...secreta. Los algoritmos de cifrado que se sirven de la confusión y de la difusión se suelen llamar cifradores de producto. Cada aplicación de la confusión y de la difusión se produce en una vuelta de cifrado. Los cifradores modernos suelen utilizar muchas vueltas de cifrado o iteraciones. Por tanto, si un algoritmo está bien diseñado, pasará como con el candado: un texto cifrado sólo se podrá descifrar si se conoce la clave. En la buena criptografía se sigue siempre el Principio de Kerckhoffs: la seguridad del sistema debe recaer en la seguridad de la clave, debiéndose suponer conocidos el resto de los parámetros del sistema criptográfico. Como dijo Claude Shannon: “el adversario conoce el sistema”. PGP PGP es el acrónimo de Pretty Good Privacy (Privacidad Bastante Buena), un programa desarrollado por Phil Zimmermann que sirve para cifrar contenido y acceder a él mediante una clave pública y firmar documentos digitalmente para autentificarlos. El programa vio la luz en 1991, y desde entonces se ha convertido en una herramienta imprescindible para el cifrado de toda clase de archivos, ya que a pesar de sus más de 20 años de vida, sigue siendo una tecnología de cifrado muy segura. En la actualidad, la tecnología es propiedad de Symantec, pero está disponible a través de una gran cantidad de programas distintos para diferentes plataformas. Además, existe una versión de código abierto cuyo principal representante es la aplicación GnuPG. Cómo funciona PGP...
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...ABSTRACT Implementation of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), is a cryptosystem used for the purpose of secure e-mail message communication over an open network. The main idea behind introducing PGP, introduced is to increase the degree of security and efficiency of e-mail message communication. 1 Introduction Since the beginning of the era of e-mail message communication over open networks, the security of electronic mail (e-mail) has been a growing concern [1]. There have been several protocols developed and implemented to assure the security of such communication. These protocols provide the security services of message confidentiality and message authentication for an e-mail message, basically. Some e-mail security protocols that have been developed include: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) [2], Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME), and its enhancement, known as Secure MIME (S/MIME) [3]. Other protocols are: Certified Exchange of Electronic Mail (CEEM) [4], Secure E-mail Protocol (SEP) [5], Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) [6] etc. We will implement PGP(Pretty Good Protocol) which is the most popular protocol used nowadays in order to provide email security over the network. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) [7] is an integrated cryptographic system, invented by Phillip Zimmerman in 1991, in order to establish the integrity, authenticity, compactness, confidentiality, and compatibility of e-mail message communication. Since its invention...
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...different purposes. However, email is not a secure method of communication. As email packets have to be routed through many networks over the internet, there grows a large number of longstanding security shortcomings of email in communication technology and email security becomes one of the most challenging areas in Internet security system. To solve this security concern, Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) protocol is used. PGP will give cryptographic privacy by confidentiality process and message integrity and authentication by creating a digital signature. 1. Aims of the Thesis • To improve email security • To study the operations of PGP protocol • To understand the role of cryptography in computer and network security areas • To propose the effectiveness of applying the hybrid encryption system (i.e., applying the two encryption systems together) 1.2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) PGP stands for Pretty Good Privacy protocol, which was originally developed by Philip R.Zimmermann in 1991 [13]. PGP is an electronic mail security program that gives users privacy and authentication. As PGP is based on a distributed network of individuals, it is preferable to email, one of the most widely-used messaging application of the internet services. The two main fundamental services that PGP provide are the authentication of the...
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...access policy created when the RRAS is installed on a computer. Allow or deny remote access depending on the time or day of the week, the group membership of the remote user, the type of connection (VPN or dial-up), and so on. Administrators can configure remote access settings to specify authentication protocols, and encryption schemes used by clients, maximum duration of a remote access session, etc. A wireless link is likely to be limited in bandwidth error rates on a wireless link is much higher than that of a wired link. Different types of communication paths involved, one of which is radio link, particularly vulnerable to attack. Location privacy, any leakage of specific signaling information on the network can lead to an eavesdropper to approximately “locate” the position of a subscriber and thus hindering the subscriber’s privacy. Securing Internet Communication by using S-HTTP and SSL Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol is a protocol that uses public key encryption to secure channel over public Internet. A Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (denoted by S-HTTP) is an extended version of Hypertext Transfer Protocol that is provided for encryption of individual messages between client and server across Internet. S-HTTP is the basic application of SSL over HTTP which allows encryption of information passing between computers by protected and secure connections virtually. Securing E-mail by using S/MIME, PEM,...
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...Different types of Encryption Esther Dyson, a former journalist and Wall Street analyst have said that Encryption is a powerful defensive weapon for free people. It offers a technical guarantee of privacy, regardless of who is running the government. It's hard to think of a more powerful, less dangerous tool for liberty. To explain this interesting statement, it is important to define the term Encryption. “Encryption is the conversion of a message or data file into a form that cannot be understood by unauthorized readers.” (Dyson) Encryption can be thought as locking something valuable into a strong box with a key. Sensitive data is encrypted by using a key algorithm, which renders it unreadable without the knowledge of the key. Data encryption keys are determined at connect time between a connection and the computer on the other end. The use of data encryption can be initiated by a personal computer or by the server it’s connecting to. On these terms, “Encryption is the technology that makes E-COMMERCE possible because it underlies the security systems used to protect electronic financial transactions.” (Dyson) Similarly, Dan Boneh, Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, gives another definition for the term. “Encryption is a method for users to securely share data over an insecure network or storage server.” (Boneh, Sahai and Waters) Since there are many transactions people do every day such as online banking or online shopping...
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...1. If you are using corporate e-mail for external communications that contain confidential information, what other security countermeasures can you employ to maximize the confidentiality of e-mail transmissions through the Internet? Encrypt email, email policy, security software, content checking tool, anti-spam tool, and secure firewall configurations. 2. Explain the role of a Certificate Authority and its obligations in authenticating the person or organization and issuing digital certificates. Certificate Authority or Certification Authority (CA) is an entity, which is core to many PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) schemes, whose purpose is to issue digital certificates to use by other parties. It exemplifies a trusted third party. 3. What would a successful Subversion Attack of a CA result in? An attacker can create a certificate for any domain. This certificate will appear to be signed by a trusted CA. Thus, you will see that the site's cert is trusted and you will never get any notification to the contrary. Normally, a trusted CA will issue and sign a certificate and then if the browser trusts the signing CA, you will see a padlock in the GUI and you will often times see a message that lets you know that the certificate of the web site is trusted. If the CA is not trusted, you are shown a message that the certificate is not signed by a trusted party and you are given the option to leave or continue. This is PKI in a nutshell. The entire system relies on trust of...
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...Scams of the day!!! © 2012 Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC www.jblearning.com Fundamentals of Information Systems Security © 2012 Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC www.jblearning.com Page 2 Fundamentals of Information Systems Security © 2012 Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC www.jblearning.com Page 3 On to today’s lesson © 2012 Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC www.jblearning.com FIRST OF ALL… § Let me clear up a misconception § RSA public/private key encryption is THE leader, in terms of security. For all practical purposes, it is impossible to crack a RSA algorithm. § PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is probably the best implementation of RSA. It is now owned by Symantec. § Other free products (which do not tightly integrate into email, for example) are available § Understand that PKI is NOT the same thing as public key encryption Fundamentals of Information Systems Security © 2012 Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC www.jblearning.com Page 5 Fundamentals of Information Systems Security © 2012 Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC www.jblearning.com Page 6 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a set of hardware, software, people, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates. In cryptography, a PKI is an arrangement that binds public keys with respective user identities by means of a certificate authority (CA). The user identity must be unique within each CA domain. The binding...
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...Network Assignment #2 1. Compare Peer-to-Peer against Client server Networks. Discuss (briefly) the differences using the following factors: a. Security: Peer-to-Peer does not provide the security available on a client/server network but a client/server has its resources centralized which mean resources and data security are controlled through the server. b. Complexity: Peer-to-Peer only required two computers connected together however client/server required special software to communicate between server and client. c. Operating Systems requirements: Peer-to-Peer required an operating system such as Windows XP or Appleshare to establish a network communication, however for client/server special software such as Novell Netware or Windows 2000 server must be installed on the client and server devices. d. Scalability: Peer-to-Peer e. Redundancy / backup: 2. Define the following: a. Router: is a device that connects two networks - frequently over large distances. b. Hub: is a network device that connects multiple computers on a LAN so they can communicate with one another, the rest of the network. c. Switch: is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one LAN. Technically, network switches operate at layer two Data Link Layer of the OSI Model. d. Gateway: A device that acts as a go-between two or more networks that use the same...
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...INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE DIGITAL WORLD NAME Abstract Information security is the process of detecting and preventing unauthorized users access to your network, computer, and ultimately your personal information. Information security is huge and many casual users do not even think about it, or if they do, only as an afterthought. This is one of the worst things that you can do in this day and age especially with the abundance of technology in our everyday lives. Everyone should care and be concerned about all levels of information security as a breach in security could mean financial ruin, personal embarrassment, stolen trade secrets, and much more. Intruders come from a wide variety of places and could be someone as simple as your next door neighbor stealing wireless internet from you to Chinese agents stealing classified weapon system designs from the US government. With the complexities of software these days there will always be vulnerabilities to expose and utilize which is why every user needs to stay on top of their own security. This typically means applying the latest operating system and software patches, maintaining a firewall and up to date virus scanning software, being intelligent about where you web surf and what you click on, and just being as smart in the digital world as you are in the physical world. This paper will cover some of the types of network attacks that are out there...
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...Unit 2 Assignment – Data Encryption Security & Lab 3.10D and Lab 3.10E Oren Shedo Kaplan University Abstract Computer key encryption is becoming popular day by day because of hackers within the online world. Hackers are cracking into peoples systems left and right for their own personal gain and gaining information that can be used for identity theft. Identity theft is one of the biggest cybercrimes out there today. There are numerous security protocols and techniques out there to secure your computer though from hackers and curious people out there in the Internet. Security protocols such as secure socket layer and transport layer security are the most popular now for securing ecommerce websites. Secure socket layer is even popular for securing peoples email system as well as sender policy framework for filtering spam mail and not cluttering your inbox with junk. Another topic that is popular these days is what type of security key should we put on our networks. This report will go through why a WPA2 type security key is vital to a network for security. Part 1 - Lab 3.10D – Using the Windows Encrypting File System (EFS) 1. 2 to 6. 7. When a networked user tried to access the encrypted test3 folder, they were given an access denied error. 9. 11. When transferring test1.txt into the test3 folder, it turned into an encrypted file. 12. 13-14. for #13, the test5.txt stayed encrypted within the test folder. 16. Operation of exporting certificate was...
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...Digital Forensics: Uganda’s Preparedness Dennis Tusiime Rwatooro 2014-M142-2002 Dept of Computer Science Abstract — The more our lives continue to depend on digital communication networks and media to perform daily activities such as communication, access to information and critical services such as health, financial transactions, entertainment, and public utilities like electricity, the more we get exposed to security risks. These security risks include breach of confidentiality of communication and transactions, violation of personal privacy, crime and fraud, disruption of services, and distribution of inappropriate content, among others. The goal of digital security is to research into and develop mechanisms to address these security risks. In this paper we briefly survey some of the emerging issues in digital security. The literature shows that while some domains in digital security have remained unchanged over a long time, for example cryptography, new areas have emerged including steganography. Keywords – digital forensic techniques, volatitle data extraction, digital image forensics, malware investigations, email security, symmetric key cryptography, asymmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography. Introduction Forensic science is defined as the application of the sciences as it pertains to legal matters or problems (Gialamas, 2000). One of the branches/fields of forensic science, namely criminalistics, is the profession and scientific discipline oriented...
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...Seminar Presentation On Application of encrypting techniques In Database Security By Uweh SKelvin ABSTRACT Security in today’s world is one of the important challenges that people are facing all over the world in every aspect of their lives. Similarly security in electronic world has a great significance. In this seminar work, we discuss the applications of encryption techniques in database security. This is an area of substantial interest in database because we know that, the use of database is becoming very important in today’s enterprise and databases contains information that is major enterprise asset. This research work discuses the application of various encryption techniques in database security, and how encryption is used at different levels to provide the security. 1. INTRODUCTION Information or data is a valuable asset in any organization. Almost all organization, whether social, governmental, educational etc., have now automated their information systems and other operational functions. They have maintained the databases that contain the crucial information. So database security is a serious concern. To go further, we shall first discuss what actually the database security is? Protecting the confidential/sensitive data stored in a repository is actually the database security. It deals with making database secure from any form of illegal access or threat at any level. Database security demands permitting or prohibiting user actions...
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...Prologue: Cryptography is an excellent art/science of protecting data from unwanted intruders by transforming the data to an unreadable format which can be brought back to the original form only by those who are authenticated to do so. This system depends vastly on a principle of key usage and is the basic underlying principle of network security. A detailed technical discussion of cryptography ,particularly from a network’s stand point provides a compelling and an up to date examination of the political and the social issues that are now inextricably intertwined with cryptography. A complete discussion of cryptography itself requires a complete book and so we touch on only the essential aspects of cryptography. It is now high time to introduce Alice and Bob who are essentially the widely accepted persons for a discussion on networks as communicators. Also ,the third party Trudy ,the intruder also has a wide role to play in hacking the discussion of the two. So the whole thread would hang about these three and the ways there adhere to secure and hack the data that is transmitted. A First look on Terminologies Now its high time to know the basic terminologies of Cryptography. Firstly the text that we type in the human understandable format is called as the Plain Text. The plain text is then converted to a generally incomprehensive form called as the Cipher text using a technique called Encryption which usually does this, and the cipher is transmitted. Precisely...
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...Applying MESE processes to Improve Online E-Voting Prototype System with Paillier Threshold Cryptosystem Web Services Version 1.00 A project submitted to the Faculty of Graduate School, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Software Engineering Department of Computer Science Prepared by Hakan Evecek CS701 Dr. Chow Spring 2007 This project for the Masters of Engineering in Software Engineer degree by Hakan Evecek has been approved for the Department of Computer Science By _______________________________________________________ Dr. C. Edward Chow, Chair _______________________________________________________ Dr. Richard Weiner _______________________________________________________ Dr. Xiaobo Zhou Date Table of Contents Online E-Voting System Project Documentation 4 Abstract 6 1. Introduction 7 2. E-Voting System Related Literature 9 2.1. Public Key Cryptography 9 2.2. Homomorphic Encryption 10 2.3. Zero Knowledge Proofs 10 2.4. Threshold Cryptography 10 2.5. Cryptographic Voting Protocol 11 2.6. Issues in secure e-voting system 12 2.7. Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) 13 2.8. Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) 14 3. Online E-Voting System Project Description 17 3.1. Paillier Threshold...
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...Table of Contents Project Outline 3 Security Requirements 4 Perimeter Security 5 Client and Server Security 10 Database Security 10 Server Security 12 Wireless and Remote Access Security 15 Security Configuration Management 19 References 23 Project Outline Tiger Tees is a medium sized business with 4 locations across the eastern United States. This company produces and sells t-shirts for school systems, both locally and across the country via the internet. The organization’s headquarters is located in Beckley, West Virginia, and employs 25 people. The departments include the warehouse, human resources, accounting, sales, and administration. The second location of Tiger Tees is located in Columbus, Georgia, and employs 10 people full time, and 4 persons part time. The third location is located in Washington, DC, and employs 15 people. The fourth location located in Richmond, Virginia is the smallest of all the locations employing 5 persons full time. Tiger Tees is a fast growing company in dire need of a secure network that will ensure that the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of client information remain confidential. All transactions completed are sent to the organizational headquarters in Beckley, WV and processed there. In the past these orders and transactions have been completed by telephone and e-mail. A secure wide area network would streamline this process making the transactions more secure, and providing faster service to the customers...
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