...The animals shipped in were usually grass fed and corn fattened. That all changed half way through the 19th century. What was once, one of the nations best paying industries, has established a migrant-worker oriented work force and according to those studying the situation has left workers powerless to correct inhuman work place conditions. Although newspapers are publishing the results of the changes, and other groups offering suggestions of what needs to be done to help the worker, the whole dilemma has stagnated without being corrected. Without the support of banding together and forming unions the immigrant workers remain at the mercy of their employers. The efforts, if they can be called that, amount to for the most part, empty suggestions when actions are long overdue. The early sixties found the meat packing industry cutting wages in half and dropping many benefits. Unions no longer had the hold needed to protect the worker. Workers were for the most part immigrants from Mexico who accepted the meatpackers’ low wages and tried to successfully keep pace with the high speed operation of which the industry demanded. More and faster production left workers extremely vulnerable to an industry already fraught with accidents. Kutalik called it a “meaner industry.” Crisis was inevitable as the meatpacking industry restructured, closing old, union controlled, urban plants while setting up newer non-union plants and recruiting cheap immigrant labor. With the rise of the fast...
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...| 2016 | | | [Economics of Obesity] | ECO6150 RESEARCH PAPER | Abstract There has been a significant growth in obesity over the last several years which has been a major epidemic in which more than half of Americans are considered overweight and shockingly 1/3 of the population is shockingly considered obese. Research supports that there is a major economic impact that is associated with the rise of the epidemic of obesity. Medical costs, loss of work, wages and insurance are all key factors which contribute to the direct and indirect costs behind obesity. I will cover the most prevalent information as it pertains to the costs and identify challenges and potentials in regards to the research trends and the impact of obesity. The potential economic impact will be provided and seek to explore potential future research opportunities. In addition it has been shown that there is a correlation to high rate obesity and low income groups in America. With the increase of fast food restaurants competing against each other and their accessibility coupled with their inexpensive menu options has created an increase in weight for Americans in dangerous proportions. Foods that are nutrient filled such as vegetables and fish have a much high cost and are less convenient to most. The refined sugars and grains along with the high fat content and fillers that most of these foods are laden with have caused an addiction and craving for these foods. Because of the small national...
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...History of Automobile Manufacturing I decided to write my research paper about the history of automobile manufacturing, since my grandfather worked for over 30 years for General Motors, the most successful automobile manufacturers in the world. I hope to show how the manufacturing of automobiles began and how much it has changed over the last one hundred and twenty years. Exactly who invented the automobile is not known. Many engineers in many different countries were working on inventing a more compact and convenient “mover” of people. In 1806, the first cars powered by internal combustion engines running on gas appeared. In the United States the early automobile was seen as a logical replacement for the farm buggy. Therefore, the first automobiles were born in a blacksmith’s shop. The first successful gasoline engine motor vehicles in the United States was designed by Charles E. Duryea and built by his brother Frank. It was drove on September 21, 1893. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company was established in 1895 to become the first American company to build gasoline-powered automobiles. In 1896 the company built 13 cars. The first vehicle of the Duryea brother was named “Buggynaut”. It weighed about 700 pounds and had ball-bearing and rubber-wheeled tires. The earliest cars were painstakingly constructed by skilled and usually gifted engineers in the very modest workshops, often back-street garages. General purpose machines and techniques were used. ...
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...| | CHILD LABOUR INTRODUCTION Child labour (U.S. child labor) refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores or school-related work). An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents' consent at age 16. * | Historical During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions. Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while...
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...production. External economies of scale occur when an entire industry benefits from expansion; for example, through the creation of an improved transportation system, a skilled labor force, or by sharing technology. Economies of scope are reductions in average costs attributable to an increase in the number of goods produced. For example, fast food outlets have a lowe+r average cost producing a multitude of goods than would separate firms producing the same goods. This occurs because the preparation of the multiple products can share storage, preparation, and customer service facilities (joint production). ECONOMIES OF SCALE The basic notion behind economies of scale is well known: As a plant gets larger and volume increases, the average cost per unit of output is expected to drop. This is partially because relative operating and capital costs decline, since a piece of equipment with twice the capacity of another piece does not cost twice as much to purchase or operate. If average unit production cost = variable costs + fixed costs/output, one can see that as output increases the fixed costs/output figure decreases, resulting in decreased overall costs. Plants also gain efficiencies when they become large enough to fully utilize dedicated resources for tasks such as materials handling. The remaining cost reductions come from the ability to distribute non-manufacturing costs, such as marketing and research and development, over a...
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...Civil Liberties In this research paper, I have learned about how different ethnic backgrounds have come about to be members of the greatest nation on Earth. Our country has had both its glory and flaws, but while studying our American History, we learn that our country has endured a lot of changes for the common good, and the irony of others. There have been many solid events that have defined who we are today, and also where we stand in the world. Some of these events include, but are not limited to The Civil Rights Act of 1866, The Progressive Era, The New Deal, Grand Expectations, the Reagan Era, and 21st Century. First, when we address The Civil Rights Act of 1866, we find that this is an Act to protect all persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and furnish their means for Vindication. The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s), as the name implies, made huge changes towards the right of women and minorities. This Era was very crucial in the transformation of civil liberties that are enforced today. The New Deal (1933-1939), known for its lasting program of the Social Security Act of 1935, is still taking care of the elder and the disabled. Grand Expectations (1945-1974) was a period of optimism. African Americans finally began to realize many of the deferred dreams left over from decades of Reconstruction from the Civil War, the country was economically prosperous and social reforms promised an even better future. The Reagan Era (1981-1989) known for a restored...
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...1. Identify four roles the media performs in our society. 2. Recognize events that affected the adoption of mass media. 3. Explain how different technological transitions have shaped media industries. In 2010, Americans could turn on their television and find 24-hour news channels as well as music videos, nature documentaries, and reality shows about everything from hoarders to fashion models. That’s not to mention movies available on demand from cable providers or television and video available online for streaming or downloading. Half of U.S. households receive a daily newspaper, and the average person holds 1.9 magazine subscriptions.7, 8A University of California, San Diego study claimed that U.S. households consumed a total of approximately 3.6 zettabytes of information in 2008—the digital equivalent of a 7-foot high stack of books covering the entire United States—a 350 percent increase since 1980.9 Americans are exposed to media in taxicabs and buses, in classrooms and doctors’ offices, on highways, and in airplanes. We can begin to orient ourselves in the information cloud through parsing what roles the media fills in society, examining its history in society, and looking at the way technological innovations have helped bring us to where we are today. What Does Media Do for Us? Media fulfills several basic roles in our society. One obvious role is entertainment. Media can act as a springboard for our imaginations, a source of fantasy, and an outlet for...
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...in the office workplace 9 Human factors in labor provision 9 Disparities in the wage income structure 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Automation and Computerization in the Developing World Introduction The early 1990 marked a new era of technological advancement in most parts of the developing world. How automation and computerization has affected work in these countries has been a major topic in the learning of labor market trends and wage distribution in the countries that have so far embraced automated computerized technologies in their service industries (Artuc, Chaudhuri & McLaren, 2010, p. 1027). From a historical perspective, the use of calculators and typewriters in offices marked the beginning of computerization and automation of services in the world. This article provides an overview of research on various areas of concerns all that have shaped these paradigms. These considerations takes a keen attention, especially on how technological changes have affected the wage allocation and employment trends in the labor market, and how these technological changes have affected the bargaining power of low-skilled employees. A review of the impacts of technological changes in the labor market In analyzing the impact of the wave of technological change that swept the developing world in the early 1990’s, Guy (2008, p. 684)...
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...advent of social media, the number of communication options has exploded. You can share among your employees almost instantaneously. As the speed of communication accelerates, your challenges to communicate effectively also increase. Keeping your communications accurate and informative becomes a daily challenge. Traditional Communication Methods Communicating with your employees has traditionally been a top-down process: Management created policies, procedures, documents and memos and distributed them to workers. Your now deliver communication usually through internal email messages and website updates. Employees most likely communicate through email and phone calls, with occasional meetings to update status and review accomplishments. Paper memos still exist, but their use is declining as most organizations now rely almost exclusively on email for their important communications. Email and Instant Messaging Your employees most likely use email and instant messaging for most of their daily communications. From daily updates to the latest news from your field offices, associates can stay up to date and informed at all times. The advantages of email and instant messaging are the speed of information and the ability to communicate to everyone in your company at the same time. A big disadvantage is that they do not allow you to see body language and hear voice inflections, non-verbal communication that constitutes a large portion of the content of most messages. This can cause miscommunication...
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...Strategic Management Model • Competitive • Supplementary • Business • Functional • Global • Tailoring • Diversification ➢ Competent organization ➢ Budgeting ➢ Policy Procedure ➢ Information Best Practice ➢ Motivating people ➢ Reward Based Performance ➢ Creating Organizational culture ➢ Establishing Management Control ➢ Leadership & Change ➢ Strategy: A company’s strategy consists of the competitive moves and business approaches that managers are employing to grow the business, attract and please customers, compete successfully, conduct operations and achieve the targeted levels of organizational performance. Thus, a company’s strategy is all about how: • How to compete successfully. • How to satisfy the customers. • How to grow business. • How to manage all processes. • How to improve financial market performance...
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...J.B.M. Vol. 17 No. 1 Journal of Business and Management Editors Cristina M. Giannantonio, Ph.D. Amy E. Hurley-Hanson, Ph.D. Published by Chapman University’s Argyros School of Business and Economics Sponsored by the Western Decision Sciences Institute WDSI WDSI WESTERN DECISION SCIENCES INSTITUTE The Western Decision Sciences Institute is a regional division of the Decision Sciences Institute. WDSI serves its interdisciplinary academic and business members primarily through the organization of an annual conference and the publication of the Journal of Business and Management. The conference and journal allow academicians and business professionals from all over the world to share information and research with respect to all aspects of education, business, and organizational decisions. PRESIDENT Mahyar Amouzegar California State University, Long Beach PRESIDENT-ELECT Nafisseh Heiat Montana State University-Billings PROGRAM CHAIR/VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS/PROCEEDINGS EDITOR John Davies Victoria University of Wellington VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS-ELECT Sheldon R. Smith Utah Valley State College VICE PRESIDENT FOR MEMBER SERVICES David Yen Miami University of Ohio SECRETARY/TREASURER Richard L. Jenson Utah State University DIRECTOR OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Abbas Heiat Montana State University - Billings IMMEDIATE PAST-PRESIDENT G. Keong Leong University of Nevada, Las Vegas REGIONAL VICE PRESIDENT Vijay Kannan Utah State University Journal of Business...
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...7 Corporations in the Modern Era The Commercial Transformation of Material Life and Culture I hope we shall . . . crush in [its] birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial of strength and bid defiance to the laws of our country. —Thomas Jefferson (letter to Tom Logan, 1816) J 1 ustice John Paul Stevens of the U.S. Supreme Court cited the third president of the United States in his strong dissent to the majority’s 2010 decision allowing corporations unlimited spending on behalf of political candidates.1 Quoting the court’s earlier McConnell decision, Stevens wrote, “We have repeatedly sustained legislation aimed at ‘the corrosive and distorting effects of immense aggregations of wealth that are accumulated with Jefferson’s animus may seem curious in light of the history of British corporations that financed the settling of the first North American colonies and, as discussed in this chapter, are often credited with providing the model for representative government adopted by the framers of the U.S. Constitution (Tuitt 2006). 280 Corporations in the Modern Era——281 the help of the corporate form.’” The court’s decision, Justice Stevens continued, “will undoubtedly cripple the ability of ordinary citizens, Congress and the States to adopt even limited measures to protect against corporate domination of the electoral process.” The essence of Justice Steven’s dissent in the Citizens United v. Federal...
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...Golden Age 205 The Transformation of the Studio System 209 The Economics of the Movie Business 215 Popular Movies and Democracy In every generation, a film is made that changes the movie industry. In 1941, that film was Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane. Welles produced, directed, wrote, and starred in the movie at age twenty-five, playing a newspaper magnate from a young man to old age. While the movie was not a commercial success initially (powerful newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst, whose life was the inspiration for the movie, tried to suppress it), it was critically praised for its acting, story, and directing. Citizen Kane’s dramatic camera angles, striking film noir–style lighting, nonlinear storytelling, montages, and long deep-focus shots were considered technically innovative for the era. Over time, Citizen Kane became revered as a masterpiece, and in 1997 the American Film Institute named it the Greatest American Movie of All Time. “Citizen Kane is more than a great movie; it is a gathering of all the lessons of the emerging era of sound,” film critic Roger Ebert wrote.1 CHAPTER 6 ○ MOVIES 185 (c) Bedford/St. Martin's bedfordstmartins.com 1-457-62096-0 / 978-1-457-62096-6 MOVIES A generation later, the space epic Star Wars (1977) changed the culture of the movie industry. Star Wars, produced, written, and directed by George Lucas, departed from the personal filmmaking of the early 1970s and spawned a blockbuster mentality that formed a new primary audience...
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...Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs Price is the one element of the marketing mix that produces revenue; the other elements produce costs. Prices are perhaps the easiest element of the marketing program to adjust; product features, channels, and even communications take more time. Price also communicates to the market the company’s intended value positioning of its product or brand. A well-designed and marketed product can command a price premium and reap big profits. But new economic realities have caused many consumers to pinch pennies, and many companies have had to carefully review their pricing strategies as a result. For its entire century-and-a-half history, Tiffany’s name has connoted diamonds and luxury. Tiffany designed a pitcher for Abraham Lincoln’s inaugural, made swords for the Civil War, introduced sterling silver to the United States, and designed the “E Pluribus Unum” insignia that adorns $1 bills as well as the Super Bowl and NASCAR trophies. A cultural icon—its Tiffany Blue color is even trademarked—Tiffany has survived the economy’s numerous ups and downs through the years. With the emergence in the late 1990s of the notion of “affordable luxuries,” Tiffany seized the moment by creating a line of cheaper silver jewelry. Its “Return to Tiffany” silver bracelet became a must-have item for teens of a certain set. Earnings skyrocketed for the next five years, but the affordable jewelry brought both an image and a pricing crisis for the company: What...
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...382 PART 5 SHAPING THE MARKET OFFERINGS ter p ha C 14 In This Chapter, We Will Address the Following Questions 1. How do consumers process and evaluate prices? 2. How should a company set prices initially for products or services? 3. How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportunities? 4. When should a company initiate a price change? 5. How should a company respond to a competitor’s price change? As a high-end luxury goods provider, Tiffany & Co. knows the importance of preserving the integrity of its prices. Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs Price is the one element of the marketing mix that produces revenue; the other elements produce costs. Prices are perhaps the easiest element of the marketing program to adjust; product features, channels, and even communications take more time. Price also communicates to the market the company’s intended value positioning of its product or brand. A well-designed and marketed product can command a price premium and reap big profits. But new economic realities have caused many consumers to pinch pennies, and many companies have had to carefully review their pricing strategies as a result. For its entire century-and-a-half history, Tiffany’s name has connoted diamonds and luxury. Tiffany designed a pitcher for Abraham Lincoln’s inaugural, made swords for the Civil War, introduced sterling silver to the United States, and designed the “E Pluribus Unum” insignia that adorns $1 bills...
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