 34, 2011). Therefore the history of such major associations as the family, government, the corporation, and the church, show much about one’s identity. This essay will critically examine the idea that power is increasingly being exercised by individuals upon themselves, through forms of self-governance in the modern world. The roles of self-governance in relation to political and religious orders will be explored to demonstrate sociological theory and modern world societal development with focus on Western culture. Regardless of outside controls and guidelines...
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...M o d u l e 2 Module Outline ●● Who is my audience? ●● Why is audience so important? ●● What do I need to know about my audience? ●● How do I use audience analysis? ●● What if my audiences have different needs? ●● How do I reach my audience? Module Summary Assignments for Module 2 Polishing Your Prose: Comma Splices 02Locker_mod02.indd 18 Adapting Your Messages to Your Audience Learning Objectives After reading and applying the information in Module 2, you’ll be able to demonstrate Knowledge of LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4 The audiences who may evaluate your business messages The variables of the communication process The importance of adapting your message to your audience Audience analysis Skills to LO5 LO6 Analyze your audience when composing messages Begin to shape the content, organization, and form of your messages to meet audience needs 12-12-20 9:37 PM Adapting Your Messages to Your Audience MODULE 2 19 Employability Skills 2000+ Checklist Module content builds these Conference Board of Canada Employability Skills 2000+ Communicate Be Adaptable Think and Solve Problems Learn Continuously Demonstrate Positive Attitudes and Behaviours Work with Others Audience analysis is fundamental to the success of any message: to capture and hold an audience’s attention, and to motivate readers and listeners, you must shape your message to meet the audience’s interests,...
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...In order to fully comprehend the importance of communication on a day-to-day basis, it is important to apply theory to practice. In this instance, communication theories will be analyzed through an Extreme Sports-lens. When executing a perilous task, communication is at its uttermost importance and the way we communicate can convey a vast array of connotations, which could be the difference between life and death. A good example of such a task is skydiving and therefore, this will be the lens to aid in this essay. The overall process of skydiving is long and drawn out with multiple stages of communication practices, ranging from the time of booking to landing on the right spot. Thus, this essay will break down each stage (booking, transportation, payment, transit to airport, equipment, taking off, jumping, landing) and also the different communication stages (group, individual, indirect, advertising, denotative, non-verbal communication). In extension, this analysis will aid in one’s understanding of communication on a regular basis, based on theories from a multitude of authors from different times and places. The process involved in making the booking for such an activity is where two people must collaborate to achieve an equal outcome. In simple terms, employees and the organization they work for want to sell their product, and the consumer want to buy it. In order to successfully obtain this goal there are multiple factors; including advertising, making your product available...
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...Shannon model and social model Look at the message itself and think about the idea in message itself. How message is constructed? How media content constructed? Talking about process… process can be also of : “Signification” - The process of creating “signs” – (anything that you can read meaning into) Semiology or semiotics: the study of signs and sign systems(understanding of sign) |Signifier what we see |Signified what is in our head | |Sign anything we can make meaning of | Words are also signs The thing you see (hear, feel, etc.) – signifier -- and what the thing you see (hear, feel, etc.) stands for -- signified; (also “referent”) 3 kinds of signs (multiple choice test) Icon: looks like the thing (photo, map) apple Index(indicates): associated with its object (smoke indicates fire, animal droppings) tree Symbol: arbitrary/abstract relationship (language) Collection of signifiers is: Text: Any collection of signs from which meaning is made. (Book, TV show, film, radio, sky, map, etc.) Any collection of sign, which has meaning Mix and match signifiers to create signs with new/different meaning (e.g. underwear; beer ad) signifies bad prostate treatment. Underwear signifies good treatment of prostate. Women wearing beer bottle cloths signify that it was very sexist ad and deliver message that women can be consumed. What flag signify: flag of US signifies corporate companies. Show America is about...
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...context, to position themselves and others, as an identity building resource, and the extent to which the use of African languages is implicated in their identities. I also explore the possible influence of the learners’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds on their language practices, and related to this, the expression of their identities. I look at how their language practices help them shift identities with space and purpose, and the contradictions therein. The study draws on poststructuralist theories of language and identity (Weedon, 1997; Zegeye, 2001), in considering how language constitutes identity (Pennycook, 2004) and self and other ‘positioning’ (Davies and Harre`, 1990) It also draws on Bourdieu’s (1991) theorizing of language and power and language as a form of cultural capital. I draw on two traditions in qualitative research: case study and ethnography. In my analysis of the data, I argue that...
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...(1998). In this book, the author presents an analysis from a historical perspective of the images of Afro-Brazilians in the filmmaking industry, from which he presents social and cultural context to introduce the issues of representation, misrepresentation, and underrepresentation of Afro-Brazilians in the national cinema. The main argument of the author relies on the fact that representations of ethnic minorities have been designed and developed based on the uplifting of whiteness and the prevalence of Eurocentric hegemonic ideologies and images. To Stam, thus, the filmmaking industry in Brazil responds to the needs of the groups in control to reaffirm the negative stereotypes of the Afro-Brazilian population and reproduce subtle racist discourses. In order to develop this argument, Stam uses a comparative method to provide a historical overview that examines the participation of Afro-Brazilians in cinematographic productions, framing this analysis in the historical evolution on multiculturalism in the country and the development of racial ideologies that constructed their images. Another scholar that examines the relationship between media and race is Salome Aguilera, who provides an interesting overview of the role of the media in the process of race representation in Latin America. In her article Las cargas de la representacion: Notas sobre la raza y la representacion en el cine Latinoamericano, Aguilera (2016) is able to provide a close approximation to race representation...
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...Edited by Earl Lewis, George Lipsitz, Peggy Pascoe, George Sánchez, and Dana Takagi 1. Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies, by José David Saldívar 2. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture, by Neil Foley 3. Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound, by Alexandra Harmon 4. Aztlán and Viet Nam: Chicano and Chicana Experiences of the War, edited by George Mariscal 5. Immigration and the Political Economy of Home: West Indian Brooklyn and American Indian Minneapolis, by Rachel Buff 6. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East,1945–2000, by Melani McAlister 7. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown, by Nayan Shah 8. Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival, 1934–1990, by Lon Kurashige 9. American Sensations: Class, Empire, and the Production of Popular Culture, by Shelley Streeby 10. Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past, by David R. Roediger 11. Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico, by Laura Briggs 12. meXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands, by Rosa Linda Fregoso 13. Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, by Eric Avila 14. Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom, by Tiya Miles 15. Cultural Moves: African Americans and the Politics of Representation, by Herman S. Gray Cultural...
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...political economy? What does this approach involve to study the Creative and Cultural Industries and what its advantages and disadvantages. This work will search through definitions, different schools and historical periods to better understand the background of Political Economy. Also this approach will be compared with another approach which examines cultural industries namely cultural studies approach to underline the main key point of political economy. This essay will briefly discuss specifics features of Creative and Cultural industries and moves to political economy approach itself with the final observation of advantages and disadvantages. “Culture is our business and business is our culture” [1] Definitions The term political economy addresses to relationship between politics and economy, how political power cooperate with economics, so politics responsible for the society and economy, in other words in charge of wealth of the society. Hence it is possible to declare that political economy examines the production and distribution of wealth in society. But there are also combination of such factors as political, economic and as well as cultural that actually affects the production and distribution of wealth. Political economy approach is employed by many academics to study different industries or social science, media and communication and cultural industries. The political economy approach can be defined in a more...
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...As English-speaking Catholics, the Catholic Irish were opposed to the French-speaking Catholics along with the Protestant majority. This sense of isolation among the Catholic Irish, leads to a sense of belonging stronger than the Protestant Irish. The Protestant Irish have retained a powerful belief in institutional strength and have clung tenaciousy to structures. Stability is highly regarded. On the contrary, the Catholic Irish define power on a personal level to a degree that may seem almost anarchic, but which symbolizes the continuity of the patron-client relationship, which constituted the basis of politics in rural Ireland. The achievement of the Catholic Irish in Canada but also elsewhere has been the translation of this personal approach...
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...Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd. Health Sociology Review (2010) 19(4): 437–450. Embodying the gay self: Body image, reflexivity and embodied identity DUANE DUNCAN Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia ABSTRACT The emphasis on a sexualised muscular body ideal in gay social and cultural settings has been described as facilitating body image dissatisfaction among gay men. Drawing on a concept of reflexive embodiment, this paper uses qualitative interviews to analyse gay men’s embodiment practices in relation to discourses and norms that can be found across and beyond any coherent notion of ‘gay subculture’. The findings reveal body image to be more complex than a limited focus on subculture or dissatisfaction can account for. In particular, gay men negotiate a gay pride discourse in which the muscular male body generates both social status and self-esteem, and deploy notions of everyday masculinity that imply rationality and control to resist gendered assumptions about gay men’s body image relationships. KEYWORDS: body image; gay men; reflexive embodiment; sociology INTRODUCTION Body image dissatisfaction and gay men Following the shift from individual pathol-ogy to cognitive-behavioural and feminist perspectives in psychology (McKinely 2002; Pruzinsky and Cash 2002), a significant volume of psychological and health research has identi-fied a greater incidence of body...
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