...Do you know what propaganda is? It Is information especially of a biased or misleading nature, It is used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. In world war I different of propagandas took plenty of various forms. including pictures, literature and films. “Atrocity propaganda” was a way of mobilizing public opinions against germany Britain had no propaganda agencies at the war’s outbreak. but there was many of organizations established at the wellington house, under charles masterman In response to propaganda activities in germany during most of the world war I. The responsibilities for propaganda was divided between various agencies, resulting in lack of coordination. 1918 the activities were centralized...
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...“I have decided, or rather I decided several months before it started, or may be several years say, not to write propaganda in this war at all. I am willing to go to it and will send my kids to it and will give what money I have to it but I want to write just what I believe all the way through it and after it. It was the writers in the last war who wrote propaganda that finished themselves off that way. There is plenty of stuff that you believe absolutely that you can write which is useful enough without having to write propaganda….If we are fighting for what we believe in we might as well always keep on believing in what we have believed, and for me this is to write nothing that I do not think is the absolute truth.” -To Maxwell Perkins, Finca Vigia, Cuba, May 30, 1942 It would be nice to designate the Second World War with a factual title, such as The Good War, or The Best War Ever, but in retrospect neither of these titles would be an honest opinion to the military or the civilian victims of the war. Historians and journalists alike, being that one cannot be the other and therefore should never be confused but for the instance of the following should be entitled to the same mistakes, insinuate that the portrayal of the Second World War was an accurate one without the tremendous censorship and propaganda that transpired out of the First World War. Undoubtedly, to believe such an apparent statement of propaganda would be to dismiss the actions and the transformation of...
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...American Propaganda and the Suppression of Dissent in World War I “May we never confuse honest dissent with disloyal subversion. “ – Dwight D. Eisenhower On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated. That event marked the first phase of World War I (Grayzel 10). Soon afterward nations throughout Europe announced declarations of war. By the end of October countries as far away as Japan, China and Brazil had become involved (Grayzel 11). Susan R. Grayzel in the “Introduction: The First World War and the Making of a Modern, Global Conflict” from The First World War: A Brief History with Documents”, explores a variety of contributing reasons for the Great War (Grayzel 9). The causes most often cited included the rise of nationalism, increased militarism, imperialism, and a willingness among the population to allow their governments to persecute a war (Grayzel 9-10). Ironically, it was a complicated series of competitive alliances and international peace agreements that caused such a rapid global escalation of hostilities (Grayzel 5). With its vast immigrant population, and their own ties to European and Asian interests, America was not immune to finding itself dragged into the war. Hence, during the first years of the war, President Woodrow Wilson struggled to maintain neutrality. So much so that he issued a declaration of neutrality to Congress on August 14, 1914. In his speech he entreated Americans to remember, “Every...
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...Use of Film During WWII At the beginning of World War I, America was neutral to what was happening across the pond. Americans went about with their everyday life. One of the new trends that came about at the time, were cinemas. Cinemas were used to entertain the masses, but that soon changed when President Woodrow Wilson saw how it affected the people. Wilson saw the cinemas as an opportunity to influence Americans to enter war against the Axis powers in Europe. Hollywood agreed with Wilson, and supported his ideas about reaching the audience with films. This was the beginning of film being used as propaganda in the World Wars. During WWII, the role of propaganda film changed a bit. World War 2 caused a spike in propaganda films, films now needed to be monitored by many government agencies, and one of the greatest propaganda films was created. Up until the bombing of Pearl Harbor, many American citizens were closed off from the war. Many of the citizens who remembered WWI believed it was a bad idea for American to join because America was still vulnerable and was just fixing itself after The Great Depression. They believed that Europe and Asia should worry about their own problems without the involvement of the United States (Grzan). However, the government knew that America was going to have to join the war sooner or later. We had alliances that needed to be protected. At the relation of what needed to be done, a rise in war films came about. One film that particular came...
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...Total war refers to war that affects all aspects of society, not just the people involved. World War I and World War II are often recognized as “total wars” because both birthed a new era of warfare. In previous eras, wars only affected the armies involved and had no impact of the lives of people outside the war. With respect to World War I and II, everyone was involved and everybody provided as much help as possible to ensure the victory of their country. Gender nor race, skilled or unskilled, young or old everyone gathered together to fight as one. World War I was fought mainly in Europe from the year 1914 to the year 1918 and lasted 4 years. World War I was fought between the Allied Powers composed of France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy, and the United States. The Central Powers was composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. What ignited World War I among other things, was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Soon to follow, Austria-Hungary invaded their enemies and created one of the most brutal wars in the world. It eventually ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 where Germany took full blame for the war. What categorizes World War I as a total war is the effects it had on people outside the battlefield. In order to compensate for the poor economy, many government agencies were created in order to conserve and generate revenue during the war. Specifically, one of the major agencies was known as the War Industries Board, or the WIB. The...
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...Propaganda During World War I By Khaled Almuaigel A week after the congress approved of the war declaration that brought the US into The World War I, President Woodrow Wilson signed an executive order that created the Committee on Public Information which was a government agency to advertise and mobilize public opinion on the war effort . This committee was presided by then famous journalist and a political ally of Wilson’s, George Creel. Under creels leadership, the committee had over 150,000 full time employees and volunteers who had affected the lives of every citizen of the United States. The Committee on Public Information was responsible...
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...States Enter the First World War? There are a wide variety of theories as to why the United States entered the so-called Great War, and many have intriguing background information, making them believable. Take an example, such as sea warfare. One cause that may have triggered America's entrance into World War I was that they were being attacked, despite their attempted neutrality in the ordeal. Another possibility could have been America's Anti-German sentiment, or even their historical ties to Britain. Nonetheless, whether it was any of the subsequent reasons or not, the U.S. was enticed to join and fight out the war. 1. Pre-War Long before the mere idea of large-scale wars spanning throughout the world, George Washington said this: "...'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent Alliances, with any portion of the foreign World..." With this, Washington was declaring that America might have wanted to run on a policy of isolationism, because it would stop them from ending up fighting in a war such as the First World War. Americans managed to keep this mindset for around one hundred years. However, nearing the end of this century of isolationism, a feeling of Jingoism came out in some Americans. At this point in time, Americans had expanded "from sea to shining sea" and even a little more. For many, this vast amount of land was enough. On the other hand, Jingoists wanted more. They may have even been willing to fight for more land, and the current war that was taking place...
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...Katie Kavanagh 27 July 2014 The Information Age: Assignment #2 America is constantly developing as a nation along with the smaller communities that have formed within it, and information technologies have proven over time to create communities, both real and imagined. Although there are many different kinds of technology that have helped developed the nation and the world, one tool especially useful in disseminating this community-building information is the newspaper. Benedict Anderson, Professor Emeritus of International Studies, Government and Asian Studies at Cornell University first created the term “imagined community”. Originally, the phrase was mostly used when referring to nationalism, but now it can be used to describe any group of people who share a common passion or interest. There are several different types of information that newspapers distribute; therefore, there are many kinds of imagined communities that they have created in the past and have the potential to construct in the future. By definition according to Anderson, a nation is “an imagined political community”—a widespread consciousness shared by its members who may never come into contact with one another. Consequently, the first way newspapers built an imagined community was by sparking the emergence of a national identity amongst American citizens. Alexander Ziegler conducts a study on the involvement of newspapers in the development of an American national identity in which he states:...
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...The end of World War 2 resulted in a world that was falling apart completely. Artists of the 1940-1950’s felt the impact of this moral crisis particularly hard. With the world in such a horrible state, many artists felt that they could no longer paint the lively themes that had been painting before the war (Culley). They began to paint untraditional and unrealistic works of art. Their painting never really took on any specific shape or form and each work of art was extremely individual. Despite the fact that the paintings often turned out looking like chaos (Arts), “there was always an underlying serious subject” that many people did not seem to grasp (Ashton). This style of art became extremely popular. However, “the great majority of Americans disliked or even despised modern art”. This great majority of Americans even included President Truman, who “summed up the popular view when he said: ‘If that is art, then I’m a Hottentot.’”(Saunders). Although the public did not necessarily like the style of abstract expressionism, it proved to be a valuable asset for America and the CIA in the midst of the Cold War. The CIA stands for the Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA was founded in 1947 and upon its creation, they decided to “include culture and art in the U.S. Cold War...
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...to sow dissension among them. General Tao Hanzhang, translated by Yuan Shibing, Sun Tzu's The Art Of War To capture the enemy's entire army is better than to destroy it; to take intact a regiment, a company, or a squad is better than to destroy them. For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the supreme of excellence. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the supreme excellence. Sun Tzu "The first casualty of war is truth. Rudyard Kipling One need not destroy one's enemy. One need only destroy his willingness to engage. Sun Tzu There are but two powers in the world, the sword and the mind. In the long run the sword is always beaten by the mind. Napoleon Bonaparte In War, the moral is to the material as three is to one. Napoleon Bonaparte We were as hypnotized by the enemy's propaganda as a rabbit is by a snake. General Eric Von Ludendorf, German General Staff, 1918 The British bombarded our front not only with drum-fire of shells, but also with a drum-fire of printed paper. Besides bombs which kill the body, they drop from the air leaflets which are intended to kill the soul. Fieldmarshall Hindenberg, 1918 All propaganda has to be popular and has to adapt its spiritual level to the perception of the least intelligent of those towards whom it intends to direct itself. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), Vol. I ...there was no point in seeking to convert the intellectuals. For intellectuals would never be converted...
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...22 PRACTICE TEST 1. The United States response to events in China during the last years of the 19th century was to a. send an American gunboat to force the Manchu dynasty to capitulate. b. request equal trading privileges and announce the desire to preserve China's territorial integrity. c. bomb the capital until Chinese terrorists surrendered. d. send covert aid to the Harmonious Righteous Fists in an effort to overthrow the anti-Western Manchu empress. 2. The Roosevelt Corollary a. claimed that the United States had the right to act as a policeman in Latin America to keep order and prevent chronic wrongdoing. b. was issued to justify the role the United States played in ending the Russo-Japanese War. c. reversed that part of the Monroe Doctrine that stated the United States would not intervene in European affairs. d. demanded that Germany pay reparations for the sinking of the Lusitania. 3. A practical demonstration of the principles that Theodore Roosevelt announced to Congress in December 1904 can be seen in events in the Dominican Republic, where the United States a. supported a revolution to oust the repressive dictator and institute a liberal democracy. b. operated the customs service and took over the management of the foreign debt. c. supervised the election of the first free-elected president of the nation. d. invited two rival powers to a peace conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. ...
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...Why the United States is losing the Information War Matt Apel CMR 592 Howard Kleinberg Introduction Cyber Warfare and cyber security have been on the rise for several years now. However, when these topics are discussed amongst government officials, business owners, and civilians the focus has been assaults on personal privacy, hacking into government computers systems, and denial of services. Rarely, is the focus on how armed groups and terrorist organizations are using Information Operations (social media and propaganda) to affect political, economic, and social systems all over the world. Information Operations is defined as, The integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception and operations security, in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. Also called IO (Air University 2006). Former Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) member Rand Waltzman states, “I recently concluded a $50 million program, Social Media in Strategic Communication, which led to the release of more than 200 publications and to the creation of a science of social media. What we learned is that “bullsh..t” is a weapon that is being used worldwide to fundamentally attack the medium of the press, and that the issue of freedom of the press is, in fact, a diversion....
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...paper is that the attacks of 9/11 were the catalysts of a world culture of terrorism that is used by propaganda and censorship to blur the politics of globalization and technology, and restructure a totalitarian society. This paper will argue that the businesses of “the U.S. media shill factory” (Borjesson, 2004, p.165), the plottings of the “brand based” (Klein, 2000, P.421) corporations, and the multi-national oil giants influence sectors of government by using deliberate strategies of censorship and propaganda to discredit government effectiveness, alienate populations, and seize control. What is the correlation between censorship and propaganda? “Intelligent men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument by which they can fight for productive ends and bring order out of chaos” (Bernays, 1928, p.168). Censorship is the “suppression of information, whether purposeful or not, by any method-including bias, omission, underreporting or censorship-that prevents the public from understanding what is happening in society” (Borjesson, 2004, p.419). Since there are different kinds of information or knowledge in society that need to be forbidden because they are harmful to certain groups or to the moral understanding of ethics (i.e. the use of drugs, pornography, assault weapons), what rationale legitimizes suppressed information as forbidden? The principle is “to bring order out of chaos” by using propaganda, “the conscious and intelligent manipulation of the masses”...
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...Operations (PSYOPs) have become even more relevant in this age of information, especially for a nation-state where the threat in the socio-psychological domain is more pronounced. While combating the menace of terrorism, the psychological dimension assumes great significance, as terrorists use violence as a psychological weapon by terrorising the multitude, rather than physically affect a few, and in this sense, they fight a psychological war also. The relevance of psychological operations is much greater than the successful conduct of tactical operations. This article is an attempt to conceptualise the term PSYOPs in the Indian context. The changed dynamics of international relations following the end of the Cold War and changes in the South Asian strategic landscape, postSeptember 11, have made PSYOPs more relevant for the region. It is also important to know that differences between various related concepts like Propaganda, Information Warfare, and Perception Management are waferthin, and may lead to contested perceptions amongst various agencies working under the overall ambit of national security, if not viewed in the current perspective. Therefore, clarity of the concept will set the stage for an effective implementation of policies and help in setting up of a policy structure in India (which does exist today in loosely knit shape) for national level coordination of PSYOPs. Alongside the need for a disciplined, trained, and well-equipped manpower to combat national security...
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...War is fundamentally a cultural phenomenon. It is profoundly entangled with shared meanings and understandings, stories both old and new, and the evolution of the same. These stories and meanings concern how war is defined, what it means to be at war, how enemies are to be identified and treated, how war itself is waged, and how one can know when war is finished – if it ever is. The shared meanings and narratives through which the culture of war is constructed are diverse: oral stories told and retold, myths and legends, historical accounts, and modern journalistic reports – and it’s important to note how the nature of those last has changed as our understanding of what qualifies as “journalism” has changed as well. Video games are worth considering in this context, not only because of their pervasiveness but because of their narrative power. They share much in common with film: interaction with them is mediated by a monitor, and they almost always feature a narrative of some kind that drives the action on the screen. However, video games are also different from other forms of media in that they are simulations – they go beyond audio-visual narrative and into at least an attempt to approximate a particular kind of experience. Further, unlike movies and TV, a feature of the experience they offer is active participation. This isn’t to say that movies and TV are passive; they’ve been too often dismissed as such, when viewing those forms of media in fact often involves complex...
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