... First American paperback edition published in 2006 by Enchanted Lion Books, 45 Main Street, Suite 519, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Copyright © 2002 Philip Stokes/Arcturus Publishing Limted 26/27 Bickels Yard, 151-153 Bermondsey Street, London SE1 3HA Glossary © 2003 Enchanted Lion Books All Rights Reserved. The Library of Congress has cataloged an earlier hardcover edtion of this title for which a CIP record is on file. ISBN-13: 978-1-59270-046-2 ISBN-10: 1-59270-046-2 Printed in China Edited by Paul Whittle Cover and book design by Alex Ingr A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 Philip Stokes A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 ENCHANTED LION BOOKS New York Contents The Presocratics Thales of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pythagoras of Samos . . . . . 10 Xenophanes of Colophon 12 Heraclitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Scholastics St Anselm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 St Thomas Aquinas . . . . . . . 50 John Duns Scotus . . . . . . . . . 52 William of Occam . . . . . . . . . 54 The Liberals Adam Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Mary Wollstonecraft . . . . 108 Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Jeremy Bentham . . . . . . . . . 112 John Stuart Mill . . . . . . . . . . 114 Auguste Comte . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Eleatics Parmenides of Elea . . . . . . . 16 Zeno of Elea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Age of Science Nicolaus Copernicus . . . . . . 56 Niccolò Machiavelli . . . . . . . 58 Desiderus Erasmus...
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...ANAXIMANDER Anaximander (610 BCE - 546 BCE) was a Milesian School Pre-Socratic Greek Philosopher. Like most of the Pre-Socratics, very little is known of Anaximander’s life. He was born, presumably in 610 BCE, in Ionia, the present day Turkish west coast, and lived in Miletus where he died in 546 BCE. He was of the Milesian school of thought and, while it is still debated among Pre-Socratic scholars, most assert that he was a student of Thales and agree that, at the very least, he was influenced by his theories. He is infamously known for writing a philosophical prose poem known as On Nature, of which only a fragment has been passed down. In that fragment Anaximander innovatively attributes the formation of a regulating system that governs our world, the cosmos. Furthermore, he put forth the radical idea that it is the indefinite (apeiron), in both the principle (archē) and element (stoicheion), from which are the things that are. In addition to such ingenuity, Anaximander also developed innovative ideas and theories in astronomy, biology, geography, and geometry. For Anaximander, the origination of the world could not be reduced to a single element or a collection of elements alone. Rather, one needed to understand that the origin was in both principle and element not definable in a definite sense or attribution. While this was a radical perspective in relation to the more determinate theories of others from the Milesian school, it does seem to have some derivation from older...
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...Mat 105 Midterm Pythagoras One of the ways to really learn about the history of mathematics and its contribution to the living standard of people is by looking into the lives and work history of some of the greatest people who either directly or indirectly has play an important role in the history of mathematics. One of those people is Pythagoras. Pythagoras (circa 572-circa 495 BC) was born at Samos. He then moved to croton in Southern Italy mainly to escape persecution. While in Croton he founded a group of followers who today are referred to many people as Pythagoreans and these groups of people are sometimes regarded by many as a religious society, cult, or a social movement. Pythagoras has contributed immensely to many important aspects such as Philosophy, Mathematics, Mystic, and Science but today he is best known by many people around the world for a theorem named after him known as the Pythagoras theorem. This is a theorem in geometry that states that in a right angle triangle, the area of the square on the hypotenuse is equals to the sum of the areas of the squares of the other two sides and this can be mathematically represented as follow: A2 + B2 = C2 According to a website known as the math open references, among the key things Pythagoras believes in is as follow: “All things are numbers. Mathematics is the basis for everything, and geometry is the highest form of mathematical studies. The physical world can understand through mathematics.” However, one major...
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...of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Since the fourth century AD, Pythagoras has commonly been given credit for creating the Pythagorean Theorem. The theorem dates back to Pythagorean triples found on Megalithic monuments from circa 2500 in Egypt and northern Europe incorporating right triangles with integer sides. The Middle Kingdom Egyptian papyrus Berlin 6619, written between 2000 and 1786 BC, includes a problem whose solution was a Pythagorean triple. Even though the theorem had been previously utilized by the Babylonians and Indians and no evidence shows that Pythagoras worked on or proved this theorem, he and his students are credited for constructing the first proof. Pythagoras was born between 580 and 572 BC on the island Samos of the coast of Greece. As a young man Pythagoras was advised to head to Memphis in Egypt to study with priests who were renowned for their wisdom. It may have been in Egypt that Pythagoras learned geometric principles that fueled the theorem named after him. Pythagoras later migrated to Croton, Calabria, Italy and established a secret religious cult very similar to the earlier Orphic cult. Toward the end of his life, Pythagoras fled Croton because of a plot against him and his followers, Pythagoreans, by a noble of Croton named Cylon. Pythagoras died in Metapontum between 500 and 490 BC around ninety years old from unknown causes. His studies and part in the Pythagorean Theorem...
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...Born during 570 BC on an island shaped as a peninsula called Samos, Pythagoras, the most well-known philosopher/ mathematician now in days, grew up with a wealthy family which provided him with an education. While growing, Pythagoras had many tutors and sophists that lead him to the path in which he took of math. At the age of 18, Pythagoras meets and got influenced extraordinary by a master of math and astronomy called Thales. Since back then, all the variety of science and math that we now have, were very limited due to the lack of scientific discovery. The main section of study before was philosophy, and years after, a cluster of subject’s appeared with the root word “logos” meaning the study of something that requires logic. Furthermore,...
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...Demo Speech November 2, 2010 Topic: Magic square personal yantra Specific Purpose Statement: By the end of my speech, my audience will know how to make their own personal yantra by way of a magic square. Thesis Statement: Knowing your personal yantra is an interesting way to gain insights of your character and life’s path. I. Introduction A. Attention- Getter: Who hasn’t wondered, what is the purpose of life? 1. Who hasn’t thought to themselves, what will my life be like in the future? 2. Will I be happy? 3. What about my family and friends? 4. Have you ever wondered if you will be rich. B. Reason to Listen: Well what if I told you, there was an easy way to answer some of life’s most interesting questions. 1. That simple mathematically equations can decipher your fate. 2. That there is a reason why you are who you are. 3. A way to obtain your ideals about love, money and career. C. Credibility Statement: The ancient tradition of creating numerical yantras has been around for 5 thousand years. 1. I found numerous resources concerning numerology. a. Including Richard Webster’s Numerology Magic , that I got from the library. b. There are also plenty of websites dedicated to numerology. 2. I personally have created many yantras for my friends and family. D. Personal yantras are not only fun to construct, but perhaps can give a person some insight on the purpose of their lives. E. Today, I am going...
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...TRUE & FALSE 1. Zeno, Miletus, and Elea are presocratic philosophers. 2. The presocratics were introduced to, but rejected, early Christianity. 3. Believing something because you want it to be true is the same as believing something on the basis of evidence. 4. The presocratics broke decisively from their predecessors. 5. According to Thales, all is air. 6. Anaximander sees changes in the world like they are a type of justice being served. 7. Zeno’s paradoxes were regarded as trivial by those who came after him. 8. The aim of the “two rows” or “blocks” paradox is to show that motion is impossible. 9. Parmenides argues that there is one fundamental kind of change. 10. The Milesians adopt a common strategy, differing only in how they carry it out. * 1. On Plato’s view, a shadow of a feather is more real than the feather. 2. Plato’s metaphysical ideas can be summed up in the phrase “seeing is believing.” 3. Plato says that there are some things that last forever. 4. The parable of the cave illustrates the way Plato understands the learning process. 5. Plato’s line in the simile of the line is divided into four equal parts. 6. The shadows on the wall of Plato’s cave represent the forms. 7. A realist believes that there are mind-independent entities, while an idealist does not. 8. Plato is a realist. 9. Forms are the entities that Plato believes to exist...
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...the man who proved it. Pythagoras was born in 570 BC in Samos, Greece. His father, Mnesarchus, was a merchant from Tyre who traveled abroad. It is rumored that Pythagoras traveled with his father during his early years and was introduced to several influential teachers, including Thales who was a famous Greek philosopher. Several years and many countries later, Pythagoras found himself in Egypt. It was here that he studied at the temple of Diospolis and was also imprisoned during the Persian invasion. During the time he was imprisoned, Pythagoras began to study the religion called Zoroastrianism (Lauer/Schlager, 2001). It was because of these teachings and ideals that Pythagoras eventually moved to Italy. At age 52, while living in Croton, Italy, Pythagoras established the Pythagorean society. It was through this society and his positions in local government that Pythagoras recruited men and women in order to lead them to the pure life with his spiritual and mathematical teachings. Pythagoras believed that number was limiting and gave shape to all matter and he impressed this upon his followers (Gale, 1998). During his time leading the Pythagoreans, Pythagoras not only proved the Pythagorean Theorem, but also made other mathematical contributions. One of those contributions was that a number is an abstract entity, separable from all specifics. He also discovered that the sum of the angles in a triangle is equal to two right angles. While Pythagoras himself provided the world...
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...Running head: GREEK PHILOSOPHY Greek Philosophy Cherese Howard HUM 100 November 03, 2009 Felix Figueroa Greek Philosophy Greek Philosophy is a great civilization that is very much still a part of our culture and everyday living of today. These great men discovered things that were too advance for their life time. Without them, society of today will not have geometry, logic or natural sciences. The term philosophy is Greek in origin meaning “love of wisdom.” (Owens, 2003) Pythagoras suggested that “wisdom is something divine and man cannot be truly wise but a lover of wisdom.” (Owen, 2003) Greek philosophy began around 1200 B.C.E. Historians believe that it was born on the south-west coast of Turkey, in a city-state called Milatos. This was near the end of the Minoan period which did not make it past the Bronze Age civilizations. The city was then refounded by Ionian Greeks in the eleventh century B.C.E. Historians also believed that a young man from Miletus was one of the founding fathers of Natural Greek Philosophy, which questions “nature and the natural causes of what occurs in the cosmos.” (Beginnings of Greek Philosophy, pg 240) Thales believed “that everything is the world is made up of matter which might take various forms like solid, liquid, or a gas.” (Beginnings of Greek Philosophy, pg 240) He knew that water could take on all three forms. Thales knew that he could take a piece of ice and apply heat to it and it will turn into water...
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...Term Paper On Role of the Pythagoras in the field of mathematics Business Mathematics code Submitted By Team Harmony 1. Faisal Enayet (B1506003) 2. HafijulHasan (B1506007) 3. Plato Khisa (B1506035) 4. FarhanajAnchal (B1506075) 5. K.HusFariha (B1506120) 6. SumaiyaMeher(B1506155) Submitted To Lecturer AKTER KAMAL Business Mathematics Bangladesh University of Professionals Submission on Date: 02/05/2016 BBA 2015; SEC- C LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 02 may 2016 Akter Kamal Lecturer Faculty of Business Studies Bangladesh University of Professionals Subject: Submission of term paper on “The role of Pythagoras in the field of mathematics” Respected Sir, We the students of BBA, section C, we are very glad to submit you the term paper on the topic of “The role of Pythagoras in the field of mathematics” that you asked us to submit, which is a part of our course requirement. For the purpose of completing the term paper we did a simple research on the provided topic. We have completed our research and assessment on our term paper topic according to your specification and regulation. We have tried our best to gather information according to the requirements and our ability. There may be a few mistakes, because we are still beginner in this line of work but we hope that in future this term paper will remind us not to make the same mistakes again and so this will become a great learning in experience. At last, we would like to thank to you...
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...| Greeks | CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 Chinese | Indians and Hindus | Islam | God | Ancient Greek theology was polytheistic, based on the assumptions that there were many gods and goddesses. | The idea of Heaven (T’ien) plays a prominent role in indigenous Chinese religion. The term can refer to a god, an impersonal power, or both. The concept Is now well-defined, and religious scholars have had a difficult time deciding whether T’ien was believed to be a force like fate or a personal identity. It is also unclear whether the ancient Chinese believed T’ien responded to human supplication or simply worked in accordance with the principles of T’ien. | God created human beings and everything. | Monotheism, belief in one God, is the most important and foundational concept in Islam. Muslims believe in one God who created the universe and has power over everything within it. He is unique and exalted above everything. He creates, and His greatness cannot be compared to His creation. | Man | Men had the dominant role in public life in ancient Greece. They were engaged iin politics and public events, while women were often encouraged to stay in the home. | For the Chinese then, Philosophy is the translation of words into action or the application of theory into praxis. Thus for the Chinese, philosophy singles out a person to live on what he says/teaches thus, a man/woman of integrity who has word/s of honor. | In Hindu tradition, Manu is the name accorded to a progenitor of humanity...
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...As much as I favorite Heraclitus for his obscure, negative outlooks, and mysterious sayings, I would have to say that Thales of Miletus (in my opinion), has the most compelling ideas and philosophies in the pre-Socratic ages. He was usually credited for being the first systematic philosopher of the Western World. He believed that there was an explanation for everything instead of believing/ promoting supernatural causes. "Aristotle, the major source for Thales's philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, therefore, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics." (Thales of Miletus, http://www.iep.utm.edu/thales/) He often developed logical, geometrical theories, such as devising some that allowed hi to measure the height of the pyramids from the ground, and used his intelligence and understanding of the world to predict crop outcomes, and be very profitable at it. It is also pretty interesting to find out that he was technically the first person to study electricity. "LORDZB" states, "It had been noticed that amber, when rubbed, attracted threads of fiber to it. It was this static electricity which Thales’ studied. When the negative particle of the atom was named it was called...
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...Marketing task As I stated on the phone, nominal marketing will be a peripheral aspect of the position. While I do not expect a formal marketing proposal, I am looking for someone that can think outside the box and help me to grow the practice through various marketing tools, as well as manage the day to day scheduling and office duties more typical of an administrative assistance. I recognize that I am asking the person that assumes this position to wear multiple hats, mostly because I have been wearing those multiple hats myself for the past 9 years of my independent practice. I have included some basic information about my practice, applications of my services, as well as typical fees for service. Think outside the box and be creative in developing a few potential marketing strategies that you think might work well for my practice. Please recognize that I am critiquing you more on work product (accuracy of information and thoughtfulness of proposals, along with your creativity) in addition to your writing and organizational skills on this exercise. I look forward to seeing what you develop and to meeting you during our interview time next week. My practice is typically composed of 10-12 sessions per week. Sessions are a mixture of individual, couples, and family sessions. I am looking to develop a greater basis for psychological evaluations and potential forensic involvement in custody evaluations for divorcing families. I have developed evaluations that focus on...
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...The case study given is about a fresh graduate, Mr. Rakesh Sharma joined Modern Industries Ltd. (MIL) in Bangalore as a trainee against a projected vacancy in the Paints Application Department for one-year training. Mr. Sharma has been performed very well. The Department Manager and the Training Manager were satisfied with his performance in the first two quarters. However, when stepping in to the third quarter, Mr. Sharma raised an issue about curtailing his training period. The request has not be entertained and Mr. Sharma's behavior started to change and became unacceptable. Counseling session and warning letter have been issued to him and the situation did not turn good. One of the primary objectives of the Training Department is to recruit who have good potential and train them to be effective persons in different department. The Training Manager clearly known that Mr. Sharma is a potential trainee but he failed to train him in different department and caused Mr. Sharma only have one choice of department to stay which is the Paint Application Department. The Training Manager have to struggle on his rational decision whether to terminate or not to terminate Mr. Sharma. There are five issues discussed in this report. These five issues are the main causes to the problem that the Training Manage has to decide whether he should terminate Mr. Sharma or not. The five issues are communication, employees behavior, compensation and benefit, company policy, training and development...
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...The Regional Human Resource Generalist/ Trainer for Whole Foods Market would be a position that I would like to possess. The position will be a support to the Company’s Regional Team Members apart of the Human Resources related functions as well as the training and development . This position will support the Regional Team Member Services Team in Human Resource related functions and Team Member training and development activities in the South Region. This includes Payroll and Benefits Specialist Training, resolving payroll and benefits issues, facilitating regional open enrollment, troubleshooting employment issues, investigations, and assisting with HR recordkeeping audits. Greater than 50% travel. Once obtaining this position of the Regional Human Resource Generalist, I would make a few goals that would help me better serve in the position. The position consists of many responsibilities so setting goals to meet the responsibility would be a tactic I would first take so that I am not feeling overwhelmed and spread myself to thin. Breaking down the responsibilities Human Resource Trainer Human Resources Trainer Job Description Develops and runs training programs for employees of industrial, commercial, service, or government establishment. Confers with management to gain knowledge of work situations requiring training for employees to better understand changes in policies, procedures, regulations, and technologies. Develops teaching outline and determines instructional...
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