...THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE PAPER PAMELA SMITH PSY 211 ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY 10-17-2013 INSTRUCTOR : HARRY MILLS Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review. Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. Abraham Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs (also known as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs...
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...Karla G. Campos Psychology Class August 29, 2015 Historical Influences Do you know that psychology has been part of everyone’s live? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental process of people and animals. You may not realize it, but you use psychology every day; when you know how to act in each place correctly. On the other hand, psychology has goals as description, explanation, prediction, and control. They help them to know and understand the humans’ behavior. As described, there are many perspectives of early and modern of psychology. We are going to start talking about the perspectives of early psychology. These are structuralism, functionalism, gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Structuralism the earliest approach in modern psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in Germany, its goal was to evaluate the basic elements of a cognizant experience. Also, he was the father of psychology. One of Wundt’s students was Edward Tichener who brought the structuralism to America. They believed that every experience could be broken down into each emotion. After a while, in 1894, one of Titchener’s students was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. Regrettably, structuralism died in 1900s. On the other hand, functionalism was created by William James. Structuralism’s work was to how the brain allows humans...
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...Influence of Conformity and Obedience “Social influence broadly encompasses any changes on beliefs, attitudes, or behavior that result from interpersonal interaction” (Fiske, 2010). Humans are known as social beings that live together forming diversity of groups forming and improving relationships within their groups. Social influence, which is very natural, is the result of communication and interaction in between groups. Conformity and obedience are concepts that support the analysis of social influence. Conformity and obedience both can persuade and change an individual(s) thoughts, actions, and behaviors. They also can change the individual(s) views of others within the community, culture and/or ethic group. In this paper I will discuss the issues of conformity and obedience; I will compare and contrast the concepts of conformity and obedience, analyze a classical study concerning the effect of group influence on the self, analyze a contemporary example of the effect that group influence has on the self and analyze individual and societal influences that lead to deviance from dominant group norms. Compare and contrast the concepts of conformity and obedience. Conformity is an important concept of social influence for it increases individuals or groups sense of belonging and self-esteem. Conformity is clearly observed when people are in groups that pressures individuals to say or do things that they normally would not do to be compatible with the group, to fit in...
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...Consumer Psychology Consumer Psychology and Marketing Communication Marketing messages are essential components that are needed in order to attract consumers. Consumer psychology must be understood before marketing messages can be expressed. Hence, marketing communication and consumer psychology both have a tying relationship. Consumer psychology can best be defined as the way individuals feel about certain goods and services they purchase. For example, a person’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings and perceptions will influence how they will buy and relate to certain goods and services. A family of five people for example, will probably want to purchase a large vehicle such as a sport utility vehicle for a large family. There are two articles which describe the concepts of consumer psychology and marketing communication, and examples are given to better understand both concepts. Castronovo and Huang explain how “Word-of-Mouth” marketing can be an efficient way to promote certain goods and services. Consumers rely on this form of marketing because they have an opportunity to hear the opinions of other individuals who have previously purchased goods or services. If goods or services are psychologically risky, it is more probable for consumers to rely on “word-of-mouth” marketing. Word-of-mouth marketing is also essential for several social media outlets. Society in the twenty-first century relies heavily on the internet, hence social media such as linked in, facebook...
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...Physical activity or exercise is a core part of quality life because of its psychological and physiological benefits. Exercise assists in management of weight, reduction of blood pressure, lead to reduced risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, improved mood, and causes a general increased sense of well being. The mechanisms that control or govern the direction, choice, intensity and adherence to exercise are thus important. The mechanisms include external desires (extrinsic) that drive a person to exercise and internal feelings (intrinsic) that drive a person to exercise. In this regard, this assay evaluates the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the motivation to engage in exercise. As already explained, intrinsic motivation to exercise pertains to engaging in physical activity because of the inherent satisfactions and pleasures the activity provides. Intrinsic factors influences motivation to engage in exercise through arousal. Inherent factors like feeling happy and feeling secure arouse the motivation to engage in an exercise. For example, some people engage in weight lifting because it makes them feel secure. Inherent feeling of wanting to be secure thus can arouse motivation to go weight lifting. Some people are motivated to perform specific exercises because the exercises make them feel happy. For instance, some people get motivated to play games like cards because that makes them happy. This arousal of motivation for exercise may occur...
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...Labelling Theory and Symbolic Interaction „No very sharp line can be drawn between social pshycology and individual pshycology” George Herman Mead Introduction In recent years, renewed and increased attention has been given to the need to organize a variety of theories into an interdisciplinary or integrated theory that captures tile contributions that can be made from the many explanatory approaches that have emerged over the last one hundred years. This move towards integrated or interdisciplinary theory represents a new stage of development in the field and requires a careful reassessment of the perspectives that have formed the core of criminological thought.[1] Each era of social and political turmoil has produced profound changes in people’s lives. Perhaps no such era was as significant for criminology as the 1960s. A society with conservative values was shaken out of its complacency when young people, blacks, women and other disadvantaged groups demanded a part in the shaping of national policy. They saw the gaps between philosophical political demands and reality: Blacks had little opportunity to advance women were kept in an inferior status; old politicians made wars in which the young had to die. Rebellion broke out, and some criminologists joined the revolution.[2] These criminologists turned away from theories that explained crime by characteristics of the offender or of the social structure. They set out to demonstrate that individuals...
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...REGULASI EMOSI PADA PENDERITA HIV/AIDS Mekar Duwi Indah Sari Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Ahmad Dahlan dwiashari572@gmail.com Abstract The research aims at determining emotional regulation of people with HIV/AIDS and factors influencing emotional regulation of people with HIV/AIDS. The research uses qualitative method with case study approach. To collect the data, the researcher uses interview and observation towards people with HIV/AIDS as subjects. The subjects of the research consist of two people with HIV/AIDS using two significant persons. The result of the research indicates that emotional regulation is done by those two subjects. The emotional regulation functions in regulating emotional response towards problems that arise after the two subjects were positively infected HIV/AIDS. The first subject uses antecedent-focused strategy (appraisal) that consists of situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and modulation response. Factors influencing the use of emotional regulation of the first subject are children, self-disclosure, and social support. In contrast to the first subject, the second subject uses response-focused strategy (expression suppression) through situation selection emotional regulation process. The use of the strategy is influenced by the incapability of self-disclosure and social support. The conclusion of the research is the use of emotional regulation of people with HIV/AIDS conducted...
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