...• Privation is the failure to form an attachment, this may be due to extremely poor parenting or prolonged stays away from a potential attachment figure. Possible consequences of privation are intellectual retardation, anti-social behaviour in later life an inability to form relationships and lack of guilt. • Rutter investigated the progress of 111 Romanian Orphans who were brought to Britain for adoption. The children were raised in poor institutions. The Romanian children were tested for general cognitive levels till the age of 4. A control group of British children were also tested to see whether it was the separation from the mother or the poor conditions of the institution which led to the negative effects. The results were that after four years the two groups of children showed no significant differences in intellectual or physical development. Those who were in Britain before the age of 6 months were said to have developed greater than those who arrived • However there is a problem with this study as we cannot assume that each of the children had the exact same treatment and amount of care meaning we need to take into account mediating factors. Therefore those who recovered at a better rate, such as the ones who arrived in Britain before the age of 6 months may have received less abuse than the ones who arrived later. Thus it may have been easier for them to recover and the age in which they discovered did not have an impact, which limits to the reliability of the results...
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...Privation of attachment means failure to form an attachment. Privation usually occurs when children have been kept in extreme isolation and therefoe have never had the opppurtunity to form an attachment. There are 3 main types of evidence regarding privation and those are longitudinal studies of children in instituational care; case studies of children raised in extreme isolation; and studies of reactive attachment disorder which is a category of mental disorder attributed to a lack of early attachments. A longiudinal study of ex-institutional children was done by Hodges and Tizard in 1989, to investigate the effects of privation by following the same children over a long period of time to collect reliable information linking early experiences to later outcomes for the same individual. The participants were 65 children who had been placed in an instituation when they were less than 4 months old. There was an explicit policy in the institution against caregivers forming attachments with the children. This would suggest the children experienced early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the institutionalized children had been adopted, 15 had returned to their natural homes and the rest remained in the institution. Assessment at the age of 8 and 16 years old involved interviewing those children who were adopted and those who had returned to their original homes. Their parents, their teachers and their peers were also interviewed. Data was also collected from a control group...
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...Discuss the Consequences of Privation. (12 marks) Privation occurs if a child is deprived the chance of forming an attachment relationship with another person. The consequences of this can be detrimental to the child’s wellbeing and ability to develop. One consequence of privation is that it could lead to affectionless psychopathy, delinquency and low IQ, as suggested by Bowlby (1946). Bowlby conducted an experiment where he interviewed 44 juvenile thieves, asking them about themselves, their behaviour and childhood experiences. The results showed 14 of the individuals as showing signs of being an affectionless psychopath, of which 12 had been separated from their mothers for a long period of time during the first 2 years of their life. Bowlby concluded from this that delinquency is linked to childhood maternal deprivation, as the delinquents were more likely than the average population to have been deprived in their childhood. However, Schaffer and Emerson found that children develop more than one strong attachment, which contradicts the suggestion that an absent mother is the cause of delinquency. As well as this, Rutter argued that the there is no simple cause and effect relationship between delinquency and maternal deprivation. He suggested that there were other important variable that need to be considered, like the reason of separation from the mother and how the separation was handled. Another criticism is that Hodges and Tizard’s research would support the idea of a...
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...Outline and evaluate research into Privation Privation is the failure to form an attachment, this may be due to extremely poor parenting or prolonged stays away from a potential attachment figure, e.g. whilst in hospital. One famous study on extreme privation is the case study of Genie: Genie was locked in a room by her father until she was thirteen and a half years old and never fully recovered and proceeded to lack social responsiveness. Her lack of recovery may be due to the fact that she was found beyond the sensitive period or because of the physical deprivation she experienced. Additionally, another well-known case study on privation is the Czech twins whom spent the first seven years of their life locked up by their stepmother and were unable to talk. Once they were found they were then cared for by two sisters and by the age of fourteen they were socially and intellectually stable and had no problems with relationships and intelligence. The two studies both demonstrate privation; however, they both differ in terms of recovery from the privation. The negative effects of privation were more easily reversed with the Czech twins than Genie; this could have been due to the fact they went to a stable loving home which gave them sufficient emotional care. They were also younger when discovered; this may also contribute to the ease of recovery. The Czech twins were together; this means they could recover better socially as they were not alone, unlike Genie who was secluded and...
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...To what extent can the effects of privation be reversed? Privation is where you never form an attachment with the caregiver. It is different to deprivation which is where you lose the attachment with the caregiver after the bond has already been formed. Rutter in 1981 claimed that the effects of privation are more likely to be serious than the effects of deprivation. Evidence for this came from studies of children that have been carried out by different people on children who have suffered cruelty. The case of Genie is a big example of Privation that was carried out Cutiss in 1977. This reported the case of a girl who was looked in a room for 13 years by her parents and never formed an attachment. She was strapped to a potty chair for most of her childhood and was beaten if she made any noise. This led to her being physically undeveloped and could only speak to animals with animal like-sounds. After a lot of help she learned some language skills but her social and intellectual skills never fully developed. This case shows that the effects of privation can be reversed if you give the child lots of love and support. Another example of the effects of privation is the case of the Czech twin boys and that was carried out by Koluchova in 1976. This was the case where a step mother treated the twins very cruelly by locking them in a cellar, beating them up and had no toys. They were seven when they were and had rickets (bone development disease that is caused by lack of Vitamin D)...
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...Resocialisation can be described as the mental and emotional retraining of an individual, so they may function in an environment other to what they are accustomed to. In the case of Genie, research suggested that although some effects of privation were reversible; as she was observed forming attachments with her carers and the positive development of her social skills. It was unfortunately down to the prolonged negative cognitive effects of her privation, which ultimately ended any possibility of her resocialisation. Genie had missed the critical period according to the theory of attachment. This theory by John Bowlby a psychoanalyst, suggested that all children are born with an innate instinct to form attachments in order to survive. He believed that a child must form a monotropic relationship or else severe consequences in social development could occur. The result would be irreversible developmental problems in the form of reduced intelligence, aggression or depression. A flaw in Bowlby’s theory was the fact he didn’t recognise the differences between privation and deprivation. Treating both as an equal entity, adding doubt to his 44 thieves experiment (1944). Harry Harlow on the other hand recognised the difference between privation/deprivation. Harlow, contributed work to Bowlby’s theory, with his controversial research on rhesus monkeys. Harlow basically thought that the relationship with caregivers was an important role in a child’s development, which impacted on...
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...How far do sources 1, 2 and 3 suggest that in the years 1945-59, the Conservative and Labour parties held radically different views on the nationalisation of British industry? (20 marks) Between the years of 1945 and 1959, there was much speculation as to whether or not there was a consensus or conflict between the Labour and Conservative parties in regards to their views on Nationalisation. Sources 1 and 3 completely disagree with each other. On the one hand, the first source is Clement Attlee, the leader of the Labour party in 1945, saying that something has to be done and that nationalisation is the way. Contrastingly, source 3 is from the Conservative party manifesto. It chooses privation over nationalisation, and therefore presents both parties as holding radically different views on the British industry, each with their own ideas. However, source 2 offers a variegated approach, with Hugh Gaitskell, the leader of the Labour party in 1959, showing the parties as having less radically different views, as he talks about a mixed economy, private and national, being perhaps a wise move on behalf of the government. Sources 1 and 3 agree, overall, that both the Labour and Conservative parties held radically different views on the nationalisation of British industry. Source 1 was taken from a speech by Clement Attlee, the leader of the labour party at the time. In 1945, the country was in economic ruin and a social divide was severely evident. Clement Attlee, alongside the Labour...
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...From the moment we are born we are reliant on others for our survival. The attachment patterns established in infancy affect how we as humans perceive ourselves, interact with those around us and live in our world. Infants who experience confusing, frightening or broken emotional communications during infancy often grow into adolescents and later, adults who have trouble understanding their own emotions and those of others and have difficulty building and maintaining relationships and leading successful lives. Infant Attachment as defined in our textbook, is the close emotional bond between an infant and its primary caregiver. According to John Bowlby (1969,1989 as cited in King), in his theory of attachment, the infant and the mother instinctively form an attachment, he believed that infants are biologically pre programmed to form these attachments, that an infant’s attachment behaviors are instinctive and will be activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such a separation, insecurity and fear. The way Bowlby saw it; infants are born with an instinct to survive. They signal their needs to their caregiver by crying, clinging, searching. The responsiveness of the caregiver determines whether the infant feels loved, secure, and confidant. The way in which the caregiver reacts, also determines what type of attachment the infant will develop. Bowlby thought that our early relationships with our caregivers serve as our schemas for...
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...Outline and evaluate research into privation Privation is the failure to develop an attachment bond in early childhood. This can result from losing a parent at child birth. Bowlby does not differentiate between deprivation and privation. Hodges and Tizard’s study was conducted as a longitudinal study in order to collect reliable information linking to early experiences to later outcomes for the same individuals. It was also a natural experiment. The independent variable was how the attachment experience varied naturally. The study consisted of 65 children who had been placed in an institution, where there was an explicit policy against caregivers forming attachments with the children since before they were less than 4 months old, suggesting early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the children were adopted, 15 returned to their natural homes and the rest remained at the institution. At the ages of 8 and 16, the children who were adopted and those that returned home were interview including their families and friends. Hodges and Tizard found out that the adopted children generally had close attachments to their parents and good family relationships whereas the percentage of children with close attachment with their parent in the children that returned home was much less. However both groups of children were more likely to seek adult attention and approval than the controlled children, and both groups were less successful in peer relationships. This evidence does not support...
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...Section 320 IPC – An Appraisal Dr. Dasari Harish, Prof & Head; Dr. K H Chavali, Assoc. prof; Dr. Amandeep Singh & Dr. Ajay Kr, Asst. Profs Dept. Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh – 160030 Correspondence: dasariharish@gmail.com Abstract: S. 320 defines grievous hurt and lists eight kinds of hurt which it lables as “grievous”. These clauses are not mutually exclusive, for there can be injuries which may fall in more than one clause. However, the list is exhaustive in the sense that, the framers of the Code have used the term “only”, while listing the type of hurts which they designated as “grievous”. To make out the offence of voluntarily causing grievous hurt, there must be a specific hurt, voluntarily inflicted, and coming within any of the eight kinds enumerated in this section. A simple hurt cannot be designated as grievous simply because it was on a vital part of the body, unless the dimensions or the nature of the injury or its effects are such that it actually endangers life. In the backdrop of the verdicts by the Hon’ble courts wherein it was held that the extent of the hurt and the intention of offender should be considered to determine whether a given hurt is grievous, an attempt is made in this article to review the Section with a view to put forward certain fallacies. These, need to be addressed to, in tune with the changing times and in accordance with the modern trends of treatment...
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...In this essay I will explain Bowlby’s theory of attachment were Bowlby argues that a baby goes through a certain amount of stages to form an attachment with its primary caregiver and then multiple attachment. I will explain the stages throughout my essay. To begin, Bowlby argued that attachment is a type of mechanism that ensures the survival of the child. In other words, forming a bond with someone, often the child’s primary care giver is the most essential in order to survive. According to Bowlby which is why they strive to maintain close proximity to the significant adult. He argued that babies have abilities such as crying and smiling to encourage the primary care giver to look after them, and vice versa, the parents, particularly mothers, possess instincts designed to protect their child from harm. Bowlby presented his theory which comes under five sections, firstly being adaptive where babies have an attachment gene ensuring that the infant stays close to the caregiver for food and protein. As this is innate, the baby has social releasers (physical characteristics and behavioural characteristics) which are adaptive because a child’s behavioural characteristic helps the baby to survive. They are innate because survival of a baby’s life is naturally selected. Without any carte from the primary caregiver the baby will not be able to survive on its own. The second stage is Bowlby’s concept of monotropy, which the theory consists of a number of essential factors. Which he...
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...A-Level Psychology Attachment Revision Day Care Explanations of Attachment (Learning Theory |Bowlby's Theory) Learning Theory Description: * Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. * It is a nurture theory. * According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. * Attachment can also be learned by operant conditioning. * The presence of the caregiver is reinforcing for the infant. * The infant gains pleasure / a reward as they are being fed. * The behaviour of the infant is reinforcing for the caregiver (the caregiver gains pleasure from smiles etc. – reward). * The reinforcement process is therefore reciprocal (two way) and strengthens the emotional bond / attachment between the two. Explanations of Attachment (Learning Theory |Bowlby's Theory) Learning Theory Description: * Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. * It is a nurture theory. * According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. * Attachment can also be learned by operant conditioning...
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...Throughout history believers of theistic religions have run into the same problem, the problem of evil. There have been many attempts to explain this problem, but Is any explanation for why God permits evil in this universe truly satisfactory? Here the focus will be narrowed to Saint Augustine’s response and the effect it has on the Catholic faith in an attempt to prove that there can, in fact, be a satisfactory explanation for evil. Put simply, the problem of evil is; God is all good and all powerful. An all good God cannot create evil. So, the universe should be all good, but it contains some evil. So, God either does not exist or the Christians are wrong about God. Augustine first looks at this as a problem of free will, the idea that man...
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...families than restored children (possibly owing to the greater desire of the adopting parents to make those relationships work). * Adopted and restored children experience problems forming relationships outside the home (possibly owing to low self-esteem or poor emotional development caused by early experiences). Evaluation... * A wide variation in relaionship formation meant that some adopted children did badly and some restored children did well. This means that individual differences are important factors. A biased sample was left at the end of the study because greater numbers of well adjusted restored children and maladjusted adopted children dropped out. The evidence suggests that early childhood experiences (including privation) can be overcome later in life, provided the conditions are right. This contradicts Bowlby's view of a critical period during which time children develop attachments that provide a model for...
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...mother is unique in that it is the first to appear and remains the strongest of all. However, on both of these counts, the evidence seems to suggest otherwise. • Schaffer & Emerson (1964) noted that specific attachments started at about 8 months and, very shortly thereafter, the infants became attached to other people. By 18 months very few (13%) were attached to only one person; some had five or more attachments. • Rutter (1981) points out that several indicators of attachment (such as protest or distress when attached person leaves) has been shown for a variety of attachment figures – fathers, siblings, peers and even inanimate objects. Critics such as Rutter have also accused Bowlby of not distinguishing between deprivation and privation – the complete lack of an attachment bond, rather than its loss. Rutter stresses that the quality of the attachment bond is the most important factor, rather than just deprivation in the critical period. Another criticism of 44 Thieves Study as that it concluded that affectionless psychopathy was caused by maternal deprivation. This is correlational data and as such only shows a relationship between these two variables. Indeed, other external variables, such as diet, parental income, education etc. may have affected the behaviour of the 44 thieves, and not, as concluded, the disruption of the attachment bond. Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation is however, supported Harlow's research with monkeys. He showed that monkeys reared in isolation from...
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