...the trends in the prevalence of overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg m−2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) in the Netherlands. Overweight (obesity) prevalence in adult males increased from 37% (4%) in 1981 to 51% (10%) in 2004, and in adult females from 30% (6%) in 1981 to 42% (12%) in 2004, according to self-reported data. In boys and girls, obesity prevalence doubled or even tripled from 1980 to 1997, and again from 1997 to 2002–2004 a two- or threefold increase was seen for almost all ages. According to the most recent data, overweight (obesity) prevalence figures range, depending on age, from 9.2% to 17.3% (2.5–4.3%) in boys, and from 14.6% to 24.6% (2.3–6.5%) in girls. There is a lack of data on the national prevalence of overweight and obesity based on measured height and weight and on prevalences in different subgroups of the population. Regular national representative health examinationsurveys that measure height and weight are needed to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its distribution over subgroups in the population, and to properly direct and evaluate prevention activities. Introduction Obesity and overweight have reached epidemic proportions globally and are accompanied by a range of serious health consequences (1). The Dutch National Health Council confirmed the seriousness of the epidemic of overweight and obesity in the Netherlands (2). The aim of this paper is to describe the trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Netherlands...
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...Childhood Obesity Abstract Many early life risk factors for childhood obesity are more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics than among whites and may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among racial/ethnic minority children. Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care is a national priority, and obesity is a prime target. During the last 30 years in the United States, the prevalence of obesity among children has dramatically increased, sparing no age group. Obesity in childhood is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes and with other long-term adverse outcomes, including both physical and psychosocial consequences. By the preschool years, racial/ethnic disparities in obesity prevalence are already present, suggesting that disparities in childhood obesity prevalence have their origins in the earliest stages of life. Several risk factors during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of offspring obesity, including excessive maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, and smoking during pregnancy, antenatal depression, and biological stress. During infancy and early childhood, rapid infant weight gain, infant feeding practices, sleep duration, child’s diet, physical activity, and sedentary practices are associated with the development of obesity. Studies have found substantial racial/ethnic differences in many of these early life risk factors for childhood obesity. It...
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...Background Obesity is the accumulation of adipose tissues inside the body with the Body Mass Index (BMI) more than 30kg/m2. While people with the BMI between 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 are characterized as overweight (WHO, 2016). According to WHO, over the past 30 years mean the three decades, obesity occurrences have doubled up with the total amount of 1.4 billion people are overweight and 500 million obese worldwide (Bank of America Merril Lynch, 2012). With an estimation, the incidence of obesity will reach 50-60% of the population are obese in many countries by the year 2030. From National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS, 2011), the obese adult with aged 18 and above, has accounted 27.2% which equal to 4.4 million. Contradiction to the conventional wisdom, the epidemic obesity has threatened not only developed but developing country, which the obesity-related illness have marked approximately 115 million (WHO, 2016). Obesity increases risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart diseases, high blood pressure, cancer and sleeping apnea (National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2012). Obesity has ranked as the fifth global leading death (Al-Rethaiaa, Fahmy & Al-Shwaiyat, 2010). In addition, a report about Globesity done by Bank of America Merril Lynch (2012) stated the number of adult death is reported with minimum 2.8 million per year is contributed by obesity which need extra 40% of total health care cost than normal people. The numbers of obesity have escalating...
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...issue to be discussed is childhood obesity in Lewisham Borough. The essay will define population health, and give a brief overview of childhood obesity. It will give the rationale why the writer decided to write on this issue. The essay will describe the population, and explain briefly why it is important. It will explore the factors that influence this particular population including geographical location, neighbourhood, educational attainment, family members, peer groups, social economic factors and culture as well as ethnicity. It will critically discuss the health profile of the population group and exploring the factors that lie beneath the profile. More importantly, the essay will analyse the main factors that influence the contemporary health of the given population in relation the determinants of health of the population health as well as the indicators of the population's risk and morbidity rates. It will look at the health needs of the population and examine the external and internal factors that could influence their behaviours and choice. It will make conclusion and recommendations on how to improve this health issue and enable the writer to understand the subject in great depth. The primary reason why the writer has chosen to focus on childhood obesity is because she wants to meet the learning outcomes of the module in order to pass the course. Other rationale is to improve her knowledge and understanding of childhood obesity, as it is one of the greatest public...
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...Abstract The problem of childhood obesity in the United States has grown significantly in recent years. Between 16 and 33 percent of children and adolescents are obese. Obesity is among the easiest medical conditions to recognize, but most difficult to treat. Unhealthy weight gain due to poor diet and lack of exercise is responsible for over 300,000 deaths each year. (cite) In my research paper, I first will examine the differences between overweight and obesity. Next, I will discuss the contributing factors of obese. In discussing this I will break down all the contributing factors and tell how they all play a role in obesity. I will also talk about the trends of obesity and how they affect children and teens. I will also address what organization CDC is working with to fight obesity and how they plan on accomplishing this. Lastly, I will tackle the impact obesity will have on health care especially teen obesity. Obesity rates in the United States are among the highest in the world. Obesity amongst children has more than tripled in the past 30 years. The prevalence of obesity among children aged 6 to 11 years increased from 6.5% in 1980 to 19.6% in 2008. The prevalence of obesity among adolescents aged 12 to 19 years increased from 5.0% to 18.1% in 2008. Overweight and obesity are both labels for ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally considered healthy for a given height. (cite CDC website). The terms also identify ranges of weight that have been...
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...http://www.nhs.uk/news/2015/01January/Pages/Child-obesity-rates-are-stabilising.aspx Child obesity rates are 'stabilising' Friday January 30 2015 | Obese children tend to grow up to be obese adults | 1 | "The rise in childhood obesity … may be beginning to level off," BBC News reports. Researchers examined trends in child and adolescent rates of overweight and obesity using electronic GP records from 1994 to 2013. The data shows there was a significant increase in child and adolescent overweight and obesity rates every year during the first decade from 1994 to 2003. Overall, annual rates did not increase significantly during the second decade, 2004 to 2013.However, when split by age category, the results showed there was still a significant upward trend in overweight and obesity rates for the oldest age group (11 to 15 years) – albeit with less of an increase than there was in the first decade. At its maximum in recent years, overweight and obesity has affected almost two-fifths of adolescents in this age group.As the researchers used GP records, it is possible children who have problems with their weight and were assessed by their GP are over-represented. This could then lead to an overestimate of prevalence. However, it is hard to think of another method of analysis that would provide a more reliable estimate.While it is encouraging to see that the child obesity epidemic is not getting worse, there are also no clear signs as yet that it's getting any better. Underlying...
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...Health Campaign Tracie Caffee HCS/535 Concepts of Population Health September 26, 2011 Jean Ha Health Campaign According to (Dolinsky, Siega-Riz, Perrin & Armstrong, 2011). Childhood obesity is one of the most challenging problems facing pediatricians today. The increasing incidence of childhood obesity raised concern in 1990, when it was claimed that obesity had reached epidemic proportions. It was estimated that 18 million children under the age of five, worldwide were classified as being overweight (Lawrence, 2005). Obesity occurs when there is an abnormal amount of fat (adipose tissue) accumulated around the body, caused when people eat in excess of their energy requirements (Lawrence, 2005). Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese. Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has almost tripled (www.cdc.gov). Let’s Move! Is a comprehensive initiative, launched by the First Lady, Michelle Obama dedicated to solving the challenge of childhood obesity within a generation, so that children born today will grow up healthier and able to pursue their dreams. Combining comprehensive strategies with common sense, Let’s Move! Is about putting children on the path for a healthy future during their earliest months and years. Giving parents helpful information and fostering environments that support healthy choices. Providing healthier foods in our schools. Ensuring that every family has access to healthy...
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...Obesity Rising in America Florida State College of Jacksonville People are becoming more obese in America. According to Ferraro and Kelley-Moore (2003), "The number of people in America considered obese has been steadily rising since the 1960s, up 12 % since then. Obesity is not to be confused with being overweight. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines (NHLBI)" (p.708). Ferraro and Kelley-Moore (2003) go on to claim that, “Obesity is an important mediating variable between socioeconomic status and health. Persons of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be obese, and the effect of obesity reduces the independent association between socioeconomic status and health measures” (p.724). There are many arguments about what is causing obesity, poor diet, genetics and low socioeconomic status are just a few factors blamed for obesity. Adler and Stewart (2009) reinforce Ferraro and Kelley-Moore’s findings of the correlations between socioeconomic status and obesity, “Environment also plays a role in obesity. Poor communities lack health promoting resources; for example, poorer communities have fewer supermarkets, more fast-food restaurants, and fewer accessible and safe recreational opportunities” (p.49-50). In the next ten years obesity will be at its highest rates if it continues on this path. With...
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...Macronutrients and Obesity: Revisiting the Calories in, Calories out Framework July 19, 2013 Daniel Riera-Crichtona and Nathan Tefftb Abstract: Recent clinical research has studied weight responses to varying diet composition, but the contribution of changes in macronutrient intake and physical activity to rising population weight remains unknown. Research on the economics of obesity typically assumes a “calories in, calories out” framework, but a richer weight production model separating caloric intake into carbohydrates, fat, and protein, has not been explored. To estimate the contributions of changes in macronutrient intake and physical activity to changes in population weight, we conducted dynamic time series and structural VAR analyses of U.S. data between 1974 and 2006 and a panel analysis of 164 countries between 2001 and 2010. Findings from all analyses suggest that increases in carbohydrates are most strongly and positively associated with increases in obesity prevalence even when controlling for changes in total caloric intake and occupation-related physical activity. If anything, increases in fat intake are associated with decreases in population weight. JEL classification codes: I12, I15, O13, Q18 Keywords: Obesity, Macronutrients, Health Production a Department of Economics, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, and Department of Economics, College of Arts and Sciences (beginning September 1, 2013)...
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...The New England Journal of Medicine: Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States General Summary: Childhood Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States. Prevalence data has been documented; however, gaps in the incidence study still exist. Thus, a study was conducted on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in order to track the incidence of obesity. The National Center for Educational Statistics selected a nationally representative cohort using probability sampling. Children who were starting kindergarten in the fall semester of 1998 were followed up until they reached the eight grade for data collection; cumulative incidence shows the 9-year risk of obesity. Variables were selected such as height, weight, parent-reported age, sex, race, ethnic group, socioeconomic status, and birth weight. Study showed that although the prevalence of obesity increased with age, incident obesity was highest at the youngest ages and declined through eighth grade. The lowest cumulative incidence according to socioeconomic factors was among children from wealthy families and the highest was among children from the middle socioeconomic quintile. Importance of Article: Childhood Obesity is an important concern for the community and this article does a great job detailing why. Childhood Obesity affects more than 30 percent of children, making it the most common chronic disorder for children. Today, more and more children are being diagnosed with diabetes...
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...Running head: Current events articles assignment 1 Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004 Health Care Economics N 330 Professor: Joanne Dencyum January 20, 2010 Name of the article: Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004 Author: Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD, Margaret D. Carroll, MSPH, Lester R. Curtin, PhD, Margaret A. McDowell, MPH, RD, Carolyn J. Tabak, MD, MPH, and Katherine M. Flegal, PhD A description of the subject of the article: The article is about increasing obesity prevalence in adults (aged 20 years or older), children, and adolescents (aged 6 to 19 years) and comparing estimates from 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004. It also shows the differences among races and between genders; Mexican American, Non-Hispanic black, Non-Hispanic white males and females. According to the article, “between 1980 and 2002, obesity prevalence doubled in adults aged 20 years or older and overweight prevalence tripled in children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years.”(p 1549) One purpose of the article is to verify if the prevalence proceeds. Following the result of the study, Mexican American men aged 2-19 are more obese than other ages and races; Non-Hispanic white and black men are not significantly different. Among children and adolescent women, Mexican American and Non-Hispanic black are more obese than Non-Hispanic white. However, there is no significant increase among Non-Mexican white women (include children and...
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...Obesity is an epidemic occurring predominantly in the western world. Obesity is an epidemic occurring predominantly in the western world. The phenomenon is closely associated with changing lifestyles and the consumption of fast food and soft drinks. However, the fast-food companies and the Coca Cola company are major contributors to obesity research. Discuss the different ethical positions that various stakeholders are taking in the use of corporate funds for research into obesity This report will first discuss the major stakeholder fast food and Soft Drink Corporation ethical positions in making decision in funding researcher into obesity, Business main motive is to earn profit, most of the businesses are mainly profit motivated, they only care about the income they can earn to sustain and grow, company follow ethical learning and growth, it cares only about itself. Soft drink and fast food has the same motivation of earning profit for which they produces the product that are on major demands or create the demand by making advertisement and other promotional activities to attract people towards their product. To have a successful business support of all stakeholders are required. Funding research for the research is one of the strategies of company to support that. Funding helps in building image in public, which help in generating goodwill for the company at the same time it helps the researcher. A Typology of Stakeholder Attributes: Legitimacy, Power, Urgency ...
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...Introduction Obesity in children is a major health issue affecting the Australian population with approximately 1 in 4 children being overweight or obese (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013). It represents a major health and economic burden costing Australia around $58 billion in 2008 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). When assessing this issue from a public health perceptive, it is important to consider how obesity can affect the children in our society and the health complications obesity can lead to. The aim of this essay is to discuss the impact of obesity in children aged 6-17, in regards to its rising prevalence patterns, health risk behaviours and social determines. Health promotion and educational campaigns along...
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...Junk Food and Child Obesity Jaya Sinha Childhood obesity has become a prominent health issue in developed countries and has now gained access in the developing world as well. Secular trends indicate increasing prevalence rates of childhood obesity in India, from 9.8% (2006) to 11.7% (2009). Similar increase can be seen in other developing countries; 4.1% (1974) to 13.9% (1997) in Brazil and from 12.2% (1991) to 15.6% (1993) in Thailand. Important determinants of childhood obesity include poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, high socioeconomic status, unawareness and false beliefs about nutrition, marketing by transnational food companies, increasing academic stress, and poor facilities for physical activity. Obesity among children has medical as well as psychosocial impact leading to huge economic impact on the individual family, health sector as well as the country. Successful prevention/reduction and management of childhood obesity requires a multilevel approach involving the family, school, peer group, government and the society as a whole. Introduction Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally and its prevalence has doubled in the last two decades (1). Over the last 5 years, most developing countries have reported prevalence rates of obesity (inclusive of overweight) > 15% in children and adolescents aged 5–19 year (2–4). Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming pace in India, giving rise to adult diseases in youth, like high blood pressure...
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...County: | United States | Nigeria | India | Income and Economy Population below 1.25 a day (the share of the population living on less than 1.25 per day-measure of extreme poverty: | In the United States, 0% of the population lives below 1.25 a day | Estimated since 2011, 54.37% of population lives below 1.25 per day | Estimated since 2010, 32.68% of population live bellows 1.25 per day | Gross Domestic Products (GDP per capital): | The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year is 53,042 | The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year is 5,602 | The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year is 5,418 | Programs, findings, and finance Total expenditure on health: | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 17.6% | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 5.4% | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 3.7% | Availability of funding assistance from other countries: | The U.S provides other countries with funding, but does not receive any form of funding from other countries. | *PEPFAR approved funding (456,652,000) *Number of people receiving ARV treatment from programs supported by funds (673,729) *Global funds to fight Aids, TB and malaria: -Aids (485,224,677) -TB (123,999,673) -Malaria (640,835,826) | *PEPFAR approved funding (36,500...
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