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Process Management

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INTRODUCTION

The common statement we use to define a process is that a

process is a program in execution. In more detailed version we

can say that a process is a sequence of interdependent and

linked procedures which at every stage consumes one or more

than one resources to convert inputs into outputs. These outputs

then serves as an input for the next stage until a known goal or an

end result is achieved. A process in execution needs resources

like processing resources, memory, input output resources.

Today’s machines do allow several processes to share

resources. Basically, one processor is shared among various

processes. A process is like a program code which is known as

text section. It includes current activity represented by the value

of the program counter and the contents of processor’s register.

A process also includes the process stack which contains

temporary data that includes local variables and a data section

which includes global variable. A process also may include a

heap that is a memory dynamically allocated during the running

time of a process.
The main difference between a program and a process is that a

program is a passive entity such as a file contains a list of

instructions stored in a disk. Whereas a process is an active

entity with a program counter specifies the next instruction to be

executed and the set of resources associated with it. A particular

program becomes a process when an executable file is loaded

into memory. The two most common techniques used for

loading the executable files are either by double clicking the icon

which represents the executable file or by entering the executable

file name on the command line.

ABSTRACT

Process management is an integral part of any operating system

now a days. The operating system must allocate the resources to

processes, it must enable processes to share and exchange

information, it must protect the resources of each process from

other processes and must enable the synchronization among

processes.
To meet the above requirements, the operating system must

maintain a data structure for each process, which includes the

description of the state and the resource ownership of the

process and which enables the operating system to exert control

over each process.
Each process goes through a series of states. Various events can

make a process to change their states. Different states of a

process can be:
• Created
• Ready or Waiting
• Running
• Blocked
• Terminated.
Process scheduling is one of the most important functions of an

operating system that supports the concept of

multiprogramming. This function is totally dependent upon

queues. Three types of queues used in process scheduling are:
• Job queue
• Ready queue
• Device queue.
Process control block is another concept for multiprogramming.

If an operating system supports multiprogramming, then it needs

to keep record of all the processes. For each process, a process

control block (PCB) is used to track the process’s execution

status, which includes:
• Its current processor register contents
• Its process state
• Its memory state
• A pointer to its stack
• The resource allocated to it
• The resource it needs.

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