...contribution to philosophy is known as pragmatism or, sometimes, American pragmatism. Pragmatism is the philosophy where practical consequences and real effects are vital components of meaning and truth. Pragmatists rejected the idea that there is such a thing as fixed, absolute truth. Instead, they held that truth is relative to a time and place and purpose and is thus ever changing in light of new data. philosophical analysis resolves complex propositions or concepts into simpler ones. An elementary example is the proposition square circles are nonexistent things might be resolved by analysis into the simpler proposition no squares are circular. Pragmatism is an American theoretical movement that was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce in the 1870s. Pragmatism argues that the truth and meaning of an idea is directly related to its practical outcome. Analytic philosophy was developed by philosophers Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore in the early 1900s and received widespread attention in English-speaking countries during the 20th century. Analytic philosophy emphasizes the use of logical argument, language analysis and scientific methods in approaching ideas. Pragmatism and analytic philosophy are uniquely American movements in that they drastically differ from the philosophy found in Europe during the same period. Pragmatism and analytic philosophy are centered on a scientific approach to argument and analysis, whereas 19th and 20th century European philosophy, called continental...
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...Continental philosophy emerged from the German Idealists (Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Freud, etc). Some other well known continental philosophers are Heidegger, Derrida, Foucault, Sartre, and Husserl. Continental philosophers generally reject most science and scientific ways of doing anything (even science). They like to look at philosophy from historical approach, combining thoughts from all sorts of philosophers and looking at concepts like context, time, space, etc. They do not analyze philosophy in terms of looking at only one specific text, but instead look broadly at all texts. Continental philosophers also value human experience and human agency (action). Here is an Example: I am who I am because of the choices we made. I’m who I am because I go to college, I have a family and kids, I have a job… Recently development shows us the Pragmatism is likely the theory of a meaning, an inquiry, a truth and an ethics. In that aspect Pragmatism can be declared as cohesion between different opinions. Furthermore Pragmatism can be a bridge which balances those differences and get those theories in to synthesis. It is be against of Preconception, Dogmatism and Authoritative solutions. But in a contrary way, Pragmatism considers importance of pluralism, collective notion and humanism. Thus Pragmatism is being as an evolutionary liberal philosophy. Pragmatism is being developed mainly by Charles Sanders Pierce, William James and John Dewey. In generally Pragmatism considered in...
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...types of schools of thought that are noted in the field of philosophy. The three schools are known as continental, pragmatic, and analytic philosophies. Pragmatism and analytic philosophy are uniquely American movements because they are way different in theory to the European pragmatism and analytic philosophy, known as continental philosophy. In this weeks reading, it states that that pragmatism is an American theoretical movement that was made up in the 1870s by C.S. Peirce. Pragmatists refused to believe the idea that there is such a thing as an independent and modifiable truth. “Pragmatists rejected the idea that there is such a thing as fixed, absolute truth, truth is relative to a time and place and purpose and is thus ever changing in the light of new data” (p 206). Pragmatists believed that the truth was constantly changing as new ideas were introduced. Pragmatists also believed that the ideas needed to be researched by several people and agreed upon by the consensus prior to deeming the ideas true. Such pragmatists are C. S. Peirce, John Dewey, and William James. Another form of philosophy is Analytic philosophy, which focuses mainly on the theories of language, truth, and logic. Analytical philosophy is being able to think sensibly and come to a rational conclusion based on facts rather that emotion, communication assessment, and scientific methods in approaching ideas. Bertrand Russell; an analytic philosopher advanced these theories of truth. Russell was...
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...20th Century. To begin I will research the history of a few new tendencies in contemporary philosophy. Then I will discuss the Tom Rockmore interpretation of such tendencies. Tom Rockmore is Professor of Philosophy and a McAnulty College Distinguished Professor, Dr. Rockmore's current research interests encompass all of modern philosophy, with special emphasis on selected problems as well as figures in German idealism (Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Marx) and recent continental philosophy (Heidegger, Habermas, Lukacs). He is continuing to explore the epistemology of German idealism as well as the relation between philosophy and politics. His most recent work concerns a new theory of knowledge as intrinsically historical. Tom Rockmore believes that there are approximately three tendencies that govern the 20th Century‘s philosophy dispute. These three tendencies according to Tom Rockmore are the Continental philosophy, Anglo- American analytical philosophy and the American (neo) pragmatism. According to answer.com, continental philosophy is a cluster of 20th-century European philosophical movements that see themselves as the ongoing legacy of Hegel, Husserl, and Heidegger and which encompasses phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, structuralism, and deconstructionism, mainly as different with analytic philosophy (answer, 2010). The Anglo- American analytical philosophy is the philosophy that uses the process of analysis to be central to philosophical method and progress. The similarities...
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...N/A N/A Comparison Essay The three main types of philosophy, also known as schools of thought, are continental, pragmatic, and analytic philosophies. With analyzing these three types of philosophy, we can compare and contrast them and see what they are and how they are used. The first school is continental philosophy. Continental philosophy is a general term, which is supplementary with the philosophical opinions that originated on the continent of England in the 20th century (Moore & Bruder, 2011). It has numerous theories for instance, there are critical theory, deconstruction, existentialism, hermeneutics, phenomenology, and structuralism (Moore & Bruder, 2011). The schools of thought accompanying continental which are the most important the two are existentialism and phenomenology (Moore & Bruder, 2011). The best known philosophers associated with continental philosophy are Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre (Moore & Bruder, 2011). Some themes of existentialism are traditional and academic philosophies are from the uncertainties of real life, the world is irrational, and the world is absurd in the sense that there are not explanations that can be given for the way that it is. These are not all the themes for this school of thought nonetheless these are the most fascinating (Moore & Bruder, 2011). The second type philosophy is pragmatic. Pragmatic philosophy is a type of philosophy that rejects the idea that there is such a thing as absolute...
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...Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870.[1] Pragmatism is a rejection of the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality[citation needed]. Instead, pragmatists consider thought to be a product of the interaction between organism and environment. Thus, the function of thought is as an instrument or tool for prediction, action, and problem solving. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. A few of the various but interrelated positions often characteristic of philosophers working from a pragmatist approach include: Epistemology (justification): a coherentist theory of justification that rejects the claim that all knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. Coherentists hold that justification is solely a function of some relationship between beliefs, none of which are privileged beliefs in the way maintained by foundationalist theories of justification. Epistemology (truth): a deflationary or pragmatist theory of truth; the former is the epistemological claim that assertions that predicate truth of a statement do not attribute a property called truth to such a statement while the latter is the epistemological claim that assertions that predicate truth of a statement attribute...
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...Existentialism is the farthest from the act of truly thinking, yet doing, confronting, and acknowledging the existence of a problem we will struggle to find a point to our life’s(Pg. 152). Pragmatism starting in the mid to late 19th century by a few philosophers such as C.S. Pierce, William James, and John Dewey. They focused on a still very debatable topic still now, being that there is no absolute truth. The truth is ever changing as data is constantly being collected (Pg. 206). This doesn’t mean that no one person can accept a truth, but that they are to accept the truth presented to them at the moment, knowing that later on it will change because of new data. Analytic Philosophy seems to be the hardest to explain as there is no set rules for how this is used, it seems as if analytic philosophy is the combination of different philosophy teachings. I wish I understood the exact meaning more, that analysis of language and uses, but after reading this over, and over again. I still have no more of a clear vision on this teaching, yet this is most commonly taught from what I understand. The teachings of Existentialism are easily understandable for most to relate to, as we verify our existence by the known individual problems we face, and justify why we choose to confront these. Pragmatism is a new term to me, but this has been...
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...that were developed during the agrarian age and industrial revolution, and have been shaped by practice rather than philosophic principles. Education-for-work needs to adopt or develop well-defined philosophic principles that will guide, support, or create practice in changing workplaces. In order to meet the needs of the workplace of today and the future, education-for-work practitioners must be aware of the philosophies that promote both technical-vocational needs and personal development. Education-for-work practitioners must select and adapt appropriate philosophical views that will guide practice in terms of purpose; much like a master painter, who takes paint from a palette, mixes it appropriately, and applies the mixed paint to the canvas using experience and skill to complete the envisioned picture. Education-for-work practitioners must be more than transmitters of knowledge; they should be like master painters or craftpersons, professionals engaged in their art or craft and using their experience and creativity to design and make a quality work. Philosophy has been defined as "a system of principles for guiding practical affairs" (Stein, 1980). Philosophical query asks why practitioners conduct practice in the manner they...
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...Metaphysics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search This article is about the branch of philosophy. For the work of Aristotle, see Metaphysics (Aristotle). |Philosophy | |[pic] | |Branches[show] | |Aesthetics | |Epistemology | |Ethics | |Logic | |Metaphysics | |Social philosophy | |Political philosophy | |Eras[show] | |Ancient | |Medieval | |Modern | |Contemporary | |Traditions[show] | |Analytic | |Continental | |Eastern | |Islamic | |Marxist | |Platonic | |Scholastic | |Philosophers[show] | |Aestheticians | |Epistemologists...
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...International Relation and European-Asian studies A Dialogic Approach to Intercultural Communication ------------------------------------------------- Cosmopolitan Liberalism Tallinn 2015 Cosmopolitan Liberalism By political cosmopolitanism we mean the idea of overcoming the fragmentation of the world into an anarchy of states by constructing a global public order within which states are subsumed. The new liberal cosmopolitanism argues that this new global public order can and must be based upon liberal principles. Liberal cosmopolitanism in its current form is a radicalization of Anglo-American liberal internationalism. It shares a whole series of commitments with the latter: one humanity, liberal values and cognitive frameworks, individual liberal rights, liberal-democracy, the promotion of peace through international economic liberalism, the development of liberal universalist international law and institutions. Liberal Cosmopolitanism differs from Liberal Internationalism in three key goals: * The subordination of the states to a global order of governance, protecting the liberal rights of individual citizens from state authorities, even through coercive action where necessary. * The transformation of state sovereignty from an absolute right into a licence extended to the state by the global community on the condition that the state behaves in an at least minimally liberal way towards its citizens. * The emergence of cosmopolitan citizens...
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...------------------------------------------------- Course Syllabus PHI 105 Introduction to Philosophy Course Start Date: 08/15/2011 Course End Date: 10/16/2011 Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due or when they are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright ©2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix© is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft©, Windows©, and Windows NT© are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix© editorial standards and practices. Facilitator Information Larry Waggle, Ph. D. larrywaggle@email.phoenix.edu (University of Phoenix) Unclelahr@live.com (Alternate) 480-330-0953 (MST) Facilitator Availability I am available from 9 a.m.-9 p.m. Arizona Time on most days, but I attempt to reserve Sunday for my family. On Saturdays, I tend to be online in the morning only. If these times are not...
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...Philosophers sometimes view the idea of human freedom of action as the real problem of free will, but this classification is one of the main misunderstandings in both subject matters. The misunderstanding between freedom and free will may have begun as early as the time when Thomas Hobbes and David Hume, argued their cases to support the theory of the modern concept of compatibilism. From both Hobbes’ and Hume’s perspective, to be free to act on one's will is basically to be free of external restrictions, limitations, constraints, and controls. From their perspective, the absence any external constraint gives makes the agent freedom to do as he or she wills, even if the person’s will itself is determined (or predetermined) by causal laws of nature. Factors That Affect Personal Development Take a moment to consider all of the genetic and environmental factors that have shaped who you are today, and you will quickly become overwhelmed. From gender, race, and socioeconomic background—to family dynamics, education, and genetics—there are millions of factors that have converged to make you who you are. Most people believe that humans are responsible for their own actions and that they all have the opportunity to make the right choices. But when you consider how large a role race, gender, wealth, and family upbringing all play in shaping an individual, can you truly believe that everyone has the same opportunities? Furthermore, are there some conditions under which people cannot...
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...Answer 1: The five personality theorists who according to me have made significant contributions to providing insight into dynamics of human behavior are 1. Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory 2. Carl Gustav Jung- Analytic Psychology 3. Alfred Adler- Individual Psychology 4. William James- The Psychology of Consciousness 5. B.F Skinner- Radical Behaviorism Rationale for the above choices: Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory: Freud explanation about the Structure of Personality and the psychosexual stages of development are a breakthrough in the history of Psychoanalysis. His contribution led to further Research in this field and many other personality theorists based his study and continued his theory. Even though what Carl Jung has proposed may sound contradictory to what Freud has proposed, each theory has its own significance and clearly explains various aspects of psychology. * Structure of Personality: * Id: Original core out of which the rest of the personality emerges. Stands for untamed passions. * Ego: Stands for reason and good sense * Super Ego: Is like a secret police department, unerringly detecting any trends of forbidden impulses, particularly of an aggressive kind, and punishing the individual inexorably if any are present. * Freud’s theory also clearly explains the concepts like Anxiety, Anna Freud and the Defense Mechanisms, Repression, Denial, Rationalization, Reaction formation, Projection, Isolation...
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...1: Philosophy, sophism/sophistry, “pilosopo” 1 [Published in Rolando M. Gripaldo, ed. 2004. Philosophical landscape. Manila: Philippine National Philosophical Research Society.] PHILOSOPHY, SOPHISM/SOPHISTRY, “PILOSOPO” Rolando M. Gripaldo PHILOSOPHY: Ancient Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom.” In contemporary philosophy there are as many definitions of philosophy as there are schools of philosophy.1 What is interesting is that one school defines philosophy to the exclusion of other schools. For instance, the analytic school defines philosophy as the clarification of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences, and it rejects metaphysical propositions as cognitively meaningless. Its emphasis is logic and language. On the other hand, the continental school defines philosophy in terms of the meaning of life and one’s relationship with the world and the Other (other human beings and/ or God). It considers the activities of the analytic tradition as meaningless to one’s life. Its emphasis is life. It is therefore advisable to just leave the definition of philosophy in its original etymological meaning, although even this is not safe. Quite recently, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1989), an hermeneute, has rejected epistemic wisdom as within the realm of human control. The ancient Greeks defined philosophy as love of (epistemic) wisdom. Thales, who is traditionally considered the father of philosophy, was interested in “knowing” the ultimate reality,...
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...Pre-Socratic Period Thales of Miletus Background: Thales of Miletus (fl. c. 585 BC) is regarded as the father of philosophy. Thales of Miletus was considered one of the Seven Wise Men of ancient Greece. Thales was the first of the Greek natural philosophers and founder of the Ionian school of ancient Greek thinkers. Works/Writings/Philosophy: His is said to have measured the Egyptian pyramids and to have calculated the distance from shore of ships at sea using his knowledge of geometry. He also predicted an eclipse of the sun. In geometry Thales has been credited with the discovery of five theorems like the one that a triangle inscribed in a semicircle has a right angle. He tried to discover the substance from which everything in nature is made off and suggested water. Thales is important in bridging the worlds of myth and reason. He initiated the revolutionary notion that to understand the world one needed to know its nature and that there was an explanation for all phenomena in natural terms. That was a giant step from the assumptions of the old world that supernatural forces determined almost everything. While considering the effects of magnetism and static electricity, he concluded that the power to move other things without the mover itself changing was a characteristic of "life", so that a magnet and amber must therefore be alive in some way (in that they have animation or the power to act). If so, he argued, there is no difference between the living and the dead...
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