...Introduction The ongoing emancipation of women has been an important development since its first efforts in the 12. and 13. century. When we look at present-day society there are still some obstacles that have to be overcome and gender equality is still not fully established. Nevertheless, western society in particular has come a long way, by taking major steps towards remedy of social and political shotcomings. In the last hundred years of the early modern period, however, there were still severe inconsistencies when it comes to gender equality in society’s judgement as well as legislative and judicial approaches. A poem that took on those injustices was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s Epistle from Mrs. Y(onge) to Her Husband, in which Montagu...
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...Prostitution was widespread in preindustrial societies. The exchange of wives by their husbands was a practice among many primitive peoples. In the ancient Middle East and India temples maintained large numbers of prostitutes. Sexual intercourse with them was believed to facilitate communion with the gods. In ancient Greece prostitution flourished on all levels of society. Prostitutes of the lowest level worked in licensed brothels and were required to wear distinctive clothing as a badge of their vocation. Prostitutes of a higher level usually were skilled dancers and singers. Those of the highest level, the hetaerae, kept salons where politicians met, and they often attained power and influence. In ancient Rome prostitution was common despite severe legal restrictions. Female slaves, captured abroad by the Roman legions, were impressed into urban brothels or exploited by owners in the households they served. The Roman authorities attempted to limit the spread of slave prostitution and often resorted to harsh measures. Brothel inmates, called meretrices, were forced to register with the government for life, to wear garish blond wigs and other distinctive raiment, to forfeit all civil rights, and to pay a heavy tax. In the Middle Ages the Christian church, which valued chastity, attempted to convert or rehabilitate individual prostitutes but refrained from campaigning against the institution itself. In so doing the church followed the teaching of St. Augustine, who held...
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...a particular situation. Discussion of prostitution, a topic that has long excited widespread interest, incorporates ethnographic, historical, philosophical, medical, religious, and sociological elements and can tell much about different societies’ attitudes toward women. Popular attitudes toward prostitution also provide information on a particular society’s beliefs about race, class, gender, and age, as well as eugenics and hygiene, not to mention gender difference in marriage. The variety of sources described here can be employed as a model for students interested in other women’s history topics. Courtesans, or upper-class prostitutes, are among the women often mentioned in traditional histories, from the hetaerae of Ancient Greece, through the Byzantine Empress Theodora, to Diane de Poitiers, the 16th-century mistress of Henri II, King of France. Courtesans have been the subject of Japanese woodcuts, “Pictures of the Floating World,” dating from the Edo Period , and of European portrait painters. Some, like the Madame de Pompadour and Madame du Barry, the mistresses of French King Louis XV during the mid-18th century, came to wield significant power. These women, however, represent only a small percentage of prostitutes, many of whom lived—and still live—in poverty. Both men and women have been employed as sexual laborers throughout history. When Western governments began attempting to regulate prostitution during the 19th century, however, their policies concentrated...
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...Goya’s Ghost Goya’s Ghost is a beautiful, melodrama movie, directed by Milos Forman, that took place in the 18th century of Spain. The movie shows us how Spain was during that time, which I think was intriguing. The plot with the church against Napoleon was also interesting because It made me learn something new. It showed me that there are some people that do not agree with the Church and does not see it as healthy for the system during the Renaissance Era. The movie starts off with priests reviewing Francisco Goya’s art, and all of the priests disliked the art except for Brother Lorenzo. “These images show us the true face of our country,” said Lorenzo. The images depicted played an important part because it gives us a hint on what the movie would be about. Francisco Goya is an excellent painter recognized by Lorenzo and Queen...
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...Exploitation of Women in Prostitution Submitted by: 9 Nadine Bo 27 Isabella Manuel III-Katarungan Submitted to: Miss Josel Cruz March 11, 2013 I. Introduction Many of today’s social issues have been around for hundreds of years. Social issues can be likened to a cancer; a cancer that grows inside but can be fully removed with proper treatment. This includes corruption, poverty, war crimes, racism and human trafficking. Human trafficking has gone far from being unnoticed in its many forms such as prostitution of women and even children. As early as 18th century BC, prostitution has been recognized as a profession. It was a sign of hospitality for the ancient Sumerians, for others it was obligatory for their beliefs and religion. However, man has gone far from the ways of the old. Now, the world is at that point in history where everyone should have learned from ancestors’ accomplishments and failures alike. Prostitution, commonly referred to as “the world’s oldest profession”, must have been solved as a social issue long ago, but similar to other issues it hasn’t been fully eliminated because it is a social problem. Social problems are deeply rooted in the nature of humans and society. As long as there are people willing to understand and work with these women towards social equity, there is a solution. There are efforts to remove prostitution and most of all the exploitation, harassment and abuse of those involved such as legal measures and private organizations...
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...Chapter 22 716-750 - Life in the Emerging Urban Society Homework 1. How did urban life change in the nineteenth century and how did this new urban society impact lives of the rich, poor and middle class? During the nineteenth century, as urban populations grew, living conditions declined. People would crowd into cities due to the lack of transportation, sometimes with over 10 people in a single basement and without the proper knowledge of sanitation, they would literally let their poop flow down openly on the streets. Not to mention that more people died in cities than were born because disease spread so easily to the point where populations didn’t die out simply because of the immigrants. It wasn’t until the middle of the nineteenth century the people had enough of their unhygienic life-styles and called for improvement. One notable man in favor of improvement was Edwin Chadwick who, based on Jeremy Bentham’s idea of utilitarianism (the idea that people should move towards the “greatest good for the greatest number”), noticed that the sicknesses and the resulting deaths where probably one of the reasons for the horrible conditions. He suggested that the government take action and clean up the cities. Once the government stepped in the general public health improved dramatically. Certain intellectuals, such as chemist Louis Pasteur created the germ theory that said that diseases were spread through living organisms that they could control. New improved medical techniques...
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...Introduction child labor, use of the young as workers in factories, farms, and mines. Child labor was first recognized as a social problem with the introduction of the factory system in late 18th-century Great Britain. Children had formerly been apprenticed (see apprenticeship) or had worked in the family, but in the factory their employment soon constituted virtual slavery, especially among British orphans. This was mitigated by acts of Parliament in 1802 and later. Similar legislation followed on the European Continent as countries became industrialized. Although most European nations had child labor laws by 1940, the material requirements necessary during World War II brought many children back into the labor market. Legislation concerning child labor in other than industrial pursuits, e.g., in agriculture, has lagged. In the Eastern and Midwestern United States, child labor became a recognized problem after the Civil War, and in the South after 1910. Congressional child labor laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1918 and 1922. A constitutional amendment was passed in Congress in 1924 but was not approved by enough states. The First Labor Standards Act of 1938 set a minimum age limit of 18 for occupations designated hazardous, 16 for employment during school hours for companies engaged in interstate commerce, and 14 for employment outside school hours in nonmanufacturing companies. In 1941 The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the constitutional...
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...Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria's reign (1837–1901) and of the moral climate of the United Kingdom throughout the 19th century in general, which contrasted greatly with the morality of the previous Georgian period. Victorian morality can describe any set of values that espouse sexual restraint, low tolerance of crime and a strict social code of conduct. Due to the prominence of the British Empire, many of these values were spread across the world. The term "Victorian" was first used during The Great Exhibition in London (1851), where Victorian inventions and morals were shown to the world. The Victorian Age was a complex era characterized by stability, progress and social reforms, and, in the meantime, by great problems such as poverty, injustice and social unrest; that’s why the Victorians felt obliged to promote and invent a rigid code of values that reflected the world as they wanted it to be, based on: * duty and hard work; * respectability: a mixture of both morality and hypocrisy, severity and conformity to social standards (possessions of good manners, ownership of a comfortable house, regular attendance at church and charitable activity); it distinguished the middle from the lower classes; * charity and philanthropy: an activity that involved many people, especially women. The family was strictly patriarchal: the husband represented the authority and respectability, consequently a single...
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...There was a time when criminal justice was the responsibility of lords, landowners, and monarchs who had largely inherit roles as government leaders. After the feudal system, as it was known failed to stop bandits from selling wares in an 18th century medieval Europe, Napoleon introduced a military police force of sorts known as gendarme. This method of justice caught on even among Catholics, whose rules were based moral order. The criminal justice field is an ever evolving field. As today’s technology changes so does the way the criminal justice field interacts with technology. As society changes the technology also changes. The barriers that come along can affect how the criminal justice field interprets what to do next. The basis of the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community as a whole. Keeping up with the changes in society is a vital part of the system. In the past the criminal justice system had to deal with rapes, robberies, murders, fights, and many of the same things today, but on a smaller scale. In the past law enforcement was more involved with the communities due to the fact that officers walked the streets on patrol. Officers talked with the citizens, and got to know the people within the communities. The result was a community that was not fearful, and that was trusting of the justice system. Years ago there was not the forensics to aid in a case, at the same time there was not today’s technology. As for the forensics this was a hindrance...
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...Childhood as a Social Construction Childhood is such a universal feature of human life that we readily consider it a natural stage of development. After all, doesn't every society that's ever existed have some people identified as "children"? As obvious as the answer to this question may seem, variations in culture and over time are dramatic. People in modern Western societies have a widely held, unquestioned belief that children are fundamentally different from adults. We take for granted that children areóand have always beenóinnocent and entitled to nurturing and protection. However, in other cultures (for example, Japan) children are viewed as much more independent creatures who can act willfully from the earliest moments of life.1 We tend to base our Western beliefs about the nature of childhood on biological considerations. Young children are thoroughly dependent on adults for their survival. Infants cannot feed themselves or take care of themselves in any way. A 10-month-old child, left on its own, will surely die within days. A human may remain dependent on his or her parents for several decades. By contrast, other animal babies are much more self-sufficient. A newborn horse, for example, is able to gallop around when it is only a few minutes old. To us, then, laws protecting innocent and defenseless children from dangers like exploitation at work, pornography, neglect, and abuse make sense. It seems inconceivable to us that the protection of innocent children...
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...Italy has been one of the most visited and renowned countries in the world for thousands of years. We are known for many things, the good food, the good life, the beautiful lands and sadly the mafia. Since the 18th century the Italian Organized Crime have infiltrated the social and economic life of many regions, in particular the South of Italy where the famous Sicilian Mafia was first born. Throughout the years they started to expand towards the northern regions, in particular in Campania. Here, in Naples, the Camorra put its roots in the middle of the 19th century. Soon the Camorra became a very powerful organization in the region and especially after the Second World War they started having a huge influence on the local economies and politics. Camorra is an organization that is both entrepreneurial and criminal. A Sort of criminal cartel which have affairs in all fields of the economy. There are many ways with which these families finance them selves. The most common one is the infamous extortion, an illegal way to get money from common citizens by threating them in some ways, including death. Other illegal fields where the mafia is present are the drugs and prostitution rackets. But the Mafia and especially the Camorra act also on many legal sectors of our economy and politic. Many labor unions are fluttered with “Camorristi” which take control of various building and road constructions all over the country trying to make as much profit as possible. From the beginnings of...
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...standard of proper behavior for all those who belong to it.Living together promotes the sharing of sentiments and goals. Develop common ties and common identification with the goals of the community. Development of early communities Primitive/Nomadic People who live in caves, learned how to make fires by rubbing two stones together. They survived by hunting wild animals and gathering of vegetables without cultivation and care of man. Development of Industrial Societies The industrial revolution of the 18th century gave birth to the cities that began to grow rapidly. Automations and computers characterized advanced industrial sieties. Features of Rural and Urban Community RURAL COMMUNITY | URBAN COMMUNITY | 1. Relatively small population | 1. Population densities are high | 2. Homogeneous | 2. Relationship | 3. Relationship | 3. Specialization | 4. Dominant Activity | 4. Anonymity | 5.Group Unity | | Urban Problems Poverty | Crime | Prostitution | Unemployment | Transportation | Water Purity...
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...In 18th century England, approximately fifteen percent of women in London were prostitutes. Women faced challenges such as long work hours, despised jobs, and short lives due to ravaging tuberculosis (Weldon 37-39). Jane Austen, born 1775, in Hampshire, England, was removed from most of these challenges due to her wealth, but the constriction she felt and debasement she observed still disturbed her (Life v). Her entire life was channeled toward marriage, and her thoughts and opinions were seen as trivial and lesser because she was female. Austen found escape in literature, and channeled many of her life’s frustrations into her last novel, Persuasion. The novel became a place where she could immortalize herself and those close to her, live out...
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...economic needs, reproduction, primary socialisation and sex.He do believe that these goals should be reached within a nuclear family and that’s the best way to do it. However, some sociologists would argue that these needs can be met in other ways than within the family. For example, other family types such as an extended family or institutions such as the Kibbutz in Israel can be used for primary socialisation and economic security. Other needs such as reproduction and sex can also be prostitution and other things. Marxist and Feminist sociologists have criticised Murdoch’s theory. They say that Functionalism ignores conflict and exploitation within society. Feminists see the family as being patriarchal and serving the needs of men and Marxists see the family as meeting the needs of capitalism and not the needs of the family members. According to Parsons there are two types of society, pre and post-industrial. Parsons argues that when britain began to industrialise from the 18th century onwards then the extended family became redundant and made way for the nuclear family. Parsons believes that this change happened because the needs of the society changed, he identified that post-industrial societies have two basic needs. First people had to be physically mobile, as in a modern society industries are constantly springing up in one area and declining in another. Therefore people had to be able to move to where the work was...
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...Liam Neeson was born on June 7, 1952 in Ballymena, Northern Ireland, UK, to Katherine (Brown), a cook, and Bernard Neeson, a school caretaker. Liam worked as a forklift operator for Guinness, truck driver, assistant architect and an amateur boxer. He had originally sought a career as a teacher by attending St Mary's Teaching College, Newcastle. However, in 1976, Neeson joined the Belfast Lyric Players' Theater and made his professional acting debut in the play "The Risen People". After two years, Neeson moved to Dublin's Abbey Theater where he performed the classics. It was here that he was spotted by director John Boorman and was cast in the film Excalibur (1981) as Sir Gawain, his first high-profile film role. Throughout the 1980s Neeson appeared in a handful of films and UK TV series - including The Bounty (1984), A Woman of Substance (1984), The Mission (1986), and Duet for One (1986) - but it wasn't until he moved to Hollywood to pursue larger roles that he began to get noticed. His turn as a mute homeless man in Suspect (1987) garnered good reviews, as did supporting parts in The Good Mother (1988) and High Spirits (1988) - though he also starred in the best-to-be-forgotten Satisfaction (1988), which also featured a then-unknown Julia Roberts - but leading man status eluded him until the cult favorite Darkman (1990), directed by Sam Raimi. From there Neeson starred in Under Suspicion (1991) and Ethan Frome (1993), was hailed for his performance in Woody Allen's Husbands...
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