...PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A CYLINDER DEN5242 – AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOWS NAKIBUL HUSSAIN NUHASH 130760034 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Experimental Apparatus and Instrumentation ....................................................................................... 2 Experimental procedure ......................................................................................................................... 2 Calculations and Results ......................................................................................................................... 3 Discussion................................................................................................................................................ 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 9 References .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction The purpose of the experiment is to determine the pressure distribution on the surface of a smooth cylinder placed with its axis...
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...- Heat normally flows from a hotter object to a colder object Fog Occurs naturally when humid air experiences a sudden drop in temperature Section 8.1 Air Conditioners Removes some thermal energy but cant make it disappear. It transfers thermal energy from the cooler room air to the warmer air outside Moving Heat Around: Thermodynamics An air conditioner transfers heat against its natural direction of flow. Heat pump- a device that uses ordered energy to transfer heat from a colder object to a hotter object law of thermal equilibrium (zeroth law of thermodynamics) two objects that are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object also in thermal equilibrium with another. To eliminate thermal energy, you must convert it to another form or transfer it elsewhere Law of conservation of energy(first law of thermodynamics) Two ways to transfer energy The mechanical means – work Thermal means – heat Change in objects thermal energy=heat added to object – work done by object Disorder and Entropy Ordered energy and thermal energy aren’t equivalent You can convert ordered energy into thermal but not the other way around. Ex: when you burn a log you cant turn the smoke back into a log. The particles would have to move back to exactly how they were. Disorder of an isolated system never decreases. Entropy: measure of the total disorder in an object Generally increases Law of entropy- the entropy of a thermally isolated system of objects never decreases...
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...results in a compression over the Hydraulic system. CHAPRT-2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 2.1 PASCAL’S LAW Fig no:1 * Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied anywhere to a confined liquid it transmitted equally to every portion of the surface of the containing vessel. * Refer the above fig. When a force is applied to the liquid by a piston, the liquid transmits this force equally to all surfaces of the container. 2.2 HYDRULIC PRINCIPLES There are certain governing principles in a hydraulic system 1. All liquids are non-compressible and can be used to transmit power. 2. Any load to be lifted offers resistance to flow of liquid. This resistance to flow is pressure. 3. If the capacity of the pump is more, then it pumps out more liquid. If it pumps out more liquid, then it makes the hydraulic actuators (hydraulic cylinder) (or)...
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... Function Leak free sealing of flow in one direction. Allows flow in only one direction. Provides positive back pressure on a system when fitted with a spring. Also used as simple low pressure relief valves. Setting Fixed spring to control the opening or cracking pressure Fit valves without springs vertically Variations Pilot operated – can be opened by pilot pressure to allow flow back through valves. Can be used as leak free directional valves. Typically for low flow, high pressure situations or for very high flows where directional valves are expensive or not suitable. Directional control valves Function Stops/starts flow or directs flow into A or B service lines. Variations Manual or electrical operation. Spool centre positions vary depending on free flow path or pressure venting. Pilot or direct operated valves. Low flows generally direct acting but large flows require pilot operation. Pressure relief valves Function Limits the maximum pressure in a circuit. Setting Generally set 15 bar above the working pressure of system. Back pressure - Changes in pilot drain or backpressure will generally be added to the set pressure; making a sequence valve. Variations Direct acting - quick response, low flow, leak free. Pilot operated - high flow, internal or external leakage. Unloading valve - e.g. relief valve that switches to minimum pressure for start up. Flow control or throttle valves Function Controls the flow passing through the valve. Generally...
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...more efficient. Fuel injection has come to be the modern fuel system that new cars use today, but there are still many people that prefer the carburetor. Even though some people favorprefer carburetors over fuel injection, fuel injection is more efficient and can deliver more power than carburetors-which makes it the, best method of fuel delivery. Electronic Fuel Injection is controlled by the electronic control unit. The electronic control unit manages the fuel and air mixture, idle speed, ignition timing and valve timingThis control unit also utilizes sensors which measures components such as air pressure, engine temperature, throttle position and engine speed(7).The fuel is sent to the engine with a high pressure electric fuel pump at around 35 psi. (8) The fuel pump sends the fuel through a fuel filter and through the...
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...pump lobe pump internals Mechanism of a scroll pump A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation. Positive displacement pump behavior and safety Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate. A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both. A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief...
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...Dr. Roy Plunkett created Polytetrafluoroethylene also known as Teflon in 1938 after receiving his PhD in organic chemistry and took job with DuPont in Jackson, New Jersey. Dr. Roy was appointed to work on finding a non-toxic substitute refrigerant other than ammonia and sulfur dioxide. [1] Teflon was accidently invented when Dr. Roy and his assistant, Jack Rebok, were experimenting with one of the potential refrigerants; tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and he consequently produced around 100 lbs of gas and stored them in cylinders. Upon opening the valve after few days even though the cylinder was full when weighed nothing was coming out as the gas inside the cylinder was solidified. Dr. Roy and his assistant decided to cut the cylinder into half and once they managed to open the cylinder they discovered that the gas in the cylinder had been converted into a white waxy powder...
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...composite aircraft of monocoque construction. They are equipped with fixed tricycle landing gear of composite construction. The steerable nose gear is a welded metal, trailing link assembly with rubber springs.The aircraft is equipped with JABIRU, 4 cylinder, 4 stroke engines driving a wooden fixed pitch propeller. Engine Models The Jabiru 2200J Engine is certified to the CS-22 Subpart H Design Standard by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority of Australia. The CASA Type Certificate Number for the 2200J Engine is 160-2. Specifications of the engine are available on the Type Certificate Data Sheet attached to the Type Certificate. Aircraft specification History The company was formed in 1988 by Rodney Stiff and Phil Ainsworth to manufacture affordable light aircraft in kit and certified forms. In October 1991, the first aircraft (Jabiru LSA 55/2k), was certified by the Australian Civil Aviation Authority. Due to the original engine manufacturer ceasing production of aero engines, the company started development of its own engines, and by 1995 the Jabiru 2200, a horizontally-opposed four-cylinder aircooled aviation engine, was available for delivery. Since then the six-cylinder Jabiru 3300 and eight-cylinder Jabiru 5100 have been added to the range. Also in 1995, it was decided to offer the aircraft range as amateur-build or experimental self-build kits. The microlight version of the Jabiru two-seater aircraft, the Jabiru UL, holds two world speed records...
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...atmospheric pressure). Mechanical Supercharging With mechanical supercharging, the combustion air is compressed by a compressor driven directly by the engine. However, the power output increase is partly lost due to the parasitic losses from driving the compressor. The power to drive a mechanical turbocharger is up to 15 % of the engine output. Therefore, fuel consumption is higher when compared with a naturally aspirated engine with the same power output. [pic] Fig. 1 Schematic of a mechanically supercharged four-cylinder engine Exhaust Gas Supercharging (Turbocharging) In exhaust gas turbocharging, some of the exhaust gas energy, which would normally be wasted, is used to drive a turbine. Mounted on the same shaft as the turbine is a compressor which draws in the combustion air, compresses it, and then supplies it to the engine. There is no mechanical coupling to the engine. [pic] Fig. 2 Schematic of an exhaust gas turbocharged four-cylinder engine...
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...Major Project Report on Design and Control of an Electromechanical Actuator for Variable Valve Timing for Partial fulfilment to award of Bachelor of Technology in Automobile Engineering Submitted by Aditya Jindal (2K10/AE/25) Pankaj Kandpal (2k10/AE/40) Mohit Yadav (2K10/AE/37) Rahul Khurana (2K10/AE/48) Under the supervision of Dr. R.C. Singh DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DELHI-110042 2014 Major Project Report on Design and Control of an Electromechanical Actuator for Variable Valve Timing for Partial fulfilment to award of Bachelor of Technology in Automobile Engineering Submitted by Aditya Jindal (2K10/AE/25) Pankaj Kandpal (2k10/AE/40) Mohit Yadav (2K10/AE/37) Rahul Khurana(2K10/AE/48) Under the supervision of Dr. R.C. Singh DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DELHI-110042 2014 DECLARATION We hereby declare that the major project report entitled “Design and Control of an Electromechanical Actuator for Variable Valve Timing” submitted to Delhi Technological University is a record of original work done by us under the guidance of Dr. R.C. Singh, Department of Mechanical Engineering. It is further declared that this project work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma. Aditya Jindal (2K10/AE/25) Mohit Yadav (2K10/AE/37) Pankaj Kandpal (2K10/AE/40) Rahul Khurana (2K10/AE/48) ...
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...semi-closed rebreathers are now available. Test Pressure: the pressure to which the cylinder is subjected to during hydrostatic testing. For a 200 bar cylinder it is 300 bars, for a 232 bar cylinder it is 348 bars. If internal inspection reveals corrosion, it may have to be cleaned by tumbling. The tumbling process involves filling the cylinder approximately half full of an abrasive material such as carbide chips, or aluminum oxide chips, and rotating it for a number of hours. A dual valve for a single cylinder, known as a Y-valve, or an H-valve, allows a diver to mount 2 regulator systems on a single cylinder. The first stage reduces cylinder pressure to an intermediate pressure (or low pressure) of approximately 90-150 psi (6 to 10 bar). The second stage reduces the intermediate (low) pressure to ambient pressure. Because of their tendency to fail in a closed position, upstream valves are rare in modern scuba regulators. In a Balanced Valve regulator the operation of the regulator is independent of the cylinder or applied pressure. (Breathes the same at low tank pressure) The internal valves of scuba regulator first stages are available in 2 basic types, diaphragm and piston. The main valve of a Pilot Valve regulator is opened and closed with air pressure, rather than mechanical leverage. Some regulators may not be capable of delivering high flow rates at low cylinder pressures when two divers are breathing from it at the same time in an emergency air...
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...flying machine was powered by a piston engine - and today, nearly a century later, piston engines are still used in hundreds of thousands of aircraft all over the world. Basic Principles Piston Engine Design 2. There are many types of piston engine - one example is the old type of railway engine, where solid fuel (coal or wood) is burnt externally in a firebox, to turn water into steam which is then piped to the engine to drive the pistons. These external combustion engines are much too heavy for aviation, so we use the internal combustion engine, which obtains its power by burning liquid fuel inside the engine, where the pistons are located. 3. The piston engine is basically similar to a bicycle pump in that it has a cylinder, inside which is a sliding plunger or piston. Connect a bicycle pump to the tube of a tyre and...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In this age of industrialization and globalization, the importance of electricity is unquestionable. Considered as one of the basic needs of mankind, it is essential not only in performing household tasks or maintaining livelihood activities, but also in improving people’s well-being. Through electrification, people have greater access to productivity and developments in technology, infrastructure, health, education, communication, and even modern and sustainable livelihoods. However, despite its importance there are still many households especially here in Mindanao which do not have connection to electricity. Based on the results of the 2008 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, two in every five poor Filipino families living in the urban or rural areas do not have electricity in their homes (National Statistics Office, 2008). The reason for this is the high cost of electricity.For the economically disadvantaged, electricity is considered a luxurious necessity. Another problem that confronts electricity utilization both in the urban and rural areas is the frequent power rate increase and the prevailing power shortages. Based on the situation here in Iligan City as of May 2013, insufficient power supply caused Iligan Light and Power, Inc. (ILPI) to purchase additional 10 MW from MPC (Mapalad Power Corporation). This resulted to increase in power cost from Php 6.53 per kWh to Php 7.67 per kWh. With the increase in demand, possibility...
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...WWW.TPAPERS.BLOGSPOT.COM SPLIT CYCLE IC ENGINE www.tpapers.blogspot.com For more papers www.tpapers.blogspot.com Help your fellow students… Explore more…. Mail your papers to totpapers@gmail.com SPLIT CYCLE IC ENGINE Abstract: The Split-Cycle Engine changes the heart of the conventional engine by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. The gas passage includes a set of uniquely timed valves, which maintain a precharged pressure through all four strokes of the cycle. Shortly after the piston in the power cylinder reaches its top dead center position, the gas is quickly transferred to the power cylinder and fired (or combusted) to produce the power stroke. Split-cycle internal combustion engine claims have the potential to double fuel efficiency for same size engine, while reducing the manufacturing price by up to 50% which includes a built in dedicated compressor. Rather than using batteries and electric motors/generators to harness braking energy, the engine uses the air compressor. A split cycle engine includes a novel compressor apparatus driven by the combustion engine, a closed-cycle refrigeration system in cooperation with the compressor apparatus, and a pneumatic motor driven by compressed air from the compressor apparatus. Refrigerant in the compressor absorbs thermal...
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...able to determine the type of organisms that can thrive there. This concentration is dependent upon the salinity and chlorinity of the water, as well as the temperature, atmospheric pressure, flow rate, and distance along the stream from the deoxygenated parts of the water. The purpose of this laboratory assignment is to collect data about the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a pre-built setup with control factors, and from this we will apply our knowledge to determine if the cleaned wastewater from a water treatment plant will have the desirable concentration of dissolved oxygen before being pumped into a local river. Experimental Procedures: Equipment: a) Supply of nitrogen-infused deoxygenated water flowing at a steady rate. b) Seven (7) sections of PVC half-pipes, each placed approximately 15-20.5cm lower than the previous (going downstream) for six (6) vertical drops. c) Four (4) small rocks placed in channel 7 approximately equidistant from each other. d) One (1) tape measure. e) One (1) oxygen level meter. f) One (1) bucket to collect the water after flowing through the system. g) One (1) graduated cylinder, used to measure the flow rate for the given amount of time. h) One (1) stopwatch used to measure the time, in order to obtain the flow rate. Procedures: 1) A measurement for the fully dissolved oxygen was recorded from a control sample that was fully saturated, giving us our value for CS, which was 8.99 mg/L. 2) Two...
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