...effects on psychological well-being. Study 1 (N = 161) considered situational self-relevance of one’s personal outcomes (personal failure or success) on women’s motivation to collect information about gender discrimination. Study 2 (N = 106) manipulated information search and studied its effects on well-being when information contains evidence of gender discrimination or personal failure. Results revealed that women are motivated to search for evidence of discrimination when outcomes are highly self-relevant (Study 1) or the need to search is high (Study 2). Furthermore women suffer from evidence of prejudice, but only when they are personally affected by this prejudice and evidence suggests it is pervasive. References -When Searching Hurts: The Role of Information Search in Reactions to Gender Discrimination Katherine Stroebe, Manuela Barreto and Naomi Ellemers SEX ROLES, Volume 62, Numbers 1-2 (2010), 60-76, DOI: 10.1007/s11199-009-9700-y Published online: 24 September 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Stable url : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-009-9700-y?null 2. Explanation and Intergroup Emotion: Social Explanations as a Foundation of Prejudice-Related Compunction Abstract Two studies examined whether social explanations—causal frameworks used to make sense of a group’s status and behavior—are associated with prejudice-related...
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...of Socialization on Attitudes Regarding Homosexuality in Relation to the Implicit Associations Test Elaina Lucido Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington Abstract In this study, I investigated whether explicit measures of personal attitudes regarding homosexuality are correlated with implicit measures of personal preference between heterosexuality and homosexuality. Participants were first given a self-report survey in order to gauge their explicit attitudes or prejudices in regards to homosexuals in society. Then, a Sexuality IAT was administered in order to test for a suggested implicit preference for Straight over Gay or vice versa. Overall average scores on the Sexuality IAT revealed implicit preferences for heterosexuality over homosexuality. When the explicit and implicit measures were paired together, correlation analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the two. The Effects of Socialization on Attitudes Regarding Homosexuality in Relation to the Implicit Associations Test Attitudes and behaviors towards homosexuality are usually attributed to the moral standings, values, upbringing, and personal experiences of an individual. Opinions regarding the acceptance of homosexuality in America have changed drastically within the past decade partly due to an increased population of younger generations and open homosexuals within the United States. Dimock, et al. (2013) conducted...
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...Crash Movie Analysis Anjelica McCartney HUM/150 January 18, 2016 Victor Armenta Crash Movie Analysis Discrimination, racism, classism, prejudice and more plague today’s society. These horrible issues do not affect one race, sexes, class, ethnicity, or age group; these issues affect all races, both genders, all ethnicities, and all age groups. For this film analysis, I have chosen to discuss the racism portrayed throughout a three-time Oscar award winning movie called Crash. Summary Paul Haggis wrote, directed and produced the film Crash in 2004. The movie Crash interweaves several individuals in Los Angeles over a two-day period. The film shows how a variety of different ethnic characters crosses paths during this period, and it displays their personal experiences involving racism. The movie shows how some are victims of racism as well as how some are guilty of racism against others as well as themselves. ‘Some movies, though, are told very much from the protagonist’s point of view, and the audience needs to go inside of the character’s head, to see the world of the story as the character sees it and feel what they feel’ (Diamond, 2012). Crash will take you there. Characters The movie Crash does not have simply one or two main characters but several. The casting directors, Sarah Finn, and Randi Hiller, carefully selected a magnificent cast to portray the characters in this film. The main characters in this movie include; an African American detective named Graham...
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...The research here would try to recognize any fine lines between bigotry and sexism and highlights the consequences that follows a practicing sexist bigot. Through analyzing various crimes and deviances, we will try to figure the connection between prejudice and discrimination. What is Bigotry and Sexism? Bigotry is intolerance towards those who hold different opinions from oneself.(Google, 2016).It is also stated that the word "bigot" refers to a prejudiced, closed-minded person who is intolerant or hateful toward people of a different group, especially racial or religious.(Wikipedia, 2016).Words like ‘prejudice’, ‘biasness’ etc. come under the domains of Bigotry. The fact that they are intolerant towards people of different groups brings...
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...psychiatrists to administer lobotomies and electro-shock therapy as a means to cure their malady. Studies show that religion also plays a major role along with gender and gender-role attitudes. People who are part of conservative religions tend to hold more hostile attitudes toward gay and lesbian individuals, however culture moderates the relationship between religiosity and attitudes. In developed nations, personal religiosity is a strong predictor. Adamcyzk and Pitt (2009) explored the effect of cultural orientation and religiosity on beliefs about homosexuality and found that countries with a survivalist orientation (i.e., cultures holding onto traditions and norms) tended to believe that homosexuality was not justifiable, whereas self-expressive countries (i.e., cultures more open to change and self-expression) had more positive evaluations (p. 340). In countries with a strong survivalist orientation, individual religious beliefs had no bearing on attitudes; overall, people were highly disapproving of homosexuality. However, in countries with a high self-expressive orientation, personal religiosity was related to...
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...used to overcome prejudice. According to the oxford shorter dictionary prejudice is; a previous judgement especially a premature or hasty judgement, preconceived opinion; bias, favourable or unfavourable prepossession, usually with unfavourable condition, an unreasoning prediction or objection. Therefore prejudice is usually theorized as an attitude that has a cognitive element e.g. how people hold a certain belief about another group. It has an emotional element e.g. either they dislike or like the other group or it has an impulse element e.g. they might have a natural predisposition to have negative thoughts towards the other group. However most researchers define prejudice as a negative attitude. Alport (1954) in his seminal volume the nature of prejudice defined prejudice as “an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization i.e. it’s an outgrowth of normal human function. He believed that “the human mind must think with the aid of categories…. Once formed categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. Humans cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it (p.20). This explanation tells us that prejudice is not something logical or based in fact, but rather, on a series of assumptions, half-truths and guesses. Based on recent evaluations of what prejudice is, I have come to understand prejudice is based on an individual’s attitude whether positive or negative toward groups which creates a standard between groups, prejudice needs to be viewed...
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...12 Angry Men Film Analysis 25 October 2010 Film Analysis The film, 12 Angry Men (1957), is a drama about a jury that was to decide the fate of a teenaged boy who was facing the electric chair for supposedly killing his father with a switchblade knife. The twelve men were locked into a small, claustrophobic jury room on an unbearably hot summer day until they came up with a unanimous decision - either guilty or not guilty. Over the course of the film the votes went from eleven guilty and one not, to a unanimous vote of ‘not guilty’. The movie provides many examples of persuasive speaking, group communication and conflict, and different communication climates. In the movie Henry Fonda’s character made good use of his persuasive speaking skills. He personally had nothing to gain from either verdict, but found the ease with which the others were willing to sentence a young man to death disconcerting. He was firm, but not confrontational when he gave his reasons for voting not guilty. He simply said that he was not convinced ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ that the boy had committed the crime and asked that they review the evidence. With each piece of cosmetically ‘concrete’ evidence he discredited, he slowly placed doubt within the minds of his fellow jurors. He never out-right said he thought that the defendant was innocent, only that he believed there to be some doubt as to the certainty of his guilt. “It's always difficult to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this...
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...Job Discrimination: Its Nature * Discrimination in its root meaning refers to the act of distinguishing one object from another. * In modern usage, the term refers to "wrongful discrimination," or distinguishing among people on the basis of prejudice instead of individual merit. * Discrimination in employment involves three basic elements: * It must be a decision not based on individual merit. * The decision must derive from racial or sexual prejudice. * The decision must have a harmful impact on the interest of employees Forms of Discrimination: Intentional and Institutional Aspects * Discriminatory acts can be categorized according to the extent to which they are intentional and institutionalized. * An act may be part of the isolated behavior of an individual: * Intentionally discriminates based on personal prejudice. * An act may be part of the routine, institutionalized behavior of a group. * The act must intentionally discriminate out of personal prejudice. * An act may be part of the isolated behavior of a single individual who unintentionally discriminates because he or she uncritically adopts the practices and stereotypes of his or her society * An act may be part of the systematic routine of a group that unintentionally discriminates because group members uncritically incorporate the discriminatory practices of society. Discrimination: Its Extent * Discrimination exists when a...
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...followed the historic developments. Authors grappled with the relationship between racism, prejudice, and indifference during this event, attempting to navigate the fine line between public opinion and target audience. Seen as a champion for black rights in Los Angeles, Bradley turned toward a gubernatorial campaign in the early 1980s, only to face a new set of racially-influenced criticisms at the hands...
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...Erin Berkheimer Mrs. Wyllie English IV 21 February 2014 Research Outline I. Thesis: The changing settings in the novel Pride and Prejudice have various effects on the relationships between the characters, especially influencing their affection for one another, and this makes the novel eternally relatable, interesting, and important in understanding human nature and development. II. Body Paragraph #1: Relatability a. Quote #1: “From its immortal opening sentence, “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife,” Pride and Prejudice has enchanted readers around the world, in every language, for 200 years.” (Donahue 1) i. Commentary #1: proves my thesis by showing that a person’s situation is thought to affect their motives and wants, which is a very relatable topic even 200 years later ii. Commentary #2: helps in deeper understanding the novel by providing insight into a main theme/belief of the novel that we will see recur often in the novel, this insight is universal and widely relatable, especially in today’s culture b. Quote #2: “relationships, such as the one which eventually evolved between her character and Mr. Darcy, also sit well with contemporary women.” (Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 1) iii. Commentary #1: supports primary quote by giving foreshadowing example of developing relationship, gives support to idea that the themes in the novel are...
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...The status incongruity hypothesis Researchers distinguish between status based on achievement (earning your way to the top) and ascribed status based on personal characteristics (e.g., sex, race, and age; [Berger et al., 1986], [Ridgeway, 2001] and [Ridgeway and Bourg, 2004]). Because of their gender, women are automatically linked to low status (Rudman & Kilianski, 2000) — so much so that when they enter an occupation in large numbers, its prestige can drop significantly ( [Nieva and Gutek, 1981] and [Touhey, 1974]). The status incongruity hypothesis (SIH) proposes that women who possess or pursue power are de facto status incongruent, but particularly when their behavior violates status expectations. Given that agency is high in status, female agency is discrepant with women's low ascribed status, and this status incongruity elicits backlash. By exhibiting masculine competencies, agentic women undermine the presumed differences between the genders, and discredit the system in which men have more access to power and resources for ostensibly legitimate reasons. That is, agentic women should incur penalties because they threaten the gender hierarchy. As a result, women's perceived status violations (as opposed to any type of gender role violation) should account for backlash effects. The dominance penalty According to Study 1, female dominance proscriptions are the gender rules for women that are most strongly aligned with status and thus, reinforce the gender hierarchy...
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...racism in our world?’ The issue of racism has for a long time been a severe matter at the forefront of society. Different racial groups have developed biases and prejudices against others and for many decades the consequences of this inexcusable charade of insensitivity have plagued the spheres we live in. Many scholars have questioned and hypothesized various means of eradicating racism in communities and many techniques and strategies have been devised. One such method is multiculturalism. This ideology is a derivative of the contact hypothesis, a concept developed by psychologist Gordon Allport, which theorizes that under appropriate conditions interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. If one has the opportunity to communicate with others, they are able to understand and appreciate different points of views involving their way of life. As a result of new appreciation and understanding, prejudice should diminish. Consequently, some policy makers and sociologists have surmised that by implementing this practice and creating “multicultural” communities, the severity of racism and racial prejudices could lessen or even be eradicated. For the most part, however, it seems that multiculturalism will do little or nothing to alleviate prejudice and discrimination. So we are left with the question: “Is racism permanent?” Are sociologists and policy makers enforcing the right measures to combat racism through...
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...------------------------------------------------- University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Part I Define the following terms: Term | Definition | Stereotypes | unreliable, exaggerated generalizationsabout all members of a group that donot take individual differences intoaccount | Prejudice | is most often used to refer to preconceived judgments toward people or a person because of race/ethnicity, gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, nationality or other personal characteristics. It can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence. | Labeling theory | a sociological approach introducedby Howard Becker that attempts toexplain why certain people are viewedas deviants and others engaging in thesame behavior are not | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: * Race * Ethnicity * Religion * Gender * Sexual orientation * Age * Disability Category | Stereotype 1 | Stereotype 2 | Stereotype 3 | Race | All Afro American can play basketball | White cannot dance | All Hispanics can speak English | Religion | all Muslims are terrorists. | All Catholic Priests molest boys | Christians are brainwashed | Gender Male | Is to be the financial provider | He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused. | Hold...
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...AIM: The aim of my research is to find out the attitudes of the young/old male and female to other ethnic groups. Ethnicity is very valuable idea which refers to the common culture of a social group, such as language, religion, styles of dress, food, shared history and experiences. However, an ethnic group is a group of people who share a common culture, for example the Irish, the Poles, Asians and African-Caribbeans etc. I hope to find out the following: • The ethnic group which attract most prejudice? • Young or older people have more/less prejudice? METHOD: To test my hypothesis, I will use Quantitative data method which refers to anything that can be expressed in a statistical or number form or can be measured i.e age, income, qualifications and is usually presented in form of graphs, pie charts, bar charts etc. The advantage of quantitative data, is that data is easy collect and easy to count and visualize. Since the data collected will be in number form I hope achieve its reliability which is concerned with replication. A survey involves the sociologist in systematically gathering information about a group of people and is done using questionnaires or interviews and the first step is to select a group of people to be studied and this group is called survey population. Considering time limits in my research, I will use a sample which simply means a small group drawn from a survey population to be studied. To generalize my survey to the whole population...
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...Writing a Literary Analysis Paper The Purpose of a Literary Analysis: A literary analysis is not merely a summary of a literary work. Instead, it is an argument about the work that expresses a writer’s personal perspective, interpretation, judgment, or critical evaluation of the work. This is accomplished by examining the literary devices, word choices, or writing structures the author uses within the work. The purpose of a literary analysis is to demonstrate why the author used specific ideas, word choices, or writing structures to convey his or her message. How to Create a Literary Analysis: 1. Read the text closely several times. Focus on the ideas that are being presented. Think about the characters’ development and the author’s writing technique. What might be considered interesting, unusual, or important? 2. Brainstorm a list of potential topics. Highlight important passages in the text and take notes on these passages. Later, when writing the paper, these notes should help a writer to remember which aspects of the story caught his/her attention. The topic chosen should always be based on a writer’s interpretation of the author’s message. Here are some things a writer may want to consider when brainstorming for a literary analysis. Character: What observations might a writer make about the characters? Are there discrepancies in what they think, say, or do? Are the observations a writer makes different from what other characters say? How does the author...
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