...Plant Cell (Photosynthesis) versus Solar Cell Regina D. Parker October 31, 2010 Three ways a plant cell and solar cell are similar and different to each other is that plant cells and solar cells both convert sunlight into energy. In the case of plants it is chemical energy for solar cell; it is electricity. Plants use organic processes but solar cells use inorganic semiconductors.[i] Plant cells are different from the cells of most other organisms. Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells and surrounded by a rigid cell wall made from cellulose. They have a large central vacuole that takes up most of the cell and if they carry out photosynthesis, the plant cells will have chloroplasts. Plants have three types of tissues that are made up of different types of cells. Surface which is tissue forms the protective outer layer covering the plant, fundamental are only composed of one type of cell and are grouped based on the level of thickness of the cell wall, and vascular tissues are complex tissues that consist of more than one type of cell. Solar cells usually operate better under concentrated light. This has led to the development of a range of approaches using mirrors or lenses to focus light on to specially designed cells and use heat sinks, or active cooling of the cells, to dissipate the large amount of heat that is generated. Unlike conventional flat plate PV arrays, concentrator systems require direct sunlight and will not...
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...Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 94 (2010) 1553–1571 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/solmat Review Business, market and intellectual property analysis of polymer solar cells Torben D. Nielsen a, Craig Cruickshank b, Søren Foged c, Jesper Thorsen c, Frederik C. Krebs a,n a b c Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Cintelliq Ltd., St. John’s Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK ´ Inspicos A/S, Kogle Alle 2, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark a r t i c l e in fo Article history: Received 5 February 2010 Received in revised form 11 April 2010 Accepted 20 April 2010 Available online 8 May 2010 Keywords: Business analysis Market analysis IPR analysis Intellectual property analysis Polymer solar cells Organic solar cells OPV Roll-to-roll processing Polymer solar cell modules Patents abstract The business potential of polymer solar cells is reviewed and the market opportunities analyzed on the basis of the currently reported and projected performance and manufacturing cost of polymer solar cells. Possible new market areas are identified and described. An overview of the present patent and intellectual property situation is also given and a patent map of polymer solar cells is drawn in a European context. It is found that the business potential of polymer solar cells is large...
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...Nanotechnology for Powerful Solar Energy Jyoti Sharma [1], Lavendra Joshi Electronics and Communication Department Vivekananda Institute of Technology Sector-36, Sisyawas, NRI Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur-303012 [1] Email: jyoti1.sharma5@gmail.com Abstract- Nanotechnologies provide the potential to enhance energy efficiency across all branches of industry and to economically leverage renewable energy production through new technological solutions and optimized production technologies. In the long run, essential contributions to sustainable energy supply and the global climate protection policy will be achieved. Here, nanotechnological innovations are brought to bear on each part of the value added chain in the energy sector. The application of nanotechnologies is regarded as a key factor for photovoltaic to achieve broad economic acceptance through considerable cost savings and increases in efficiency based on new materials and solar cell types as well as simpler production processes. With the help of nanostructures, such as quantum dots, it is possible to optimally adjust band gaps of semiconductors to the incident radiation spectrum or to emit several charge carriers per photon to thus improve conversion efficiencies. Keywords- entrapment, leverage, nanostructures, sustainable Introduction: Nanotechnologies are worldwide regarded as key technologies for innovations and technological progress in almost all branches of economy. Nanotechnologies refer to the target-oriented technical...
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...Solar Cell Technology and Applications More free ebooks : http://fast-file.blogspot.com OTHER AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization, Volume 2 Marios Angelides ISBN: 978-1-4200-7664-6 Architecting Secure Software Systems Manish Chaitanya and Asoke Talukder ISBN: 978-1-4200-8784-0 Architecting Software Intensive Systems: A Practitioners Guide Anthony Lattanze ISBN: 978-1-4200-4569-7 Business Resumption Planning, Second Edition Leo Wrobel ISBN: 978-0-8493-1459-9 Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS: Converging NGN and 3G Mobile Rebecca Copeland ISBN: 978-0-8493-9250-4 Delivering Successful Projects with TSPSM and Six Sigma: A Practical Guide to Implementing Team Software ProcessSM Mukesh Jain ISBN: 978-1-4200-6143-7 Designing Complex Systems: Foundations of Design in the Functional Domain Erik Aslaksen ISBN: 978-1-4200-8753-6 The Effective CIO: How to Achieve Outstanding Success through Strategic Alignment, Financial Management, and IT Governance Eric Brown and William Yarberry, Jr. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6460-5 Enterprise Systems Backup and Recovery: A Corporate Insurance Policy Preston Guise ISBN: 978-1-4200-7639-4 Essential Software Testing: A Use-Case Approach Greg Fournier ISBN: 978-1-4200-8981-3 The Green and Virtual Data Center Greg Schulz ISBN: 978-1-4200-8666-9 How to Complete a Risk Assessment in 5 Days or Less Thomas Peltier ISBN: 978-1-4200-6275-5 HOWTO Secure and Audit Oracle 10g and 11g Ron Ben-Natan ISBN:...
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...Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic Research and developemnt in Solar PV industry Anushka Pal Riga Technical University Table of Contents Introduction: 4 Efficiency of solar cell 5 Factors affecting PV cell efficiency 14 Temperature 14 Dust 16 Solar irradiance 17 Losses in a solar cell 19 Optical losses 20 Collection losses 21 Resistance losses 21 Metal/semiconductor contacts 21 PV market 21 Cost analysis for PV 23 Parameters that can improve the efficiency of solar cell 30 Conclusions 31 Table of Figures: Figure 1 Best research cell efficiency 5 Figure 2 Measured efficiencies for LFC and PERC cells on p-type silicon 7 Figure 3 Progress in the conversion efficiency of HIT solar cells 8 Figure 4 Output power trends of single-sided HIT and bifacial HIT double modules throughout the year 9 Figure 5 Efficiency ratio of solar cells from a pilot solar series (300 cells). 11 Figure 6 Effect of temperature on PV cell characteristic. 14 Figure 7 Temperature effect on PV efficiency. 15 Figure 8 Effect of dust on PV cell power output. 16 Figure 9 Effect of irradiance on PV characteristic 17 Figure 10 PV module efficiency by different irradiation level 18 Figure 11 Energy output of PV for low radiation under 400 W/m2 18 Figure 12 PV power generation related to irradiance in a day 19 Figure 13 Photons with energy lower than the band gap energy...
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...INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE Second Year NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES For the Course of Rural Engineering Technician State Institute of Vocational Education Directorate of Intermediate Education Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 2005 Author Sri Shali Habibulla M.Tech (Ref & A/c), Hons. C.H.E. M.I.S.T.E. Department of Rural Engineering Technician Govt. Junior College (Boys) New, Town, ANANTAPUR - 515 001. Editor Sri K. Jagadish Junior Lecturer in R.E.T. Govt. Junior College Vmedugula - 531027. Vizag (Dist.) PREFACE The main objective of vocational education is to train the students at +2 level for meeting the demands for the skilled manpower in both organised and unorganised sectors and also to provide an alternative channel for those who aimlessly persue higher education and to prepare them for self reliance. The State Institute of Vocational Education (SIVE) in collaboration with the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh has developed curriculum for 43 vocational courses in the field of Engineering & Technology Agriculture Health & Paramedical Business & Commerce Home Science and Humanities Accordingly the text books have been developed by SIVE as per the restructured curriculum by utilizing the services of various professional teachers in the respective fields. I am sure that this book will be immensely useful to the vocational students and teachers in understanding the concepts. I wish to place my sincere thanks on record...
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...Course code: 15MA101 | Engineering Mathematics | L | T | P | C | | | 3 | 1 | - | 4 | Course Objectives | To train the students in basic mathematics essential for modeling and solving engineering problems. | Course Outcomes | 1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering. 2. An ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems | Differential Calculus: Review: Functions and graphs, Limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Maxima and minima of a function, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem. Indeterminate forms and L'Hopital's rule, Infinite sequences and series, Power series, Taylor's and Maclaurin's series, Convergence of Taylor's series, Error Estimates, Polar coordinates and Polar equations. Functions of two or more real variables, Partial derivatives of second and higher order, Euler’s theorem on homogenous function, Total derivatives, Differentiation of composite and implicit functions, Change of variable, Jacobians, Maxima and minima of functions of two or more variable, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. Integral Calculus: Estimating with finite sums and limits of finite sums, Definite integral, The fundamental theorem of calculus, Trigonometric substitutions, Integration by reduction formula for powers of some trigonometric functions, Improper integrals, Beta and Gamma integrals. Double integrals, Triple...
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...Nanotechnology (first used the term nanotechnology by Richard Feynman, in 1959) can be defined as the manipulation of atoms and molecules at nano (one billionth) scale (1–100 nm) to produce devices, structures or systems having at least one novel or superior property. The materials having at least one dimension in the nano scale are called nanomaterials. 10-9 meter (1 nanometer) to 10-7 meter (100 nanometer) Human eye can visualize up to 20μm only 1μm = 10-6 m DNA= 2.5nm- 3nm Protein= ̴ 5 nm Virus= ̴ 150 nm Human hair= ̴ 5000 nm Properties of Nanomaterials 1. The surface area to volume ratio of the nanomaterials is relatively larger than that of bulk materials of the same mass. This increases the chemical reactivity and affects strength and electrical properties of the material. 2. The quantum confinement is observed at nanometer sizes that changes the optical, electronic and magnetic properties of the material. The band gap increases as the size of the material is reduced to nanometer range. I II III IV Reduction in particle size increase in its Surface area Now, material is NANO so surface area will big… HOW? Let us consider a sphere of radius ‘r’ Surface Area = 4 x π x r2 Volume = (4/3) x π x r3 ratio of SA to Vol = 3/r Thus, radius of sphere decreases, Surface area will increase Let us consider a cube of sides 1 m Area= 6 x side2 = 6 x 1m2 = 6m2 Now, cut the same cube into 8 pieces, then the SA will increases Area= 6 x (1/2)2 x 8 = 12m2 Similarly, the...
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...1 1 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry Krishnan Rajeshwar The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electron Energy Levels in Semiconductors and Energy Band Model . The Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface at Equilibrium . . . . . . . . The Equilibration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Depletion Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mapping of the Semiconductor Band-edge Positions Relative to Solution Redox Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface States and Other Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current-potential Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dark Processes Mediated by Surface States or by Space Charge Layer Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate-limiting Steps in Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark . . . . . Light Absorption by the Semiconductor Electrode and Carrier Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light Absorption...
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...PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. (2012) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.1255 PAPER PRESENTED AT 26TH EU PVSEC, HAMBURG, GERMANY 2011 Solar cell generations over 40% efficiency R. R. King*, D. Bhusari, D. Larrabee, X.-Q. Liu, E. Rehder, K. Edmondson, H. Cotal, R. K. Jones, J. H. Ermer, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law and N. H. Karam Spectrolab, Inc., 12500 Gladstone Ave, Sylmar, CA 91342, USA ABSTRACT Multijunction III-V concentrator cells of several different types have demonstrated solar conversion efficiency over 40% since 2006, and represent the only third-generation photovoltaic technology to enter commercial power generation markets so far. The next stage of solar cell efficiency improvement, from 40% to 50%-efficient production cells, is perhaps the most important yet, since it is in this range that concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems can become the lowest cost option for solar electricity, competing with conventional power generation without government subsidies. The impact of 40% and 50% cell efficiency on cost-effective geographic regions for CPV systems is calculated in the continental US, Europe, and North Africa. We take a systematic look at a progression of multijunction cell architectures that will take us up to 50% efficiency, using modeling grounded in well-characterized solar cell materials systems of today’s 40% cells, discussing the theoretical, materials science, and...
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...photosynthesize the food they need for growth. The food chain is also affected. Photosynthesis is needed to make nutritious food that animals depend on for survival (Konacq, 2014). Without sunshine, “all plants die” (Konacq, 2014). Because plants support the global food chain for all life, without plants, “all animals would die” (Konacq, 2014). The sun also aids in keeping the earth at a reasonable temperature and in the past, sunshine has helped make fossil fuels which we use today (Konacq, 2014). Describe the characteristics that make water so unique and essential for life on Earth. 1. Water molecules are polar. They have a slightly positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. Water carries materials to and from cells and it dissolves polar or ionic substances (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2013). 2. Water is the only liquid that is inorganic and occurs in nature. It occurs normally and at temperatures that are suitable for life (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2013). 3. Water molecules stick together cohesively. It adheres to surfaces and can be drawn into small channels (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2014). 4. Water expands when it crystalizes. If the temperatures happen to fall below freezing, the surface layers of bodies of water cool faster and freeze before deeper water. Floating ice insulates the bottom layers keeping most of the water bodies liquid. In the winter, this helps keep many aquatic organisms alive (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2013)...
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...Anthocyanin from Basella alba (Alugbati) stems as light-accumulators for making of dye-sensitized solar cells ________________________ An Investigatory Project Presented to Association of Science Educators of the Philippines (ASEP) in cooperation with Department of Education (DepEd) ________________________ As an Entry to the 2014 REGIONAL SCIENCE QUEST (Regional Level – Physical Science Team – Private Schools Category) ________________________ Proponents Dan Carlos C. Calubaquib Lisa Marielle S. Tagasa Rea Melissa P. Espiritu EFREN PAZ Research Adviser ________________________ Roosevelt College Science High School Sumulong Highway Cainta, Rizal November 2014 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT We would like to thank our parents for their nonstop support during our research project. Thank you for Mr. and Mrs. Tagasa for letting us stay at their house to do our experiments in the middle of the night. Thanks you for Mrs. Espiritu for helping us to find Indium Tin Oxide, which is essential to our study. And last but not the least, thank you for Ms. Corpuz for helping us to find the chemicals we needed. To our friends that encouraged us to continue. Thank you for Austin Kinn Rubin for giving us a piece of advice on what would be the best thing to do for our research. And to the entire Batch 10, we thank you for the support you gave. To our teachers that taught us how to think and not what to think. To Ms. Luzita Alcid, our principal, who helped us defend our study better. To our research...
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...Recognize a question or a problem. Hypothesis: An educated guess or a reasonable explanation. When the hypothesis can be tested by experiment, it qualifies as a scientific hypothesis Prediction: Consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct. The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct. Conclusion: Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings. What is the principle of falsifiability? For a hypothesis to be considered scientific it must be testable?it must, in principle, be capable of being proven wrong. Fact: A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree. Theory: A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world. Law: A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as a principle. Evidence: which serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis. Experiment: is a test carried out in order to discover whether a theory is correct or what the results of a particular course of action would be . What did Galileo do to challenge Aristotle?s belief that heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects? Galileo very carefully examined Aristotle?s hypothesis. Then he...
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...Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Electromagnetic Waves Optics Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atoms and Nuclei Electronic Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Hydrocarbons Environmental Chemistry CLASS XII Solid State Solutions Electrochemistry Chemical Kinetics Surface Chemistry General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements p- Block Elements d and f Block Elements Coordination Compounds Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Biomolecules Polymers...
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...[pic] WHAT IS GREEN TECHNOLOGY? The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes. The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products. As the name implies green technology is one that has a "green" purpose. By green we do not mean the color, however, nature is quite green, and the long and short term impact an invention has on the environment is what we are talking about. Green inventions are environmentally friendly inventions that often involve: energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health concerns, renewable resources, and more. Green technology is the application of one or more of environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. The term is also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaic, wind turbines, bioreactors, etc. Sustainable development is the core of environmental technologies. The term environmental technologies also used to describe a class of electronic devices that can promote sustainable management of resources. The present expectation is that this field will bring innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over the last two decades. In these...
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