...BUSINESS LAW I APPLIED RESEARCH Child Labor Laws Shane T. Martin Doctor Aaron Bazzoli Park University Internet Campus A course paper presented to the School of Arts and Sciences and Distance Learning In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Baccalaureate Business Law I Park University December 2012 Outline - Introduction - Early America o Placed children were employed o Agricultural jobs o Lack of safety standards o Lost educational opportunities - Opposition o 1900 Census report opened America’s eyes o National Consumers League started campaigning for children’s rights o National Child Labor Committee formed in 1904 - Laws Regarding o Problem too pervasive to “law down” o Federal regulation needed to prevent employers from taking business across state lines o Beveridge and Parsons introduce legislation in 1906 ▪ Debated but not put into law o Many tries by Congress but no laws that stuck o Roosevelt elected ▪ National Industrial Recovery Act passed in 1933. • Banned industrial homework and eliminated child labor • Ruled unconstitutional in 1935 ▪ Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 • Ruled unconstituational ▪ Walsh-Healey Act required government restrict their purchases to companies...
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...The Fight against Child Labor International Business Tamara Ramsey May 9, 2012 Abstract Child labor has recently become a very touchy subject throughout the world. Well known corporations and clothing and sporting goods distributors that have for decades been taking advantage of cheap labor in third world countries are seeing their names and images tarnished by allegations of child labor practices and obscene working conditions. Child labor is nothing new to the world. It has been a part of almost every society in recorded history. From ancient times, children have been a part of the economic survival of their families, particularly in industries like the farming and crafting industries. Child labor is meant to define unfair, abusive work whereas work is an important part of the sculpting of most children. There is no question in society that some forms of labor are acceptable and some are not. Children may work without being abused and in many countries and even some American cultures; it is both necessary and integral that children perform some laborious duties. The line between work and child labor is most commonly drawn where normal tasks are replaced with exploitative tasks and children are expected to do things that go well beyond the borders of inhumane. When you think about children, chances are you think of them getting up in the morning, going to school, then coming home and going outside to play. Sadly this isn't always the case. In many countries...
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...Child labor was and is still an existing practice in the world today. Manuel, a five-year old worked at a seafood cannery in Biloxi, Mississippi, with a shrimp pail in each hand and a mountain of oyster shells behind his back. He is typical for thousands of working children in the years before the civil war, especially the turn of the century. America's army of child laborers had been growing steadily for the past century. The nation's economy was expanding. Factories, minds and mills needed plenty of cheap labor. Around 1911, more than two million American children under the age of 16 years of age were a regular part of the work force. Many of them worked twelve hours or more a day, six days a week, for pathetic wages under unhealthy and hazardous conditions. Thousands of young boys descended into dark and dangerous coal mines every day, or worked aboveground in the dust of coal breakers, picking slate from coal with torn and bleeding fingers. Small girls tended noisy machines in the spinning rooms of cotton mills, where the humid, lint-filled air made breathing difficult. They were actually kept awake by cold water being thrown in their faces. Three-year-olds could be found in the cotton fields, and twelve-year-olds on factor night shifts. Across the country, children who should have been in school or at play had to work for a living. By the early 1900's, many Americans were calling child labor "child slavery" and were demanding an end to it...
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...society and labor force face an “industrial” change in which allows for the development of coal mining, working the railroads, in addition with a variety of other jobs. Correspondingly, when these new jobs come to the American hand, union groups begin to come along with them such as the Knights of Labor and later the American Federation of Labor. However, it is also during this time that America undergoes a great migration wave in which brings a significant amount of Italians, Germans, and Irish to the eastern coast which created great competition on the job market. Moreover,...
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...brought with it. Children lived in horrifying conditions before reform was achieved in the early 20th century. They often worked in coalmines or sweatshops for up to twenty hours a day. This helps understand the perspectives of the people living at this time, towards children, as the children weren’t too different from adults, earning wages by spending their days working. In some cases, children worked for weeks in factories without receiving any pay. They did this for the hope of receiving employment after the weeks in which they worked for free. However, employers were well aware of this and often took advantage of the children by either not hiring them in the end of their free labor, or moving after the few weeks to a different area to find more free labor. Outside of being mistreated for labor, children often did not receive care from their parents at home. High infant mortality rates and large family size contributes to this, as it’s harder for a mother of ten to care for all her children, knowing a few are bound to die....
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...Assignment #6: Child Labor: Rights, Risks, and Realities Li-Chung Pan Boston University Metropolitan College AD746 Business Law & Regulation in a Global Environment Prof. Martin L. Saradjian February 20th, 2013 1. Child labor was used extensively before laws and legislations were enacted to abolish child labor. Nowadays, child labor is used in developing countries where child labor laws are not strictly enforced or there aren’t any child labor laws. Where child labor still exists is found in rural settings in developing countries where they are forced to work by their parents or their labor is used to repay debt incurred by their parents. Child labor is used in mostly unskilled labor and is much cheaper than adult workers. 2. Various cultural factors contribute to children working in hazardous conditions. According to “Child Labour: Rights, Risks & Realities” some ethnic and lower classes believe that some are born to rule and others are born to work. This includes children, where their lower caste excludes them from certain rights afforded to other children from a higher caste. If children from these castes drop out of school to work, it is seen as their destiny to do so. 3. The Rotary International is trying to change public attitudes of how some cultures perceive child labor. Rotary clubs around the world are trying to improve the conditions of children by fighting poverty and providing education. 4. The Convention on Rights of the Child is ratified...
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...Dear Aunt Bessie, I have found pleasure in making people in need happy. From your asking to give away one million dollars I will choose wisely and make your acquirements expectable. I have seen the other side of America as something that I never thought I would have ever see. We have talked about deforestation, child labor, women’s suffrage, and food safety. I have made my decision to give $600,000 to Child Labor, $300,000 to Food Safety, and $100,000 to Deforestation. I made my decision to give away $600,000 to Child Labor. My reason for giving away so much money to something that most people may think isn’t necessary of any reason. Well, you may not know the things that I know. I have learned that Child Labor isn’t just children get a little paper cut or a scrap. According to Lewis Hine’s, National Child Labor Committee Report, 1911, “One was badly burned and the other smothered to death” (Doc B.) This means there are children in our world that may get injured badly or even killed. Dennis McKee was one of them. Some of the boys working in mines had little chance to relax or even get some fresh air. “He continues to cough up black coal dust” being in such a small area and especially working with coal you’ll most likely inhale the coal dust and can lead to serious problems like the common diseases such as black lungs. But it is just from working in mines it...
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...pursued to change dangerous tenements, child labor issues, the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industries, and the unfairness of the political bosses. Tenements The cities was overcrowded with industrial workers. Most lived in low cost multifamily housing designed to squeeze in as many people as possible. Several families shared the same apartment. There was few windows and little sanitation and no water or electricity. It was run down, dangerous, and unhealthy buildings. Cites was filthy because of poor sanitation. The streets was littered with trash because there was no garbage disposal system. Horse and human waste dumped in the streets. The use of candles, lanterns, kerosene heaters, and wooded buildings side by side cause big fire problems. Like the Great Chicago fire in 1871. Child labor The percentage of working children ages between ten and fifteen decreased about sixty-eight percent from 1890 to 1920. Children often worked long hours in dangerous factory conditions for very little money. Children were useful as laborers because their size allowed them to move in small spaces in...
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...Lewis W. Hines studied at Chicago and New York University and became a teacher, but soon quite so he could become a photographer and photograph for the National Child Labor Committee. While reading the informational page, there were a few things that I found meaningful. For example how there were laws as early as 1830, restricting or even prohibiting children from working, yet it didn’t actually help children or families in rural communities because “child labor on the farm(s) was common”. People would often turn a blind eye when seeing children working in factories or mills because of this, it’s just sad to think about. Another meaningful thing I learned was how Hine would visit mills or factories and a majority of the time the owners would try and hide the children and tell him that they just snuck in, or there...
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...French rule in Morocco began during the end of the 19th century. In 1904 the French government was trying to establish a protectorate over Morocco, which would make Morocco a French colony. Although this would not happen but for another 8 years. France’s influence could still be felt in the African country. The French conquest of Morocco took place in 1911 in the aftermath of the Agadir Crisis, when Moroccan forces besieged the French-occupied city of Fez. Approximately one month later, French forces brought the siege to an end. On 30 March 1912, Sultan Abdelhafid signed the Treaty of Fez, formally ceding Moroccan sovereignty to France, which established a protectorate. On 17 April 1912, Moroccan infantrymen mutinied in the French garrison in Fez. The Moroccans were unable to take the city and were defeated by a French relief force. In late May 1912, Moroccan forces unsuccessfully attacked the enhanced French garrison at Fez. The last aftermath of the conquest of Morocco occurred in September 1912 when French colonial forces under Colonel Mangin defeated Moroccan resistance at the Battle of Sidi Bou Othman. On March 30, 1912, France officially established a protectorate over Morocco with the Treaty of Fez, which ended what remained of the country's independence. From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. The Sultan reigned but did not rule. Sultan Abdelhafidabdicated in favor of his brother Yusef after signing...
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...News Analysis In 2009, there was a piece of news reported by New Tang Dynasty Television informing the current situation of child labor in India. The news took advantage of real shooting on children’s working condition to indicate millions of children were deprived of childhood and engaged in detrimental jobs instead. It was acknowledged that the exploitation of child labor has been deemed as an accepted practice in India and child workers actually played an indispensable role in Indian workforce, but this would not raise public awareness and government attention. At the beginning, the TV news anchor briefly introduced the uncontrolled phenomenon of child labor in India by pointing out numerous children were compelled to work for little or no pay. Then the lens cut into the scene of an India child labor working on a variety of bangles while sitting on the shabby footstep, with the subtitle of “Child Labor Stile Rampant” on the screen. The news also provided a scope of the Indian northern state of Kolkata, which was famous for abundant bangles, depicting that a number of child workers were engaging in the bangle market under the jam-packed and disordered environment. Unexpectedly, a close shot of three smiling Indian kids with curious eyes appeared on the screen, which presented a conspicuous contrast with the subsequent interview of a slightly elder child work named Vikrantk. He worked for a bangle factory for 8 hours and only earned 35 rupees per day. He said he had no time to...
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...| | CHILD LABOUR INTRODUCTION Child labour (U.S. child labor) refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores or school-related work). An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents' consent at age 16. * | Historical During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions. Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while...
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...guidance, and training to accommodate managers and employees involved in globalization. Learning about the new cultures is not the only dilemma at hand. One main concern is dealing with payoffs and bribes. This kind of ethical issue can cause serious problems. Because of the frequency of this issue the US congress passed the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (or FCPA) in hopes of prohibiting the bribery involving US corporations. This brings up another money saving/ethical issue commonly known to globalization, loss of jobs from 1st world countries. It is true that sometimes products cost less to make in other countries. Businesses sometimes utilize the lower costs by moving jobs or entire factories overseas in order to cut labor costs and have a bigger profit. Smaller countries have to deal with the ethical dilemma of the disadvantages of having lesser amounts of resources than bigger companies. This forces them to put environmental concerns on the back burner in order to try to save companies money and compete with larger countries. This brings up another employment related ethical issue, forced child labor. Child labor is another way to cut production costs. This is a known...
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...Levi Strauss & Co. and China From: Case Studies in Business Ethics 5th ed. Al Gini (pp. 294-298) The market that is the people's Republic of China consists of more than 1 billion consumers and offers low production costs, but its human rights violations have long been condemned by international bodies. In 1993 Levi Strauss & Co. (LS & Co.) faced one of its more difficult decisions in a long corporate history. Would it continue to conduct business in this enormously promising market or honor its relatively high ethical standards and withdraw? Levi Strauss: History and Ethical Stance Founded in the United States in 1873, LS&Co. enjoyed consistent domestic growth for generations and began overseas operations during the 1940s. The company became the world's largest clothing manufacturer in 1977 and achieved $2 billion in sales by the end of the decade. Having offered stock to the public during the 1970s to raise needed capital, management decided fourteen years later to reprivatize in a $2 billion leveraged buyout, the largest such transaction to date. Management's reasons included its heightened ability to "focus attention on long-tem interests (and)… to ensure that the company continues to respect and implement its important values and traditions." By 1993, LS&Co. Produced merchandise in 24 countries and sold in 60. LS&Co. has been a leader among U.S.-based corporations in recognizing the importance of business ethics and community relationships. Two...
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...have different laws addressing the treatment of employees in the workplace. Standards that may be unethical in the United States may prove to be an opportunity for laborers in other countries, making it more difficult to establish and build business relations. This paper will describe and analyze employment and labor laws in the domestic and international markets, and the impact those laws may have on the XYZ Construction Company. Employment and labor law initially arose out of the desire to protect the employee from unethical and immoral practices in the workplace and combat preferential and bias treatment towards specific groups of people. The establishment of the employment and labor laws was set in place to provide redemption and equality for employees. There are four categories dealing with employment law. Employment at will is a contract of employment for an indeterminate term, is terminable at will by either the employer or the employee; the traditional American rule governing employer–employee relations. One of the first laws to restrict the employer’s right to freely terminate employees was the National Labor Relations Act, which has reduced the number of...
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