...PV StatuS RePoRt EUR 24807 EN - 2011 The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi 2749 TP 450 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: arnulf.jaeger-waldau@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu www.jrc.ec.europa.eu PV Status Report 2011 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics July 2011 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit Via Enrico Fermi 2749; TP 450 I – 21027 Ispra (VA), Italia EUR 24807 EN Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 64900 EUR 24807 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20171-4 ISSN 1831-4155 doi 10.2788/87966 The report...
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...Photosynthesis and Solar Cell Technology Introduction to Biology SCI 115 Strayer University The plants ability to utilize photosynthesis plays an integral part in everyday life. The way plants are able to interact with the environment, take “waste” and convert it into oxygen is nothing short of amazing. Through ingenuity and technological advancement, human beings have been able to almost replicate this amazing feet. Solar cells are able to absorb light energy to energize electrons. While the end product may be different, solar cells and photosynthesis both utilize light energy for application. Solar cells and photosynthesis are very similar in how the utilize light energy. The purpose of both the solar cell and photosynthesis is to harness light energy and convert it into usable form. In a solar cell sunlight is absorbed by a semi-conductor. In plants “the pigments within the thylakoid membranes absorb solar (radiant) energy” (Mader, 2009). It is in this instant that both a solar cell and a photosynthetic plant are at its most similar. From here the solar cell converts the solar energy to electricity while, through photosynthesis, the plant produces oxygen as it uses water and carbohydrates to grow and survive. The process of the conversion of light energy and certain characteristics of both photosynthesis and solar cell technology are the similarities that these two share. Once light energy has entered the differences come into play. Solar cells produce the...
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...Revised generation capability rating methodology to distinguish between commitment and long-term ratings. Added reactive power capability methodology. JAZ FRO 2 9/29/2008 Rev. to reflect requirements of NERC FAC-008-1 and FAC-009-1. Added specific language to address nuclear units and jointly owned facilities outside FPL’s metered boundaries. Added language specific to communication of ratings. JAZ FRO 3 10/06/09 Added language specific for solar photovoltaic variable generation resource assets. Removed references to Capability Letter. Added statements regarding boundary of generator Facility. Added comments regarding the FAC-009-1, R1 requirement to establish generator Facility ratings per the Generator Facility Rating Methodology. JMG FRO Generator Facility Rating Methodology The purpose of this procedure is to document the methodologies used by FPL (generator owner) in rating its generator facilities to meet the requirements of NERC Standards FAC-008-1, FAC-009-1. This procedure is applicable to fossil, solar photovoltaic and nuclear generator Facilities. TERMINOLOGY Bulk Electric System (BES): As defined by the NERC Regional Reliability Organization (RRO), the electrical generation resources, transmission lines, interconnections with neighboring systems, and associated equipment, generally operated at voltages of 100 kV or higher. Radial transmission facilities serving only load with one transmission source are generally not included in this definition. ...
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...Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.[1][2] Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared" The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere.[3] Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the...
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...Photovoltaic Power Systems Compiled by Tracy Dahl Overview Photovoltaic (PV) technology converts one form of energy (sunlight) into another form of energy (electricity) using no moving parts, consuming no conventional fossil fuels, creating no pollution, and lasting for decades with very little maintenance. The use of a widely available and reasonably reliable fuel source—the sun—with no associated storage or transportation difficulties and no emissions makes this technology eminently practicable for powering remote scientific research platforms. Indeed, numerous examples of successfully deployed systems are already available. The completely scaleable nature of the technology also lends itself well to varying power requirements–from the smallest autonomous research platforms to infrastructure-based systems. This technology can be limited, however, by annual fluctuations in solar insolation, especially at extreme latitudes. Based on semiconductor technology, solar cells operate on the principle that electricity will flow between two semiconductors when they are put into contact with each other and exposed to light (photons). This phenomenon, known as the photovoltaic effect, was first discovered by Edmund Becquerel in 1839. Actual development of PV technology began in the 1950s and gained greater impetus through the NASA space program during the 1960s. Research continues today at national laboratories and within private industry, focusing on increasing conversion efficiencies...
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...manufactures as a raw material. Reduced benign emissions is process that benefits the community through reduced pollution and also increases profits for a company by waste reduction. Open communication shows a business’s transparency and investment in its stakeholders, by business being open to their operations the stakeholders feel a sense in confidence of a business’ operations. Resource efficient transportation and logistics which looks at aspects of improving air quality, using hybrid vehicles and the careful planning of positioning factories close to their customers, results in more sustainable logistical operations. Renewable Energy, with a strong prominence on photovoltaic cells, creates a long term solution to the rising costs of diminishing fossil fuels. Photovoltaic energy systems use no moving parts and convert solar energy directly into electricity, which is the most adaptable form of power also resulting in less carbon emissions in comparison to coal...
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...PV Technologies, Inc.: Were They Asleep at the Switch? Case Synopsis: There was unofficial information on the following; - wrt Barstow bids, PVT was trailing behind competitors SOMA Energy and BJ Solar - It was perceived that the above is due to Solenergy’s renewed focus on expense control and the company felt that there was wide difference in the prices quoted by PVT and the other companies. They believed an enhanced maintenance schedule along with a proactive quality control program would compensate for the inferior performance characteristics of the less costly inventers. - If the above information was true PVT would not only lose one of the biggest customer thereby having financial implications but also their leadership status in the market would be at risk ( this could turn out to be critical for PVT especially since there was a huge potential for the solar photovoltaic products which was expected to grow at 30.4% CAGR during the period 2010-2015.) Major Issues Identified - The fact that such critical information got leaked and PVT was caught unaware questioned PVT teams ‘customer management’ skills. - It also reflected the complacency of PVT team especially on two fronts (i)whereby PVT assumed that since Solenergy was their long term customer they may not look at other companies in the market (ii) That by being just ‘quality focus’ they were meeting their customer expectation - PVT was also over-dependant on the fact their best sales person (Jim Salvatori)...
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...FACULTY OF HEALTH, SPORT & SCIENCE Assessment Cover Sheet and Feedback Form |Module Code: |Module Title: | Lecturer: | | |Hydrogen: Fuel Vector for the Future (2012-13) |Jon Maddy | |PH4S01 | | | |Assignment Title and Tasks: | | | |Field trip report from visit to University of Glamorgan’s Hydrogen Research Centre in Baglan. | | | | | |You are required to submit a report of 2500-3000 words relating to the University of Glamorgan’s Hydrogen Research Centre at Baglan: | | ...
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...Rural Solar Electrification as a substitute for Kerosene Subsidies in India - Sushant Vinchurkar Rural Solar electrification as a substitute for Kerosene subsidies in India In a recent article in the Times of India, renowned economist Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar has posed a million dollar question: “For decades, kerosene has been sold at highly subsidized prices on the grounds that it provides essential rural lighting to villages without electricity. However, if electricity is now available in all villages in some states, and will soon cover the vast majority of the rural population, why should the kerosene subsidy continue, especially when it’s well known that a corrupt, leaky distribution system means that little actually reaches the poor?” The magnitude of subsidy on Kerosene in India: Factual data Kerosene is primarily used in rural households for lighting (see following figure 1). Subsidized kerosene provided through the public distribution system (PDS) is intended to be targeted to those households that are below the poverty line and have ration cards to prove their economic status. Figure1 National Sample Survey Office data for 2004–05 showed that approximately 50 per cent of poor rural households did not have a BPL card and, in some states, such as Bihar and Jharkhand, the figure was as high as 80 per cent (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, 2007). Figure 2 (Source: IISD report) 2 Rural Solar electrification as a substitute...
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...Software Implementation of the Central Solar Battery Charging Station (CSBCS) Abstract— Solar Battery Charging Station is the beginner's outline of the Central Solar Battery Charging Station which can be worn as an alternation of the complementary power source or electricity for assembling the ever-increasing demand of our country, Bangladesh. Solar energy is a form of best renewable energy and by implementing this project as a prototype one; our motto is to extend the voice for “Go Green-Save the Planet-work for existence”. Software implementation is needed to monitor the charging status of the individual batteries in a station. It can also detect whether the battery has been damaged or not at a certain voltage level. Thus, we have deliberated our software to monitor all the probable actions in the software development for Central Solar Battery Charging Station. It indicates the charging status independently for each battery coupled to the prototype central charging station through a charge controller that deliver the requisite quantity of current to the battery and also connected superficially with a Data Acquisition Card to examine the battery state with our software deployed using VISUAL STUDIO 2010 in C# programming language. Consequently, the entire charging process of the central charging station is a solitary means of communication as we are going to provide input quantity directly from PV solar panel or diesel generator (unconventional source)...
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...Abstract Solar Energy: The Eco-Friendly alternative energy source for The world? Solar Energy: The Eco-Friendly alternative energy source for The world? Solar energy is energy provided by the sun, it is in the form of solar radiation, it can be converted into electrical or thermal energy. Around the world a movement has begun, one started by environmentalist, this movement is known as the Go Green Movement. The goal of this movement is to make people aware of the damages that we are causing and effective measures to reverse them. The Go Green Movement focuses on creating alternative energy sources so that non-renewable energy resources such as: coal, petroleum and fossil fuel are not exhausted. Most fossil fuels are obtained through mining processes, which can damage the environment. They damage the environment by releasing acid, mercury and sulfates into the atmosphere. Christina Nunez, in her article for National Geographic states that fossil fuels such as coal should, “be left untouched in order to prevent global temperatures from rising more than 2°C.” (Nunez, 1) This indicates that the burning of fossil fuels such as: coal, oil and gas are factors which contribute to global warming. They contribute to global warming by releasing carbon dioxide into the earth’s atmosphere. In recent years the quandary of having alternate sources of energy has arisen. Solar energy is energy provided by the sun, it is in the form of solar radiation, it can...
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...2050 tiv y Te ec rg 2040 Ene 2035 es 2045 chn rs olo g y P e p Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy Secure Sustainable Together 2014 edition INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their...
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...Company Profile Company profile REinVEnTinG A GREAT coMPAnY The year 2008 saw the definitive reinvention of a great company. Less than a decade ago, ACCIONA was one of Spain’s leading construction companies and was actively diversifying and seeking business opportunities worldwide. In the last year, and after divesting Endesa in 2009, ACCIONA has culminated the transformation into a company that is a pioneer in development and sustainability, and a global leader in the development, production and management of renewable energy, water and infrastructure with the minimum environmental impact. This achievement would not have been possible without ACCIONA’s pioneering background. It was created by the first merger in Spain’s construction industry and, in the 1990s, it was the first non-utility to move into renewable energy. ACCIONA is the construction company that has most successfully diversified followed by a process of concentration. Sustainability is a core axis of its strategy, and energy, infrastructure and water are the vectors of future growth. In 2004, José Manuel Entrecanales was appointed Chairman, and he spearheads the Company’s transition towards these three pillars of growth. In 2005, ACCIONA strengthened its position using an innovative strategy based on orienting those businesses towards sustainable development, with a strong international approach. This sweeping transformation was also possible thanks to the enormous investment effort and social commitment...
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...Introduction Aircrafts require some form of electrical power to operate navigation, taxi, landing, strobe lights and other electronic systems. The electrical system consist of a battery and an alternator (you will find a generator on older type aircraft) to power the system and recharge the battery. You will also find fuses and switches and lights for indication purposes. Some electricity generators are used as backup power or other indication purposes. For example, a volt and/or ammeter are used for monitoring a change in voltage or current. However, this change in voltage or current could be brought about through the means of heat or light, which are electricity generators too. In a situation where primary power has failed, the aircraft storage batteries provide an emergency source of electrical power for operating electrical systems of an aircraft. All of these are connected through several meters (kilometres in large aircraft) of wire and connectors, attached to the airframe with insulation materials. In this report, I will be focusing on how these electricity generators are used in the various sections of the aircraft so as to understand the function they serve. I will be looking at four different methods of electricity generation. They are Magnetism and motion, Chemical Action, Light and Heat. Method of Electricity Generation 1 (Magnetism and Motion) It is important to note that magnetism itself does not create electricity. It requires...
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...of these households are in rural areas and find it geographically challenging to benefit from grid-connected electricity for power supply. In the developing countries, rural areas mainly rely on inconvenient non-commercial resources like wood, agricultural residues etc. as sources of power generation. Hence, Off-Grid power, which can be generated on-site from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and biomass, plays a major role for the future of rural electrification world-wide. To achieve universal access of electricity, International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that by 2030 about 171 TWh of Off-Grid electricity will need to be generated for providing power to approximately 210M or 20% of total rural households. This paper focuses on understanding the implementation and impact of three Off-Grid renewable energy systems in three different developing countries. Two of them are successfully implemented and the other is currently under implementation. The fully implemented Off-Grid systems selected for this paper are “Off-Grid Rural Electrification-Ladakh” in India and “Off grid Solar Power System for a rural village” in Malaysia. The system that is currently being implemented is the “Rural Renewable Energy Development Project” in Bhutan. These projects have been selected based on their significant contributions to rural electrification in their respective countries. 1. Introduction: According to the United Nations Global Initiative “Sustainable Energy for All” nearly...
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