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Practices in Fire Safety

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Practices for Fire Safety
(ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION)

T.R.A. Krishnan

SUBSTATION LAYOUT
INDOOR

Oil capacity inside oil filled equipment individual or aggregate 2,300litres or above.
• Detached and shall be at least 6 m away from the surrounding buildings and/or occupancies. • If within 6 m - Single Fire Proof Doors for facing wall openings and 6 mm thick wired glass for facing window openings of substation. • Attached substations - 350 mm thick brick or 230 mm RCC common wall carried upto the roof with Single Fire Proof Door in wall openings -contd-

SUBSTATION LAYOUT

INDOOR

• If attached Substation supplies power to Fire Pumps, common wall shall be a Perfect Party Wall (PPW) with Double Fire Proof Doors in the openings. • Separating walls [355 mm] required between transformers, carried 600 mm above the highest point if aggregate oil capacity is 2,300 liters or above. If fire pump supply is tapped from the transformer(s), walls are compulsory irrespective of oil contents.

SUBSTATION LAYOUT
INDOOR

Oil Soak Pits to be if the oil capacity litres or above. Oil Soak Pits to be at least 2.5 m away Substation.

provided is 2,300 provided from the

SUBSTATION LAYOUT

[OUTDOOR]

If individual or aggregate oil capacity is 2,300 liters or above - to be located 6 m away from any building. Alternatively, external wall facing the transformers be a blank wall. Separating distances between the transformers are required as follows: * 2,300 upto 5,000 litres .....6 m -contd-

SUBSTATION LAYOUT
* * * *

OUTDOOR

Above 5,000 upto 10,000 litres.... 8.0 m Above 10,000 upto 20,000 lit. ....10.0 m Above 20,000 upto 30,000 lit ....12.5 m Above 30,000 litres ....15.0 m Alternatively,
Separating walls as in the case of Indoor Transformers OR Automatic High Velocity Water Spray System be provided.

EARTHING OR GROUNDING
• Double Earthing - two separate distinct Earth Connections. • Purpose of Earthing. • Body and Neutral Earthing transformers and generators. • Equipment earthing. • Lightning Arrestor earthing. • Earth Electrodes and earth pits. and

of

POWER AND LIGHTING DISTRIBUTION
Distribution system with main, branch mains and sub-circuit boards Circuit breaker/fused switch for each outgoing circuit HRC fuses for loads more than 150 Kva No looping or temporary wiring No wood work for mounting of or in construction of switchgears

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY
Equipments, switch boards and other accessories shall have easy accessibility and clear approach All equipment shall be constructed, installed and protected and shall be capable of being maintained, inspected and tested, so as to prevent danger so far as is reasonably practicable. All equipment shall be suitable for the maximum power demanded by the current-using equipment when it is functioning in its intended manner. All electrical conductors shall be of sufficient size and current-carrying capacity for the purposes for which they are intended. All conductors shall either be so insulated and where necessary further effectively protected, or so placed and safeguarded as to prevent danger, so far as is reasonably practicable. Every electrical joint and connection shall be of proper construction as regards conductance, insulation, mechanical strength and protection.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES Where necessary to prevent danger, every installa-tion and every circuit thereof shall be protected against over current by devices which: will operate automatically at values of current which are suitably related to the safe current rating of the circuit, and are of adequate breaking capacity and where appropriate, making capacity, and are suitably located and are constructed so as to prevent danger from overheating, arcing or the scattering of hot particles when they come into operation and to permit ready restoration of the supply without danger.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY

PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND SWITCHES A single-pole fuse, switch or circuit breaker shall be inserted in the phase conductor only. No switch or circuit breaker, excepting where linked, or fuse, shall be inserted in an earthed neutral conductor and any linked switch or linked circuit breaker inserted in an earthed neutral conductor shall be arranged to break all the related phase conductors.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY ISOLATION AND SWITCHING Effective means, suitably placed for ready operation, shall be provided so that all voltage may be cut off from every installation, from every circuit thereof and from all equipment, as may be necessary to prevent or remove danger. Every fixed electric motor shall be provided with an efficient means of switching off, readily accessible, easily operated and so placed as to prevent danger.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS All equipment likely to be exposed to weather, corrosive atmospheres or other adverse conditions, shall be so constructed or protected as may be necessary to prevent danger arising from such exposure. Where flammable atmosphere is present, all equipments in surroundings shall be so constructed or protected and such other special precautions shall be taken as may be necessary to prevent danger.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY
ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS TO AN INSTALLATION No addition or alteration, temporary or permanent, shall be made to an existing installation, unless it has been ascertained that the rating and the condition of any existing equipment, including that of the supplier, which will have to carry any additional load is adequate for the altered circumstances and the earthing arrangement is also adequate. INSPECTION AND TESTING On completion of an installation or an extension or alteration of an installation, appropriate tests and inspection shall be made to verify the requirements as per the Regulations. The person carrying out the test and inspection or a person acting on his behalf shall be authorised by the appropriate authority.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY PROTECTION AGAINST OVERLOAD CURRENT A protective device shall be provided in a circuit to break any fault current flowing in conductors of that same circuit before such current causes danger due to thermal or mechanical effects produced in those conductors or the associated connections. The nominal current of such a protective device may be greater than the currentcarrying capacity of the conductor being protected.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY
ISOLATION AND SWITCHING GENERAL Every circuit and final circuit shall be provided with a means of switching for interrupting the supply on load. A group of circuits may be switched by a common device. Additionally, such means shall be provided for every circuit or other part of the installation which it may be necessary for safety reasons to switch independently of other circuits or other parts of the installation. ISOLATION Every motor circuit shall be provided with an isolating device or devices which shall disconnect the motor and all equipment, including any automatic circuit-breaker used therewith.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY
SELECTION AND ERECTION OF WIRING SYSTEM SEALING OF THE WIRING SYSTEM PENETRATIONS • Where a wiring system passes through elements of building construction such as floors, walls, roofs, ceilings, partitions or cavity barriers, the openings remaining after passage of the wiring system shall be effectively sealed to avoid spread of fire. • Where a wiring system such as conduit, cable ducting, cable trunking, busbar or busbar trunking penetrates elements of building construction having specified fire resistance, it shall be internally sealed so as to maintain the degree of fire resistance of the respective element as well as being externally sealed to maintain the required fire resistance. A non-flame propagating wiring system having a maximum internal cross section of 710 mm need not be internally sealed. • Each sealing arrangement used in accordance with the above shall comply with the following requirements: • it shall be compatible with the material of the wiring system with which it is in contact. • it shall permit thermal movement of the wiring system without reduction of the sealing quality. • it shall be removable without damage to existing cable where space permits future extension to be made.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY
ISOLATION AND SWITCHING GENERAL Every circuit and final circuit shall be provided with a means of switching for interrupting the supply on load. A group of circuits may be switched by a common device. Additionally, such means shall be provided for every circuit or other part of the installation which it may be necessary for safety reasons to switch independently of other circuits or other parts of the installation. ISOLATION Every motor circuit shall be provided with an isolating device or devices which shall disconnect the motor and all equipment, including any automatic circuit-breaker used therewith.

WIRING METHODS
Armoured cabling Rigid metal or PVC conduit wiring Termination of cable glands Flexible conduit wiring normally not allowed except between terminal boxes and motors with a limitation of 1.2M length

LIGHT FITTINGS
Fluorescent fittings shall be of industrial type Ceiling roses/moulded material switches are not allowed in specific areas Acrylic covers and /or diffusers are not allowed for light fittings

LIGHTNG FITTINGS IN GODOWNS
Both armoured cables and rigid metal conduit wiring are allowed Lighting fittings shall be either industrial type fluorescent type or incandescent lamps of bulkhead type Control switch for the lighting circuit in the godown shall be kept outside near the entrance

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
A. Classification of Area. B.Temperature classification. C. Apparatus Grouping. D. Environmental Conditions. CLASSIFICATION OF AREA • Based on the concept of dealing with the risk of fire and explosion. • Differing degree of probability with which concentrations of flammable gas/vapour may arise in terms of frequency of occurrence, probable duration of existence on each occasion.

Some Dos and DONTs
Flexible conduits shall not be used for general wiring. It may be, however, used for connections between terminal boxes of motors and starters, switches and motors, but the length shall be restricted to a maximum of 1200 mm. Non-metallic conduits, rigid or otherwise, shall not be permitted in the following locations Where wiring height is less than 2.5 m above working floor level, unless protected against physical damage. Where ambient temperature is likely to be above 55 C at some time or other during the year. In concealed spaces of combustible construction. Where the atmosphere is likely to contain flammable gases or vapours

Some Dos and DONTs
Where a distribution board or group of distribution boards are erected in a room of a building isolated from the source of supply, or at a distance from it, adequate means of control and isolation shall be provided both near the board and at the origin of supply. Each outgoing circuit from a switchboard (excepting fuse distribution boards) shall be separately controlled by a suitable automatic circuit breaker or linked switch and cutouts. NOTE: Fuses shall be throughout of HRC type irrespective of current rating of the circuit. Detachable inspection covers shall preferably be provided to examine connections. Woodwork shall not be permitted for mounting of, or construction of, framework of any ironclad switch, control or distribution gear. Motors shall not be connected to lighting distribution boards. A maximum of Four exhaust fans and similar appliances, may be installed on a circuit; provided, the rated output of each motor does not exceed 600 watts. Temporary power wiring shall not be permitted. Looping of conductors and T-joints in power wiring shall not be permitted.

Some Dos and DONTs
All conduits end shall be bushed. Un-armoured cable wiring shall be mechanically protected for a height of 2.5 m above floor level. Flexible metallic tubing shall not be used as an earthing continuity conductor. Branch main and distribution boards shall be mounted in suitable accessible positions not higher than 2 m above floor level. Adequate working space and freedom from danger are essential. Incoming mains shall be protected by an ironclad switch and fuses. Linked tumbler switches shall not be used for the control of circuits. Ceiling roses shall be securely fixed and shall be complete with caps. Pendants and ceiling fans shall be connected to a ceiling rose to which only one twin flexible shall be connected. Flexibles shall not be used where they are likely to swing due to ventilation or humidifier apparatus; fixed rod or conduit protection shall be used in such cases.

Some Dos and DONTs
Flexible conduits shall not be used for general wiring. It may be, however, used for connections between terminal boxes of motors and starters, switches and motors, but the length shall be restricted to a maximum of 1200 mm. Non-metallic conduits, rigid or otherwise, shall not be permitted in the following locations Where wiring height is less than 2.5 m above working floor level, unless protected against physical damage. Where ambient temperature is likely to be above 55 C at some time or other during the year. In concealed spaces of combustible construction. Where the atmosphere is likely to contain flammable gases or vapours

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Zone 0 An area in which a flammable atmosphere is present continuously or is present for a long period. This classification is applicable only where the hazard will exist continuously in the petroleum industry. Such a condition is rarely encountered except in contained spaces such as the vapour space of closed process vessels, storage tanks or closed containers.

continued.......

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Zone 0 contd.. • In `Zone 0’ any arc or spark would almost certainly lead to fire or explosion. Any electrical apparatus must afford a degree of protection as near as practicable to absolute. • It is recommended to avoid installatiing electrical equipments in `Zone 0’ area to the extent possible.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Zone 1 An area in which In Zone 1, the

a flammable atmosphere is likely to be present periodically or occassionally during normal operation

hazard is likely to occur at any time requiring fullest practicable application of measures.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Zone 2 An area in which an inflammable atmosphere is not likely to occure in normal operation and if does occure it will exist for a short time only • Zone 2 is applicable to areas where hazard is unlikely and may be caused only by the highly improbable and simultaneous occurrence of an arc or spark together with a hazardous atmosphere arising out of a failure of conditions of control.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Zone 2 contd. • It pre-supposes that

any abnormal occurrence is rapidly disposed so that possible contact with electrical apparatus is of minimum duration.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION
• The maximum temperature of the `T’ class of apparatus shall not exceed the ignition temperature of the gases or vapour involved: T Class Max. Surface temp deg C T1 450 T2 300 T3 200 T4 135 T5 100 T6 85

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Temperature classification (contd......)

• Example: CYCLOHEXANE IGNITION temperature 259o C Assuming environmental temperature of 40o C, apparatus with T2 class (300o C) is not suitable. Apparatus with T 3 Class (200o C) is suitable.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
APPARATUS GROUPING: For the purpose of Flame Proof Enclosures and Intrinsic safety, gases and vapours have been classified according to the groups or sub - groups of apparatus required for use in the particular gas or vapour atmosphere.
Contd.....

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
The group of apparatus are: Group I For Mining applications Group II For other Industries and is sub-divided into group II A, II B and II C Apparatus sub - grouping is applied to the technique of prevention of flame transmission and limitation of energy.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS GROUP OF ENCLOSURES
GRP GAS OR VAPOUR

I Methane IIA Ammonia, Blast furnace gas, Carbon monoxide Propane, Butane, Pentane, Cyclohe xane,Methanol

IIB Ethylene, Ethylene Oxide, Coke Oven gas, Town gas 1,3Butadien IIC Hydrogen
Contd.....

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
For flame proof enclosures gases and vapours are classified according to their Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG). For Intrinsic Safety, it is classified according to the ratio of their Minimum Igniting Currents (MIC) with that of Laboratory Methane.

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
SELECTION ACCORDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Particular attention should be given to need for protection against the weather, the ingress of liquids and particulate matter, corrosion, the effect of solvents and the effect of heat from adjacent plant(s).
Contd......

SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
For outdoor installations with type of protection `e’(increased safety apparatus) and `n’ (non-sparking apparatus) should have atleast the following degree of protection: IP 55 - Where there are un-insulated conduction parts internally. IP 45 - For Insulated Parts.

Types Of Protection for Different Hazardous Areas
Zone 0 • No Electrical Equipments or Intrinsically safe type `ia’ & `ib’ Zone 1 • Flame Proof Equipme- nts type `d’. • Pressurised Enclosures type `p’ • Sand Filled Apparatus type `q’ • Oil Immersed Apparatus type `o’ Zone 2 • Increased Safety apparatus type `e’ • NonSparking apparatus type ‘n’

SUMMARY OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE OF PRESSURISATION SYSTEM IN PRESSURISED ROOMS
Classifica Equipment tion of s suitable the room for Zone 1 Zone 1 No action necessary. Equipments suitable for Zone 2
a) Suitable alarm (visible or audible or both) b) Immediate action to restore pressurisation and c) Programmed disconnection of Power supplies if the pressurisation cannot be restored for an extended period or if the concentration of flammable gas is rising to a dangerous level.

Equipment not protected for any hazardous area
a) Suitable alarm (visible or Audible or both) b) Immediate action to restore pressurisation and c) Automatic Intrruption of the power supplies as rapidly as practable within a prescribed delay time having regard to the needs of a programmed shutdown.

SUMMARY OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE OF PRESSURISATION SYSTEM IN PRESSURISED ROOMS

Zone 2

No action necessary

No action necessary

a) Suitable alarm (Visible or Audible or both) b) Immediate action to restore pressurisation and c)Programmed disconnection of Power Supplies if the pressurisation cannot be restored for an extended period or if the concentration of flammable gas is rising to a dangerous level.

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Charleston Sofa Super Store Fire

...Running head: The Charleston Fire The Charleston Fire Gary Scott Ard Columbia Southern University MSE 5201-10A-4A12-S1 Professor Donald Adams Running head: The Charleston Fire Abstract On June 18th, 2007 nine firefighters died in the line of duty fighting a fire at the Sofa Super Store. The way of life for firefighters in Charleston, SC was thus changed forever. The history and mindset of the department would change forever following the tragic event. This event would change the department’s way of doing business forever. The Charleston Fire Department (CFD) was established as a full time service in 1882. The department possesses sixteen engines and three ladder trucks. A large scale department with modern equipment yet stuck in an ancient time when it came to performing firefighting objectives. There had always been a ideology that a firefighter who wasn’t rushing into any situation without concern for many safety related issues was not a good firefighter. It was the mindset of many employees that rushing in and putting out of a fire was all they needed to worry about-this was a deadly mindset passed down through ranks by leadership and the Chief. This was a very outdated way of thinking in the fire service, unfortunately Charleston had fell behind the times and refused to progress as time moved forward. The departments’ philosophy was one of interdependency and did not feel the need to look beyond their own doors for anything. Charleston felt as though they...

Words: 1243 - Pages: 5