...Aerothermodynamics of Fluid Flows Flow Around a Cylinder Rehad Islam Choudhury Student Number: 120100288 20th November 2014 Abstract A cylinder is placed inside a closed circuit wind tunnel to observe the effects of flow around it. The cylinder is tested for smooth (i.e. laminar) and turbulent flow. The cylinder has pressure tappings around its centre which are connected to an inclined multi-tube methylated spirit manometer. Pressure readings are taken all around the cylinder for both flow conditions and graphs of pressure coefficient, Cpϕ relative to angular degrees, ϕ° as well as a graph to approximate the coefficient of drag, CD is also produced. The report highlights the similarities and difference between the two different flows as well comparing them to a theoretical flow. Various calculations are done to work out variables like the tunnel calibration constant, K, the free stream velocity, V∞ and the Reynolds number of each flow. In the discussion, the errors of the experiment are outlined and comments are made for improvements. Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Apparatus 3 3. Experimental Procedure 3 4. Results & Calculations 4 5. Discussion 9 5.1 Results & Comparison 9 5.2 Calculations & Further Comparison 9 5.3 Errors & Improvements 10 6. Conclusion 10 7. Reference 10 1. Introduction An experiment was carried out in order to measure the pressure distribution acting on a smooth cylinder that was placed with its axis...
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...AutoSpeak Welcome to AutoSpeakSM | Auto Terms A | Auto Terms B | Auto Terms C | Auto Terms D | Auto Terms E | |Auto Terms F | Auto Terms G |Auto TermH | |Auto Terms I | Auto Terms L | | Auto Terms M | Auto Terms O | Auto Terms P | Auto Terms Q| Auto Terms R | | Auto Terms S | |Auto Terms T | Auto Terms U | Auto Terms V | Auto Terms W | Dictionary of Automotive Terms Lost in a world of unfamiliar terms and jargon? Do you think your mechanic is speaking a foreign language when he explains what is wrong with your Buick? Well, he is really, if you don't have a grasp of the basic terms in the world of cars. We at AutoSpeak can help. We have gathered basic terms to help you understand better what is going on with your car. Auto Terms A Actual Cash Value The amount of money invested in the purchase and repairs of a used vehicle. Also known as ACV, this represents the amount of out of pocket expense a dealer or broker is "into" a car. Air Bag The air bag, also known as a Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System, is a passive safety device, supplemental to safety belts, that inflates to provide a cushion to absorb impact forces during moderate to severe frontal collisions. This system can help to lessen the chance of contact with the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield. The air bag is actuated automatically by sensors located in the front of the vehicle. To maximize effectiveness, seat and shoulder belts must always be used in conjunction with this system Airfoil...
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...Outlets / Petrol Pumps ? • What is available at Retail Outlets ? • What are Petrol / Diesel / CNG / Branded Fuels ? • What are the mandatory facilities / services available at Retail Outlets ? • How Quality / Quantity are maintained at Retail Outlets ? • How to lodge a complaint ? The answers to the above queries are given below : 1. What is Petrol Pump ? • The most common point of contact of customers with Oil Industry is the Petrol Pump. In Oil Industry parlance, Petrol Pumps are referred to as Retail Outlets (ROs). • As per the existing Government policy, Petrol Pumps can be set up by Public Sector Oil Companies as well as Private Sector Oil Companies dealing in storage and distribution of petroleum products as per guidelines. Presently, the Oil Companies engaged in retail business of automotive fuels are IOC, HPC, BPC, NRL, MRPL, ONGC, RIL, Essar and Shell. 2. Products Marketed at Retail Outlets : • Petrol, in technical language is called “Motor Spirit” (MS). It is mainly used in passenger vehicles such as 2 / 3 wheelers and cars. At present, HPCL markets two types of Petrol across the country, i.e. normal Petrol and branded Petrol. 9 ú Normal Petrol: Normally used as a fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines such as passenger cars, two wheelers, three wheelers, etc. ú Branded Petrol: This is preferred by new generation vehicles. It is slightly costlier than normal...
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...producing engineering housings. A housing can be defined as an “envelope designed to retain and position a range of mechanical or electrical components”1. More specifically, the aim of this essay is to discuss what aspects need to be considered when determining which materials and processes are to be used in the manufacture of a car engine cylinder block (which is considered to be a housing). First of all, an identification of the developments, difficulties and constraints introduced by the design requirement to cast (or mould) a housing will be done. Secondly, a comparison of the material/process choices between ferrous alloys and light alloys for housing applications will be developed. Thirdly, the finishing, joining and assembly aspects will be identified and finally, this essay will be ended by a discussion about how the overall organisation of the manufacturing system might be expected to change with production from cast iron to aluminium alloy engine blocks and how the manufacturer has accommodated these changes within their overall manufacturing strategy. Source : http://howautowork.com/list_of_contents/part_1/ch_1/images/cylinder%20block%202.JPG 1 2 Manufacturing Technologies –...
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...Study of Manufacturing of Turbine Blades A Summer Internship Project Report Abstract Steam Turbine is a prime mover which converts the energy associated with the steam into mechanical energy which results in the rotation of the turbine rotor. It is nearly an ideal working device among all heat engines and prime movers and widely used in Power plants and in all industries to generate power because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Presently, 80% of all electricity is generated by using steam turbines alone. In this project report, I have mainly concentrated on the turbine-rotor-blades. Because, the rotor is the heart of the turbine and it affects (i.e. blading of rotor) the efficiency of the steam turbine. In this manufacturing of blades is widely focused. Key Words: Steam Turbine, Blades, Rotor BY k.sai sailender Summer Internship Program 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give to Prof. V.Srinivas, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT-GITAM, Visakhapatnam. Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of BHEL Hyderabad, who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task “ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINES” Last but not least, many thanks go to the guide of the project, Mr.VIVEKANADA MANDAL...
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...* Export citation * PDF (228 K) * More options... Search Wear Volume 253, Issues 1–2, July 2002, Pages 9–16 CM2000 S.I. Wear and fatigue in rolling contact * Yoshitsugu Kimuraa, , , * Masami Sekizawab, * Akio Nitanaic * a Kagawa University, 1-1 Saiwai-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8521, Japan * b NTN Corporation, 1578 Higashi-Kaizuka, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8510, Japan * c Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan * http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00077-7, How to Cite or Link Using DOI * Permissions & Reprints Abstract Researches on wear and fatigue in rolling contact from a tribological viewpoint are introduced. Transmission of traction and accompanying microslip in the contact region play critical roles in these phenomena. First, a quantitative analysis of wear in rolling contact with microslip is introduced, and it is shown that a simplified microslip theory can explain its behavior. Second, a marked change in contact fatigue life with traction is demonstrated, and a theory is introduced which relates the fatigue life with cumulative shear strain in the subsurface. Keywords * Contact fatigue; * Microslip; * Rolling contact; * Wear 1. Introduction Reduction of wear and prevention of contact fatigue are important objectives of railway technology and of tribology as well. However, these two engineering fields have been developing as different worlds, and researchers...
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...engine life. If however, the engine is supercharged, then a greater supply of air will be available, enabling more fuel to be burnt; this will result in the engine producing more power. (Supercharging is the introduction of air to an engine at higher than atmospheric pressure). Mechanical Supercharging With mechanical supercharging, the combustion air is compressed by a compressor driven directly by the engine. However, the power output increase is partly lost due to the parasitic losses from driving the compressor. The power to drive a mechanical turbocharger is up to 15 % of the engine output. Therefore, fuel consumption is higher when compared with a naturally aspirated engine with the same power output. [pic] Fig. 1 Schematic of a mechanically supercharged four-cylinder engine Exhaust Gas Supercharging (Turbocharging) In exhaust gas turbocharging, some of the exhaust gas energy, which would normally be wasted, is used to drive a turbine. Mounted on the same shaft as the turbine is a compressor which draws in the combustion air, compresses it, and then supplies it to the engine. There is no mechanical coupling to the engine. [pic] Fig. 2 Schematic of an exhaust gas turbocharged four-cylinder engine...
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...particles in rapid and constant motion. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on three factors; the first is - Collision Frequency If a chemical reaction is to happen between two particles, they must first collide. The number of collisions between particles per unit time is known as the collision frequency of the system. This then can be altered by changing the concentration of reactants, total pressure, temperature or the size of the reacting particles. These are all the factors in general that have distinct effects on rates of reaction. The second factor in the collision theory is -Collision Energy Not all collisions result in chemical reactions. Most of the time the colliding particles just bounce off each other. These particular collisions are known as unsuccessful collisions; these usually happen when there isn’t enough energy for necessary bonds to be broken. However, if they do have enough energy. The combined energy of the colliding particles is known as the collision energy. Not all the particles in a given reaction have the same energy; they have a broad distribution of different energies. In a way...
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...Creative by Team work Introduction y Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW), (literally English: Bavarian Motor y y y y y y y Works) is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916. Founder(s): Franz Josef Popp Norbert Reithofer (CEO), the parent company is Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW is known for its performance and luxury vehicles, and is a global leader in premium car sales. Profit is ¼204 million and Employees is 96,230. company logo of BMW, combined with the blue and white colors of the flag of Bavaria, reversed to produce the BMW roundel. the origin of the logo being based on the movement of a propeller is in dispute Raw materials y BMW Group therefore uses natural fibers and other natural products whenever this proves practicable from a technical, ecological and economic point of view. y In addition to metal, plastics and glass, the most familiar materials used by carmakers, the BMW Group also employs a whole range of renewable raw materials in its vehicle production. Alongside natural fibers, this also includes leather, natural rubber and vegetable oils. High-grade raw materials from natural sources y Renewable raw materials are officially defined as ³products derived from the agricultural and forestry sectors which are used for non-food purposes´. y Agricultural crops can even be used as a substitute for fossil materials. Continue Renewable is not necessarily synonymous with recyclable y For technical reasons it is actually...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In this age of industrialization and globalization, the importance of electricity is unquestionable. Considered as one of the basic needs of mankind, it is essential not only in performing household tasks or maintaining livelihood activities, but also in improving people’s well-being. Through electrification, people have greater access to productivity and developments in technology, infrastructure, health, education, communication, and even modern and sustainable livelihoods. However, despite its importance there are still many households especially here in Mindanao which do not have connection to electricity. Based on the results of the 2008 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, two in every five poor Filipino families living in the urban or rural areas do not have electricity in their homes (National Statistics Office, 2008). The reason for this is the high cost of electricity.For the economically disadvantaged, electricity is considered a luxurious necessity. Another problem that confronts electricity utilization both in the urban and rural areas is the frequent power rate increase and the prevailing power shortages. Based on the situation here in Iligan City as of May 2013, insufficient power supply caused Iligan Light and Power, Inc. (ILPI) to purchase additional 10 MW from MPC (Mapalad Power Corporation). This resulted to increase in power cost from Php 6.53 per kWh to Php 7.67 per kWh. With the increase in demand, possibility...
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...the turbine forces more intake air, proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than if atmospheric pressure alone is used. Turbochargers were originally known as a turbosuperchargers when all forced induction devices were classified as superchargers, nowadays the term "supercharger" is usually applied to only mechanically-driven forced induction devices.[3] The key difference between a turbocharger and a conventional supercharger is that the latter is mechanically driven from the engine often from a belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is driven by the engine's exhaust gas turbine. Compared to a mechanically-driven supercharger, turbochargers tend to be more efficient but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an engine which has both a supercharger and a turbocharger. Turbos are commonly used on truck, car, train and construction equipment engines. Turbos are popularly used with Otto cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines. They have also been found useful in automotive fuel cells Operating principle In most piston engines, intake gases are "pulled" into the engine by the downward stroke of the piston[16][17] (which creates a low-pressure area), similar to drawing liquid using a syringe. The amount of air which is actually inhaled, compared with the theoretical amount if the engine could maintain atmospheric pressure, is called volumetric efficiency.[18] The objective of a turbocharger is to improve an engine's volumetric efficiency...
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...guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience. This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied, reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent. KLM Technology Group Practical Engineering Guidelines for Processing Plant Solutions Page 2 of 52 COOLING TOWER SELECTION AND SIZING ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES Rev: 01 July 2011 THEORY Cooling Tower Performance Vapor Pressure of Water Humidity Relative Humidity and Percent Humidity Dew Point Humidity Chart Wet Bulb Temperature Cooling Tower Sizing APPLICATION Example Case 1: Cooling Tower Sizing Example Case 2:...
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...Utah State Hospital Policies and Procedures Facilities Management Table of Contents Utah State Hospital Facilities Management Utah State Hospital Support Services Management Maintenance Utilities Systems Management Plan UTILITIES SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT PLAN _______________________________________________________ ______________ I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. IXV. XV. Preface Policy Objective Responsibility Process Scope Criteria For Critical Components Utilities Systems Problem Reports Training Communication; Risk Management Control Committee Annual Review Utility Subcommittee Utility Systems Policy and Procedures Utility Systems Emergency Protocol Utility Systems Safety & Security Fleet Operations Utah State Hospital Facilities Management Rev: 04/98, 12/98, 11/00, 3/04 The Utilities Management Plan describes how the organization will establish and maintain a utility systems management program to: a. b. c. Promote a safe, controlled, comfortable environment of care; Assess and minimize risks of utility failures; and Ensure operational reliability of utility systems; The plan provides processes for: d. Establishing criteria for identifying, evaluating, and taking inventory of critical operating components of systems to be included in the utility management program. These criteria address the impact of utility systems on: 1. Life support systems, 2. Infection control systems, 3. Environmental support systems, 4. Equipment-support systems...
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...are sold in Dubai. In storage, the tobacco is kept in air-conditioned and moisture controlled rooms where its perfection can be maintained for up to two years. The bales of processed tobacco are sliced in uniform sizes and ground. This is stored in the blending silos in specific ratios. The tobacco (lamina) is moistened, cut and dried. Some of the excess stem produced in National Leaf is also used. It is fed into a conditioner using auto feed. Then, it is cooled and stored in silos to be processed further when necessary. A stem roller is used to flatten the stem so that it is ready to be cut first by the cutter and then by a millicutter. It is moistened using steam in low pressure and dried to attain the desired level of humidity. At this point the lamina and stem come together in the mixing cylinder where chemicals are added. There are different silos for each blend and the cut tobacco is stored in these. Four Rotary feeders are involved in transporting this to the secondary manufacturing department. A Molin’s Plug making machine makes...
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...Pressure Distribution and Lift on a Piercy Aerofoil. Chathura Lakmal Hewage 090418138 Contents Introduction 3 Background Theory 3 Aerofoil Design 3 Velocity And Pressure Distribution 4 Angle of Attack and lift 5 The Flow of Fluids 6 Lift 6 Resulting Lifting Force 7 Pressure Distribution 7 Center of Pressure 8 Calculations & Results 8 Discussion 13 Conclusion 13 References 13 Introduction Aerodynamics is a branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of a fluid continuum the action of applied forces. The motion and general behaviour of a fluid is governed by the fundamental laws of classical mechanics and thermodynamics and plays an important role in such diverse fields as biology, meteorology, chemical engineering, and aerospace engineering. An introductory text on fluid mechanics, such as , surveys the basic concepts of fluid dynamics and the various mathematical models used to describe fluid flow under different restrictive assumptions. The objectives of this experiment are to investigate the way in which the static pressure varies on the surface of an aerofoil in low speed flow, and to deduce the lift force acting on the aerofoil. An aerofoil with a symmetrical section is used for the experiment, which is conducted in a wind tunnel at a wind speed low enough for the flow to be treated as incompressible. From the measured distribution of surface pressure around the aerofoil at a small angle of incidence, the lift will be calculated by...
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