...the sociolinguistic politeness in particular in the Jordanian society. It sheds light on the way Jordanian people greet each other in their daily life. Due to the fact that all human beings want to have a peaceful life, their way of communicating with each other has to be a polite one and therefore they adhere to a group of well-established conventions. By doing this, they make their life easier and show more respect, consideration and sentiment for those surrounding them. This study focuses on two important issues; the various patterns of Arabic greetings and the sociolinguistic factors that play an important role in the formation of these patterns. Greeting conventions used by Jordanian people are mainly taken from the Islamic teachings as well as the Arabic traditions. As previously mentioned, people adhere to these conventions in order to keep open and peaceful channels of communication with each other. This study also discusses the factors that play role in forming greetings by Jordanian people including gender, age, context of situation, and time. The sociolinguistic factors that play a role in forming greetings involve two rules; the socio-cultural and the socio-religious rules. Introduction This study aims to shed lights on the various patterns of greetings used by Jordanian people in their daily life. It is important to notice that people differ from each other in terms of age, gender, and status, and therefore; the greetings pattern they choose may also differ...
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...Key words: Politeness principle;Culture difference 一、 Introduction Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dis- Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in praise of other; maximize the expression of beliefs which all languages and cultures, it has long been made an and express approval of other.Other may not be the person di- important object of study in linguistics.The really serious rectly addressed, someone or something dear to humor but study of politeness in the Western linguistic circles can be her. traced back to the German Romantic Movement in the 4.The Modesty maxim early 1920s.In recent years, along with the rapid movement Minimize the expression of praise of self; maximize towards pragmatics, politeness has become the central the expression of dispraise of self. theme.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not 5.The Agreement maxim only a universally highly valued virtue, also a widely but Minimize the expression of disagreement between self employed strategy to realize tactful and effective communi- and other; maximize the expression of agreement between cation.Despite its universality of politeness, ways to re- the self and other. alize politeness, the standards of judgment differ in and 6.The Sympathy maxim difference cultures.Being unaware of such differences Minimize the expression of detest of other; maximize would probably lead to trouble...
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...adverbial phrases, tense, aspect, subjunctive mood , compound words, modal verbs and passive voice. Key words: grammar; feature; business correspondence. 商务函电英语的语法特点 摘要: 商务函电英语作为一种有自己特点的英语,有其独特的语法特点。本文从句子类型、句子结构、状语的位置、时与体、虚拟语气、复合词、情态动词和被动语态八个方面探讨了商务函电英语的语法特点。 关键词:语法;特点;商务函电 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Sentence types of English of business correspondence 1 2.1 Declarative sentences 1 2.2 Imperative sentences 2 2.3 Interrogative sentences 2 3. Sentence structure of English of business correspondence 3 4. The locations of adverbials of English of business correspondence 4 5. The use of tense and aspect of English of business correspondence 5 6. The use of subjunctive mood of English of business correspondence 5 7. The extensive use of compound words of hereby category in English of business correspondence 6 8 The use of modal verb in English of business correspondence 7 9. The use of passive voice in English of business correspondence 7 10. Conclusion 7 Works cited 8 The Grammatical Features in English Business Correspondence Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 2007 Huangjin Tutor: Professor Guo Guihang 1. Introduction The English in business correspondence refers to the English used in correspondence of business and trading. It is not totally different from other specific forms of English, such as...
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...| Child Development Observation (Infant) | Introduction to Early Child Development | Instructor: Kathrine Palichuk | Dawn Freeman | 9/1/2014 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Each child will go through the same developmental process, varying in time and order. During prenatal development the fetus is dependent on the mother to provide the child with a healthy environment to help promote the proper physical development of the unborn child. Healthy development of a child begins at conception. As the fetus grows and develops senses, organs, and brain function, the mother’s lifestyle controls the quality of development in all of the important areas. (Groark, McCarthy, & Afton, 2014) Physical and motor development The infant’s head is heavier than the rest of their body and they are unable to have any control over its movement; of course the does not mean the head does not move but that the movement is only a reflex. The infant at this stage in development has natural reflexes: Moro or startle reflex, which is the sudden extension of arms and legs, head, jerks back and newborn may often gasp in air and cry out. This reflex is often seen when child is surprised by a loud sound or sudden movement. (Groark, McCarthy, & Afton, 2014) Rooting reflex is the...
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...Managing people Introduction The aim of this report is to analyze and comment on the selection practices based on the movie “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory”. According to Scott (2005), “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” was filmed in 2005 based on children’s book by Roald Dahl. The movie reveals a story about poor young boy – Charlie, who lives in town, where located chocolate factory owned by famous confectioner - Willy Wonka. Soon, Willy Wonka decides to allow 5 children to visit his factory and distributes five Golden tickets hidden in the five chocolate’s bars to the unknown locations. The one who will find golden ticket will be allowed to visit chocolate factory. Moreover last child left will win the main prize. Thus, five children found, who found Golden tickets are: Augusutus Gloop – rude and glutton guy, who lives only for food; Veruca Salt – spoilt child, who demands whatever she wants from her parents by screaming at them; Violet Beauregarde – impudent girl, whom mind completely taken by gum chewing; Mike Teavee – bot, who addicted to television; and Charlie Bucket – very polite and shy boy, who is protagonist in this movie. Throughout all movie, mr.Wonka will apply selection processes, because he needs to identify one child, who fits his demands and choose him as a heritor of the factory(Billsberry and Gilbert, 2007) . Thereby, he observes each child behavior, when they are taking a tour through his factory and eliminate those, who failed his perceptions about...
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...Japanese Grammar Guide Tae Kim November 21, 2012 Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The problem with conventional textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 A Japanese guide to learning Japanese grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Writing System 2.1 The Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Intonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Hiragana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 The Muddied Sounds . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 The Small 「や」、「ゆ」、and 「よ」 2.3.3 The Small 「つ」 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 The Long Vowel Sound . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Katakana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 The Long Vowel Sound . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 The Small 「ア、イ、ウ、エ、オ」 . . 2.4.3 Some examples of words in Katakana . 2.5 Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 What is Kanji? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Learning Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Reading Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.4 Why Kanji? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Comparison of 3 methodological approaches undertaken in 3 Research studies on Airline Industry Introduction In this research paper, methodological approaches of 3 different peer reviewed tourism journal articles from the journal “Tourism Management” have been compared. The first article is on the topic of changing gender representation in airline/aviation industry. This research study has identified the trends related to gender representation in airline industry have been discussed. In this article, the influence of different media such as contemporary electronic, celluloid and print has been discussed and the role of media in affecting life as well as career choices especially from the perspective of gender is conferred. According to the article, e-media imagery holds more power than ever before to influence life, especially career choices of a person. New generation especially now take their input from the imagery shown on the media in making their career decision and media has played an important role in helping women to gain more representation in careers that were previously dominant by the their male counterparts. According to the article, e-media imagery holds more power than ever before to influence life, especially career choices of a person. New generation especially now take their input from the imagery shown on the media in making their career decision and media has played an important role in helping women to gain more representation in careers that were...
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...Academic and Personal Development E-mail Communication Comparison 8/14/2013 R S A Comparison of Two E-mails Communication If both emails are compared then it is found that both of them are not perfect by many aspects. These emails do not provide strength to the sender and receiver’s relationships because of a number of mistakes. The medium of communication between sender and receiver is text or written (e-mail) which is a common medium of business communication in these days. The purpose of the communication between sender and receiver is to fix a meeting in a future date for next orders to be supplied by the sender and to satisfy to the receiver that his previous orders are being completed and will be sent to him on time. Moreover, if some items are required or needed on urgent basis then these can also be supplied on specific date to the receiver mentioned by him. Both e-mails have been written for business objectives so these are business emails and not personal emails (Romkema, 2012). In these two emails many barriers can be found at first sight, when read. The first very bad thing in both emails is missing of subject line which is a necessary requirement for writing an email because subject lines are headlines always present in any text communication as well as in email communication. The second barrier in both emails is that these emails have more than two points per email while for better understanding and clarification of the subject matters there must be...
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...Negotiating International Business - United Kingdom This section is an excerpt from the book “Negotiating International Business - The Negotiator’s Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World” by Lothar Katz. It has been updated with inputs from readers and others, most recently in March 2008. The United Kingdom includes four constituent parts: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The term Great Britain and Northern Ireland also refers to the U.K. People belonging to any of the four groups, the English, Welsh, Scottish, and Northern Irish, usually prefer to be called that rather than being called British or Brits. Generally, members of all four groups may emphasize that they are distinctly different from each other. People from outside of England might be highly offended if you referred to them as English. In addition, many in the U.K. do not consider themselves Europeans. Businesspeople in the U.K., especially those among younger generations, are usually very experienced in interacting with other cultures. The reforms of the 1980s and the trend towards globalization have shaken up traditional beliefs and business attitudes. However, that does not always mean that the British are open-minded. When negotiating business here, realize that people may often expect things to be done ‘their way.’ Relationships and Respect Building lasting and trusting relationships is important to most people in this country. However, they are not a necessary precondition for initial...
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... We would like to thank our friends who have been taking part in the making this paper until finish eating, and also to all those who helped in the completion of this paper. We realize that in the preparation of this paper there are still many flaws and is far from perfection. Therefore, critics and suggestion is needed here for the improvement of this paper.. The writer hopes that this paper will be useful not only for the writer but also for the readers. Bandung, September 2015 Author Table Of Contents Preface 1 Chapter 1 3 Introduction 3 1.1 Issue background 3 1.2 Purpose of the paper 4 Chapter 2 5 Theory and Discusion 5 2.1 Notion and Principle of Intercultural Communication 5 2.2 Misinterpretation Intercultural Communication in the Lecture 7 2.3 Obstacle in Intercultural Communication 9 Chapter 3 12 Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Issue background The world today is filled by an ever growing number of contacts resulting in communication between people with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Not just happen out of the country, Indonesian society has always been known to be very heterogeneous in many aspects, such as the diversity of ethnicity, religion, language, etc. Is common as an Indonesian citizen with the differences in culture in our society, because of the breadth of Indonesian region. Culture is a lifestyle that developed and shared by a group of people...
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...ENGLISH BUSINESS WRITING [pic] MODULE BOOK AND READER Course of study: ICM / English Course title: Business Writing Year of study: term 4 ourse year: 2011-2012 Department of English School of European Studies and Communication Management The Hague University Course Information |Title |Business Communication | |Name of study unit |English Communication Skills | |Study unit | | |Department |ICM | |Module manager |A. van der Wijngaard / Y. Overdevest | |Module number |To be announced | |Programme / year of study / term |ICM / year 1 / semester 2 / term 4 | |Study load |28 hours (1 ECTS credit) | |Entry level |None...
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...Cross Cultural Negotiations Lecture 3: “The Incredible Shrinking World.” Culture in Negotiations Cross-Cultural Negotiations: An introduction When two people communicate, they rarely talk about precisely the same subject, for effective meaning is flavored by each person’s own cognitive world and cultural conditioning. When negotiating internationally, this translates into anticipating culturally related ideas that are most likely to be understood by a person of a given culture. Discussions are frequently impeded because the two sides seem to be pursuing different paths of logic; in any cross-cultural context, the potential for misunderstanding and talking past each other is great. When one takes the seemingly simple process of negotiations into a cross-cultural context, it becomes even more complex and complications tend to grow exponentially. It is naive indeed to venture into international negotiation with the belief that “after all people are pretty much alike everywhere and behave much as we do.” Even if they wear the same clothes you do, speak English as well as (or even better than) you, and prefer many of the comforts and attributes of American life (food, hotels, sports), it would be foolish to view a member of another culture as a brother in spirit. That negotiation style you use so effectively domestically can be inappropriate and when dealing with people from another cultural background; in fact its use can often result in more harm than gain...
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...Intercultural Communication (Spring 2015) Moodle Title: BA3H HM302 Date: 22nd May, 2015 Words Count: 3982 Table of Content Table of Content 2 Introduction 3 Comparison between dimensions of American and Japanese culture 4 Background of cultures 4 Power Distance 7 Individualism v.s. Collectivism 9 Masculinity v.s. Femininity 11 Uncertainty Avoidance 13 Long-Term Orientation 15 Important issues during business negotiations in Japan 16 Greetings 16 Time 17 Appropriate attires 17 Business cards 18 Gifts 18 Meetings 19 Seating 19 During the negotiations 20 Role of language negotiation 20 Exchange of favors 21 Japanese Etiquette of non-verbal expressions 22 Leaving 22 Follow-up of the negotiation 23 Relationship building 23 Conclusions 24 References 25 Introduction Dear Ms. Johnson, Regarding globalization brings culture diversity into organizations all over the world, while there are managers and staff from different cultural backgrounds, potential conflicts may arise in organizations if we are not sensitive to the inherent differences. As a manager in hospitality which is a people-orientated industry, it is relatively important for you to understand well intercultural differences in working places, whenever dealing with guests or fellow staff, because of same behaviors under different cultural backgrounds can greatly affects the comfort and harmony atmosphere within an organization...
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...of English INTRODUCTION On july of 2005, John Roberts was nominated to be a justice on the supreme Court of the United States. Commenting in this description of Roberts, the noted literary and legal theorist Stanley Fish (2005) argued that Roberts was not really proponent of “strict contructionsm” but of “textualism”, the belief that interpretation involves “sticking to the meanings that are encoded in the texts and not going beyond them.” To illustrate the limitation of this view of interpretation, Fish notes that if a wife asks her husband why don’t we go to the movies tonight ? The answer to that question depends on the history of the marriage, the kind of relationship they have, the kind of person the husband thinks the wife is. The words themselves will not produce a fixed account of their meaning [emphasis added]. What Fish is arguing in this statement is that communication does not exist\ in a vacuum: to engage in a conversation, for instance, we do not simply decode the meanings of the words that people speak but draw upon the larger social context in which the conversation takes place. 1.GRAMMATICAL VS PRAGMATIC MEANING A.GRAMMATICAL The term 'grammar' covers the proper use of words and word-forms as well as thegrammatical structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences. While different wordforms of lexemes are created by the adding of inflectional morphemes, combinations of words into more complex units are the domain of syntax proper. Grammatical categories...
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...Challenges to Implementing New Policies in the Workplace with regards to Social Media Introduction There are many benefits that social media has brought and continues to bring to the corporate world but there are also many drawbacks that organizations face due to the risks from its use. I believe that it can be proactively managed for organizations to protect its reputation while providing its employees with the proper tools to manage their own personal and business manners with regards to social media. The intent of this report is to demonstrate the challenges to implementing new policies in the workplace with regards to social media. Policies Policies are principles, rules, regulations, guidelines, and/or laws that are adopted by organizations to assist them in reaching their long-term goals. They are designed to influence and determine all major decisions and actions that are expected in the workplace. They state what is to be done, who is to do it, how it is to be done and for whom it is to be done. Company policies are important because they define the company’s responsibilities and duties, to both its staff and its clients. These policies are also in place to define the company’s expectations and standards. Many policies are used to illustrate the company’s compliance with certain laws and regulations. Most companies have polices and procedures already in place, they mainly choose only necessary policies that ensure a safe, organized and nondiscriminatory work place...
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