...Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States affecting 20 millions of Americans at age of 16 to 24 years old. Men and women get in contact with HPV when they engage in any kind of sexual relation such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse because HPV spreads through skin to skin contact. The HPV infection is asymptomatic and without medical treatment may result in cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer (Lindley et al. 18). Being the cervical cancer the most frequent cancer among women. Prevalence of HPV among females at age of 14 to 59 years old was 42.5%. Being the prevalence among 20-24 years old women equal to 53.8%. Thus, an important public health strategy was vaccinated girls between 11 to 12 years old to prevent cervical cancer (Markowitz et al. 4). Currently, 3 vaccine are available for immunization: 9-valent HPV vaccine (9vHPV), 4-valent HPV vaccine (4vHPV), and 2-valent HPV vaccine (2vHPV). In some states, legislators had proposed measures to increase uptake of HPV vaccine, including educational campaigns, public subsidies, and insurance requirements. The most important of these measures seems to be mandatory vaccination for girls attending school (Colgrove, Abiola, and Mello 785). Thus, with this proposal, a controversy question about compulsory vaccination of HPV began because it involves violation of parents’ autonomy about their children’ lives. Also, being HPV a sexually...
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...Gardasil and Cervarix prevent infections and provide immunity from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) a classification of viruses that can affect the skin and the moist membranes of different parts of the body, including the mouth, throat and genital area of teens. HPV increases their risk for developing particular types of cancers. The vaccine Gardasil and Cervarix can be administered through needle injections as a series of three shots over a period of six months, for young girls up through age 26, and young boys through age 21 (Allen, H., 2014). Generally speaking, common sexually transmitted infections like HPV6 and HPV11; the cause of most cases of genital warts; and HPV16 and HPV18, are known as developing factors of cancers of the neck of the womb, or cervical cancers and are preventable...
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...Cover Letter Women Empowering Women Health Center Po Box 7234 Lexington, SC 29073 December 6, 2011 Arnold School of Public Health Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Columbia, SC 29210 re: HPV & Cervical Cancer: A Health Promotion Plan to Promote Awareness and Prevention of HPV & Cervical Cancer Dear Dr. Brandt: I am writing to request funding for a program that is designed to bring awareness and prevention to Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer and genital warts, while encouraging a healthier lifestyle among young minority girls ages 10-18 in the state of South Carolina. Many young girls are at risk of getting the HPV virus due to lack of education and awareness about the virus. The program that we are launching is relatively simple. WEWHC is a non-profit organization that prides itself on educating the public about sexually transmitted infections/diseases. We are dedicated to empowering the public and proving them with the necessary tools and resources to make sound and educated judgments. Our staff is compiled of volunteers to include nurses, social workers, administrative assistants, health care physicians, and psychologists. Our motto is, “It takes a village.” With this concept in mind, the staff at WEWHC knows and understands the importance of having more than one person involved in helping the community. After one year the program will be evaluated by an independent source to determine...
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... Merck 1. What products has Merck developed and introduced recently? On the Merck website they have developed a product pipeline. This is a very helpful tool for those who want to follow their progress. This pipeline allows for people to see what phase each developing medication is in. These phases include phase II, phase III, and under review. The pipeline also shows the medication category, therapeutic area, and whether or not the medication has advanced. According to the product pipeline medications that Merck have developed that are recently under review are Zerbaxa, Omarigliptin, Grazoprevir/Elbasvir, Bridion, and Keytruda. Two of these medications have been introduced and moved forward including Grazoprevir and Keytruda. Medications included on the phase III list include Verubecestat, Anacetrapib, Keytruda, Letermovir, Ertugliflozin, Omarigliptin, Zerbaxa, and Doravirine. Medications included on the product pipeline list for phase II include Relbactam, Keytruda, Vericiguat, and Grazoprevir. 2. What role does research play in Merck's success? How does research facilitate new-product development at Merck? Research plays a vital part in Merck’s success. There are different stages to each medications success that rely on research. The research that is performed allows the scientists to know what they need to develop or improve for different areas. Merck classifies these as therapeutic areas and focus their research on a few main areas. They also use three different categories...
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...CANCER CONTROL PROJECT ABSTRACT A. PROJECT TITLE: Self-sampling for HPV infection among low-income Hispanic women. B. SPECIFIC AIMS: Although cervical cancer is preventable through regular screening 1 with Pap smear and liquid-based cytology,2 only 72% of women in the Texas-Mexico border and 82% of women in the US undergo such regular screening.3 Hispanic women in this region have one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the nation.4 Previous studies have identified barriers to screening in this minority population such as lack of access to healthcare, fear of pain during the gynecological exam and embarrassment.5 Persistent infection with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for developing cervical cancer.6 Thus, HPV testing of women 30 – 65 years of age has been added to the cervical cancer screening guidelines in addition to Pap/cytology (co-testing).2 Self-sampling is a novel approach to detect HPV infection, it allows women to collect their own cervical specimen with a brush in the clinic or in their own homes.7 It has high sensitivity (74%) and specificity (88%) compared to physician collected samples.8-13 Women that deem it acceptable cite reasons such as privacy, costs, and lack of need for an office visit.13-21 However, Pap/cytology has been preferred over self-sampling among some groups because of low confidence in self-sampling accuracy and uncertainty over performing it correctly.13,17,20,22,23 Self-sampling has been least likely...
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...Project Part 4 11/13/2012 “Consumers Change Their Behavior in Response to the Gas Prices” The article starts by talking about how higher gas prices and higher tolls ultimately did what Mayor Bloomberg’s ambitious congestion pricing was supposed to do. When gas prices climbed to more than 4 dollars per gallon, traffic on bridges and tunnels dropped 4.7 percent compared with the previous years. While at the same time, subway, bus and commuter train riders increased by 6.5 percent. From Manhattan to New Jersey there was a 9 percent increase of people taking the train. That goes to show you that pricing does matter and people do respond to it. And do to the higher gas prices and people driving less tolls took a major hit 4 million below budget. The fact that the price elasticity of demand for a product such as gas will be larger the longer the period of time involved. It takes buyers time to adjust their routines as a result of a change in price. Consumers began to explore alternatives to driving when gas rose over 4 dollars a gallon. So if high gas prices persist consumers will make adjustments, such as driving less and taking public transportation more. Those demand for gasoline will become the more elastic. There for demand becomes more elastic other longer period of time and the quantity of gas demanded will decline further. Thinking Critically 1. I don’t 100% agree with Joe, yes sure initially you’ll make up the loss in quantity sold with the higher price. But if...
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...Resellers Benefits of Becoming a Reseller Reselling new products to an existing customer base is a quick and easy way to grow your business and maximise the revenue potential for each existing customer. Adding new products or services to your business can help you win new customers and expand into new territories. An expanding business portfolio increases value benefits for all customers and increases customer satisfaction experienced, encouraging repeat sales and loyalty. If you are considering starting a business can you become a reseller of a product or products that have already been researched and developed significantly reducing your capital outlay and risk. If you are a small business or are starting out in business you can resell products for larger companies that have the resources to support and maintain them after the point of sale enabling you to increase your revenues without increasing your ongoing work load. The ability to resell products or services online with out the need for stock or premises means makes it possible to start as business as a reseller from home with virtually no risk or investment. By finding merchants on The Reseller Network you may be able to resell for international companies at better rates enabling you to maximise your revenue. The cost of marketing to generate product and brand awareness is reduced by the collaboration of reseller partnerships promoting the same products or services. How to become a reseller Register as a reseller with...
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...really enjoy the driving experience Successful businessman and governor who usually lie in better neighborhoods Trucks and Buses SCANIA, MAN Target: big enterprise and government Public transportation group Financial Services: Target: conservative people who paying closer to the total cost of mobility People who decide just to use a car not buy one The car buyers who need financing and insurance Price Volkswagen has consistently acted with a premium pricing strategy. Their products typically have a high price, on average 10 percent higher than competitors (reference: consumer report by Volkswagen, 2012); however, the return is more upscale driving and ownership experience. In recent years, their pricing strategy has decreased to only 5 percent higher (reference: the interview with the PR president). This decrease in price was due in fact to the belief among consumers that Volkswagen passenger cars are too expensive for the quality delivered. Their premium pricing strategy has caused them to lose some market share to competitor brands. This was not a substantial problem in the past,...
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...1. One factor influencing Divine Chocolate Ltd’s pricing decisions is the fact Kuapa Kokoo owns 45% of Divine Chocolate Ltd and influences the company’s decisions and receives a share in the profit. This means that the company will have to think about what price to make the chocolate bar in order to still receive a good amount of profit after Kuapa Kokoo takes their share of it. If they don’t consider this, they make not make much profit, if any at all, and their business will be unsuccessful leading to loss of sales and no profit. A second factor affecting their pricing decisions is the competition they have with Cadbury’s. Cadbury’s bars of chocolate cost 82p and Divine Chocolate Ltd’s chocolate bars are 81p. They have to consider their pricing because Cadbury’s is a well known brand which is very popular so if they had their chocolate bar more expensive than Cadbury’s then customers are more than likely going to purchase the Cadbury’s bar because not only is it more popular but it is cheaper too. So in order for Divine Chocolate Ltd to do well, they have to make sure they are cheaper than their competitors. 2. A rivalry of two or more businesses that target the same customers. Business competition tends to result in increased efficiency as firms attempt to reduce expenses. One advantage to show that Divine Chocolate Ltd has become more competitive is the cheaper prices they offer. If customers see a chocolate bar, that would probably taste the same as a Cadbury’s bar, cheaper...
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...Game Theory Application on Pricing Strategies Used by the Retail Supermarket Industry Everyday low pricing (EDLP) and High-Low Pricing are the most popular pricing strategies used by companies in the retail supermarket industry. In this part of the project, the two pricing strategies are analyzed using a game-theoretic framework and compared to the observed behavior of supermarket within the industry. First, the definitions of both strategies are provided to better understand the analysis. Everyday low pricing (EDLP) is a pricing strategy that provides consumers with low prices without the need of using of coupons or waiting for sales price events. This strategy was started by Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble and it is believed that EDLP saves retailers the time and expense of applying short-term promotional pricing, as well as, the cost of distributing and processing of coupons. Companies who often adopted this strategy also believed that it creates shopper loyalty. (Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 2000) The basic premises that suppliers are basing on when using EDLP are the following: * Steady, competitive prices will lead to even demand for products. * Inventory and other logistical costs will drop due to effective management of product flows. * There will be reduction of promotional costs and other forms of trade. * The costs of saving due to consistent demand and better management of inventory will result to lower final price of the products. (Hurwich...
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...review chapters 11-21 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. A new-product strategy: a. | links the new-product development process with the objectives of the marketing department, the business unit, and the corporation | b. | is part of an organization's overall marketing strategy | c. | specifies the roles new products play in the organization's overall plans | d. | describes the characteristics of products the organization wants to offer and the markets it wants to serve | e. | is accurately described by all of these | ____ 2. The first stage of the new-product development process is: a. | screening and concept testing | b. | establishing the new-product strategy | c. | exploring opportunities | d. | developing a business analysis | e. | the building of a prototype | ____ 3. A manufacturer of office furnishings is finding it difficult to compete with cheaper imported merchandise. Which of the following is a potential source of new-product ideas that would allow it to compete more effectively? a. | current retailers who carry the manufacturer's equipment | b. | its foreign competitors | c. | the company's employees | d. | customers who have requested its catalogs | e. | all of these | ____ 4. Which of the following stages of the new-product development process is the first filter in the new-product development process and serves to eliminate new-product ideas...
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...demand for the product is always high. The company under evaluation is Apple Inc and the product they recently introduced into the market the IPhone. Focus will be on the strategies the company uses to make the demand curve steeper when the prices are high. The company is well established in the global market and has a high local following. The company announced the iPhone in July 2009 and it has a price tag of 599. This price discrimination strategy was aimed at ensuring that the product is associated with prestige and attracts the upper end of the market. After record high sales began to drop, the company reduced the cost of the devices to maintain the high profits. The company was able to derive high profits from low pricing strategy that the high pricing strategy. Apple had introduced a new piece of technology that had not been available in the market. The period between the July and September saw the company enjoy a period of no competition as the product was unique in the market. Company which had focused on computers and entertainment gadgets had ventured in to the communication industry to diversify its sales (Swaim 96). A niche strategy was used by apple to increase it profits during the launch of the iPhone. This strategy is utilized by the organizations that can not afford to use wide scope cost leadership...
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...Pricing strategies of low cost airlines Keith J Mason Air Transport Group Cranfield University K.Mason@Cranfield.ac.uk 1. Introduction Low cost airlines such as EasyJet, and Ryanair have developed quickly in the European market in the last five years. The UK market has seen the most dramatic development where by the summer of 2001, these carriers accounted for over 22% of the short haul capacity from London and were present in 58% of the 128 short haul routes operated from this city (source: OAG, 2001). During a five-year period from 1997, the seat capacity offered from London has risen by 17%, and virtually all of this rise (95.4%) was attributable to the low cost carriers. The low cost carriers have both penetrated and grown these markets, principally by garnering a consumer perception that the fares offered are very low. This perception has been developed in no small part by extensive advertising and effective use of public relations. For example, Ryanair has offered fares as low as one penny (plus taxes), and therefore it is not surprising that there is great media coverage of these carriers, which in turn generates more interest in the services. Both Ryanair and EasyJet have been very effective in using media coverage of their legal wrangles with traditional carriers such as British Airways and Lufthansa to promote their services and low fares. While the media has helped these airlines communicate their message of low fares to the public...
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...decisions a firm has to make relates to pricing its products or services. If consumers or organizational buyers perceive a price to be too high, they may purchase competitive brands or substitute products, leading to a loss of sales and profits for the firm. If the price is too low, sales might increase, but profitability may suffer. Thus, pricing decisions must be given careful consideration when a firm is introducing a new product or planning a short or long- term price change. Price and Pricing defined Price is the money, good or service exchanged for the ownership or use of a good or service. Examples of various names of price are tuition for education, rent for use of asset, interest for use of money and fare for use of taxi or a bus ride. Pricing may be defined as those activities involved in the determination of the price at which products that will be offered for sale considering the various objectives of the firm. Demand Influences on Pricing Decisions Demand influences on pricing decisions concern primarily the nature of the target market and expected reactions of consumers to a given price or change in price. Three primary considerations are demographic factors, psychological factors and price elasticity. 1. Demographic Factors In the initial selection of the target market that a firm intends to serve, a number of demographic factors are usually considered. Demographic factors that are particularly important for pricing decisions include the following: ...
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...Chestnut pricing Having completed a market assessment study and also a risk assessment study the Management of Chestnut Ridge wanted to take a relook at the pricing strategy of the country club. The annual fees due to the country club from existing members currently stood at $2000 per annum. The Management wanted to carry out a consumer based pricing analysis from potential customers so as to check if they needed to charge a different pricing level from new applicants. Proposed consumer based pricing approach. The price scale, which Chestnut Ridge wanted to use had three basic elements : (1) Beginning price level (2) Price interval, and (3) Ending price The price scale : ------------------------------------------------- $.1500 ------------------------------------------------- $.1750 ------------------------------------------------- $.2000 ------------------------------------------------- $.2250 ------------------------------------------------- $.2500 ------------------------------------------------- $.2750 ------------------------------------------------- $.3000 ------------------------------------------------- $.3250 ------------------------------------------------- $.3500 ------------------------------------------------- $.3750 ------------------------------------------------- $.4000 ------------------------------------------------- $.4250 ------------------------------------------------- $.4500 The Management assigned two researchers...
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