...needs for a year. To harvest this bounty, we need technology that efficiently converts the sun’s energy into forms we can use. Developing this technology is the purpose of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Energy Technologies Program. Powerful Goals, Powerful Technologies The Solar Energy Technologies Program is part of the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The Program’s mission is to improve U.S. security, environmental quality, and economic prosperity through public-private partnerships that bring reliable and affordable solar energy technologies to the marketplace. It supports research and development on a wide range of photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal technologies that convert sunlight into useful energy. Photovoltaic Technologies The majority of the Program’s budget is allocated to PV research and development (R&D). All PV devices convert sunlight directly into electricity. However, there is a variety of materials and processes for creating PV devices, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The major trade-off is between cost and sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency—higher efficiency typically translates into higher cost. Program participants consistently achieve world-record efficiencies for different types of PV, but each effort has the same ultimate goal:...
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...Solar Photovoltaic System: An Alternate Source of Energy Introduction Despite enormous hydropower potential (theoretically 83,000 MW), only about 40 percent of the population of Nepal has access to electricity and this percentage even drops down in the remote areas. Since the rural energy demand is basically for lighting, Government of Nepal (GoN) has its dedicated energy policy to promote Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) including Solar Home Systems (SHS) which follows the principles of Solar Photovoltaic Systems. Photovoltaic are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaic was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced dramatically in recent years. Solar photovoltaic is growing rapidly from a small base to a total global capacity of 40 GW (40,000 MW) at the end of 2010. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Some 24 GW of solar was projected in November 2011 to be installed in that year, pushing...
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...------------------------------------------------- Solar panel | | Solar PV modules (top) and two solar hot water panels (bottom) mounted on rooftops | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid parity"). For example in 2015, an average home in Europe or the...
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... p Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy Secure Sustainable Together 2014 edition INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment...
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...Sébastien DANIERE How to produce electricity with solar energy? Renewable energy If our energy for the future only depended from the sun How to produce electricity with solar energy? -1- How to produce electricity with solar energy? Summary INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 I) CURRENT SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) TECHNOLOGIES (by Sui CHEN) a) b) c) d) e) Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Solar energy map ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4 The cell basic construction………………………………………………………………………. 5 Material of photovoltaic cell ………………………………………………………………….... 6 Array design and sun tracking………………………………………………………………….. 7 II) SOLAR PANEL FOR BUILDING (by Rahul KAPADIA) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Preface…………………………………………………………………………………......................... 9 Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Why are solar panels important……………………………………………………………….. 9 Solar panel arrays…………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Account of daily producing power......................................................................... 10 Solar panel installation……………………………………………………………………………… 11 Precautions………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 Battery system for solar panel……………………………………………………………………. 11 How many solar panels to recharge the battery…………………………………………... 12 III) APPLICATION OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING (by Geeta PANDE) a) Application of solar energy for rural electrification……………………………….…...
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...PV StatuS RePoRt EUR 24807 EN - 2011 The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi 2749 TP 450 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: arnulf.jaeger-waldau@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu www.jrc.ec.europa.eu PV Status Report 2011 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics July 2011 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit Via Enrico Fermi 2749; TP 450 I – 21027 Ispra (VA), Italia EUR 24807 EN Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 64900 EUR 24807 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20171-4 ISSN 1831-4155 doi 10.2788/87966 The report...
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...UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Yemen – Sana’a ASSIGNMENT Marketing Management BMMK5103 Marketing Plan For: The Solar Energy Company Inc, Solar Energy Systems Table of contents 1.0 Situation / Market Analysis……………………………………………………………...........5 2.1 Company Background………………………………………………………….……..5 2.2 Mission, Vision, and Strategy……………………………………………………….. 5 2.3 Market Share………………………………………………………………………..6-7 2.4 Environment Analysis………………………………………………………………7-8 2.5 SWOT Analysis………………………………………………………………………9 2.6 Competition Analysis………………………………………………………………..10 2.7 Product Offered………………………………………………………………….10-13 2.0 Marketing Strategy………………………………………………………………………….14 2.1 STP (Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning) Analysis…………………………….14-15 2.2 Marketing Mix 4ps……………………………………………………………….15-17 3.0 Financial Projection …………………………………………………………………………17 3.1 Sales Forecast………………………………………………………………………...17 3.2 Break-even Analysis…………………………………………………………...…17-18 4.0 Implementation and Controls…………………………………………………………...……18 4.1 Controls………………………………………………………………………………18 4.2 Implementation…………………………………………………………………...18-19 4.3 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………….…….19 5.0 References……………………………………………………………………………………20 ...
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...Abstract Cindy wants to invest in a new business that involves the installation of solar panels. In order to make an informed decision on this business venture, she will need to review potential profit/loss in the solar panel industry by considering future prospects for this type of business. Cindy also needs to decide whether she will invest her own funds or borrow the money to start the business. The imminent growth of the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry is almost certain. When observing the rising costs of coal and natural gas prices, the decrease of PV system costs, and the government support of solar technology, the PV market looks to have a significant increase in volume over the next few years. According to SolarBuzz, a website dedicated to Solar Power and Energy, The solar PV industry has reached a critical tipping point, with end-market demand hitting record levels almost every quarter. This growth is being driven by leading module suppliers and project developers that returned to profitability during 2013, and which have now established highly-effective global sales and marketing networks.” (NPD Group, Inc., 2013) The article also states that “demand in Q1’14 will also achieve record-breaking status, as the strongest first-quarter ever seen by the PV industry.” (NPD Group, Inc., 2013) The cost of production for solar panels has decreased significantly. “The average cost for tier 1 solar photovoltaic manufacturers is expected to fall 6% during 2014, continuing the...
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...University PO Box 44 PC 311 Sohar-Oman Tel: +968-820-101 ext 233 Email:m.bouzguenda@soharuni.edu.om Abstract--The interest in off-grid photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems in villages and remote areas is increasing. This interest stems from several factors such as improvement in living standards, reduced capital cost, stricter environmental constraints, and national programs that encourage renewable energy systems. To promote the usefulness of such renewable energy systems, a simple design and cost analysis method was developed. Its purpose is system sizing and life cycle cost analysis. Key parameters such as energy consumption, storage requirements, solar resources and financing options are entered into the program. Results such as system size and project cost are computed. For the financial analysis, Internal Rate of Return and Payback Period are used as project evaluation techniques. The method was tested for four PV systems with different geographical conditions and energy consumption profiles. Results show that the PV systems can be attractive on economic basis if governments provide sufficient funding and incentives. 1. INTRODUCTION Photovoltaics offer consumers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and reliable way. Because the source of energy is usually the sun, the electricity produced by PV systems is an attractive option for many countries close to the equator and sun-belt regions for many reasons. For instance, this source of energy...
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...energy today. They are not only being depleted, but also polluting the environment, and affecting our economical stability. Solar hydrogen and fuel cell systems when integrated together represent a new approach that promises clean and friendly energy production. Our project’s objective is to investigate powering residential homes with solar energy and hydrogen fuel cells systems combined using a scaled down model house. This model provided cost effective studies and analysis to estimate systems efficiency, size and capacity necessary to energize an average residential home. It is also very important to establish a reference point by building a small mockup that could eventually help constructing full scale homes, saving money and time. The current system consists of solar panels that are connected to the household, and to an electrolyser. When the sun is shining, the solar panels produce electricity that is used to produce hydrogen and to provide energy to a residential home. The energy demanded by the household during the period of sunlight will be just a portion of the total energy needed to run the house twenty four hours per day, therefore, the remaining solar energy produced in this process will have to be stored for later demand. First, solar radiation hits the solar panels, and produces an electrical reaction in the solar cell itself. The solar cell is a p-n junction made out of silicon, which means that the material is divided into two different regions, the p material...
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...possible. A Self-Supplied Integrable Active High-Efficiency Piezoelectric Energy Scavenging System (ESS) was proposed in this paper. This paper presents an innovative, totally integrated, ambient mechanical energy scavenging system .This ESS can be operated in combination with the photo voltaic (PV) installation in order to • To increase the overall efficiency of the solar energy system (PV), • To keep on charging the storage batteries even when the power outputs of solar cells were negligible due to worst climatic conditions (clouds and heavy rains) and during nights. Hence to provide an uninterruptible and reliable source of energy, • Increase the load handling capability of the solar energy system, • Increase the amount of energy accumulated in the storage batteries, • ESS in combination with solar cells acts as additional energy source to charge the storage batteries, • Increase the life of the storage batteries. An Embeddable, non-life-limiting power source for Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN) can be realized Solar panels (PV) are well suited for the generation of electricity for domestic (small scale-typically for residential applications) and for remote sites which are distant from power grids. “No solar energy will be produced during night time although a battery backup system will solve this problem. However, due to worst climatic conditions (Stormy weather), the efficiency of the solar panels decreases drastically. The power supplied by these...
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...07-042 July 25, 2007 SunPower: Focused on the Future of Solar Power Rebecca M. Henderson, Joel Conkling and Scott Roberts It was December 2006. Tom Werner, CEO of SunPower, glanced down at his watch and shook his head in dismay. His run was not going well, despite the sounds of John Lee Hooker’s “Boogie Chillen” coming through his earphones. He blamed the board meeting later that afternoon. Given SunPower’s position as the producer of the world’s most efficient solar cells, also known as photovoltaics or PV, and recent forecasts that solar power might be on the edge of explosive growth, he knew that he’d be asked some tough questions. Werner wondered how fast the solar power industry was likely to grow and how long SunPower’s advantage was likely to last. How could SunPower compete with much larger companies like Sharp and Q-Cells? Or with the niche “technology play” firms that were springing up? How could SunPower’s current advantage be turned into an enduring competitive edge? As the sun began to rise, Werner picked up the pace again, and began jogging home. Environmental Issues One of the most important drivers of the world’s renewed interest in solar power was its ability to offer energy independence in combination with significant environmental benefits. After all, the earth received more energy from the sun than humans consumed throughout an entire year. Since the burning of fossil fuels generated a number of noxious substances including SO2, NO, NO2, and particulates...
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...dependency on conventional resources. Solar energy is rapidly gaining the focus as an important means of expanding renewable energy uses. Solar cells those convert sun's energy into electrical energy are costly and inefficient. Different mechanisms are applied to increase the efficiency of the solar cell to reduce the cost. Solar tracking system is the most appropriate technology to enhance the efficiency of the solar cells by tracking the sun. A microcontroller based design methodology of an automatic solar tracker is presented in this paper. Light dependent resistors are used as the sensors of the solar tracker. The designed tracker has precise control mechanism which will provide three ways of controlling system. A small prototype of solar tracking system is also constructed to implement the design methodology presented here. Index Terms:- MPPT I. INTRODUCTION Now a day’s electricity generation using solar mobile has been growing fast day today. In order to obtain solar energy as much as possible, the study of the efficiency for PV systems has attracted many researchers and engineers attention. In general, there are three methods to increase the efficiency of PV systems. The first method is to increase the generation efficiency of solar cells; the second one is related to the energy conversion system include maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithms; and the third approach is to adopt solar tracking system to obtain maximum solar energy input from the sun. In...
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...economy is being hampered severely due to this deregulation of electricity. Alternative power sources that can deliver output currents in absence of grid supply are now automatic choices in home grid-connected system. In urban areas, IPS (Instant Power Supply) system is being used massively to cope up with load shedding. Increasing interest and investment in renewable energy give rise to rapid development of high penetration solar energy. There are multiple ways to interface PV arrays with the power grid. Solar energy has become a promising alternative source because it has many advantages such as abundance, pollution free and renewability. The solar photovoltaic (PV) power will play an important role in alleviating the energy crisis and reducing the environmental pollution and has a bright prospect of applications. Due to the nonlinear relationship between the current and the voltage of the photovoltaic cell, it can be observed that there is a unique maximum power point (MPP) at a particular environment, and this peak power point keeps changing with solar illumination and ambient temperature. In recent years, a large number of techniques have been proposed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), such as the constant voltage tracking (CVT), the incremental conductance (INC) method, the perturb-and-observe (P&O or hill-climbing) method (Basso, 2008). Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method has a simple feedback structure and fewer measured parameters (Feng, 2010). It operates...
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...Study of the thin films technology and using it as a differentiator for positioning it in the international markets SIP Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the PGDM Program 2010-12 Submitted by Name: Ashish Mohan Srivastava Roll number: 2010268 Supervisors: 1. Mr. Raj Kumar Verma Assistant Manager (Projects and Services) Moserbaer Photovoltaic India Ltd. 2. Professor J.Mohanty Institute Of Management Technology, Nagpur 2010-12 [pic] Acknowledgement It gives me a great sense of pleasure to present the report after undergoing an intense summer internship at Moserbaer’s Photo Voltaic wing. It is really difficult to gratify each and every person who has been instrumental in the completion of the project but I am taking great care that no one is left out. So in the same sequence at very first, I would like to acknowledge my parents because of whom I got the existence in the world for the inception and the conception of this project. Later on I would like to confer my acknowledgement to Mr. J.Mohanty my faculty guide and other faculty members who taught me how to do project through appropriate tools and techniques. Because Moserbaer India Ltd. has trusted me and given me a chance to do my integrated research study, I would like to give thanks to the organization and especially to Mr. Raj Kumar Verma (Asst. Manager, Projects and Services) my corporate mentor and Mr. Sanjeev Kumar (Research Scientist) from the depth of my heart...
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