...Unique Assignment number: 739624 Name: Tanja Bohler Student Number: 30440351 Address: PO Box 17139 Dubai United Arab Emirates A Discussion on Psychological Assessment in Early Childhood. ASSIGNMENT 03 – PYC4807 – STUDENT NUMBER 30440351 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Reasons for Assessing Young Children……………………………………………………….. 3. Tests for Infants and Preschoolers……………………………………………………………… 3 4 5 4. Factors of Childhood Assessment……………………………………………………………….. 6 4.1 Characteristics of the Child……………………………………………………….. 4.2 Social Context of Assessment……………………………………………………. 6 8 4.3 The Examination Context of Assessment…………..………………………. 12 4.4 The Test as a Method of Assessment….……………………………………… 14 5. Principles of Assessment……………………………………………………………………………… 15 6. Predictive Validity of Early Childhood Assessment………………………………………. 19 7. Ethical Considerations of Assessing Young Children……………………………………. 20 8. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 9. Maya’s Assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 23 10. References………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 2|Page ASSIGNMENT 03 – PYC4807 – STUDENT NUMBER 30440351 1. Introduction Children develop at different rates and in different ways. Parents and caregivers who are concerned about a child's development would seek developmental assessment and intervention from a health professional in order to support that child to reach his/her maximum potential. Young children are difficult...
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...1 Student Number: 42858798 Module PYC 4807 Assignment 1 Title: Developing a Psychological Measure. 2 Contents Page Title Page 1. Introduction : What is Psychological Testing 2. Development of Psychological Measure 2.1 The planning phase 2.2 Item Writing 2.3 Assembly and Pretesting of measure 2.4 Item Analysis 2.5 Standardisation of the Final version 2.6 Technical Evaluation and establishing norms 2.7 Publishing and ongoing refinement Cross Cultural test adaptation 3. 3.1 Initial Translation 3.2 Synthesis of the Translation 3.3 Back Translation 3.4 Expert Committee 3.5 Test of the prefinal version 3.6 Submission of Documentation 4. Conclusion 5. References 1 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 3 1. Introduction: What is Psychological Testing Psychological testing refers to the administration of psychological tests. A psychological test is an objective and standardized measure of sample behaviour . The term sample of behaviour refers to an individual s performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand. The samples of behaviour that make up a paper and pencil test, the most common type of test, are a series of items. Performances on these items produce a test score. A score on a well constructed test is believed to reflect a psychological construct such as achievement in a school subject , cognitive ability , aptitude, emotional functioning, personality , etc. differences in test...
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...Psychological Assessment of Nina Sayer, The Black Swan Lisa Pinkerton PSY-215-Q3847 Southern New Hampshire University CASE STUDY Name: Nina Sayer Date of Evaluation: 02/01/2015 Date of Birth: 01/01/1992 Age: 23 years, 1 month PURPOSE FOR EVALUATION: Nina Sayer is a 23 year old, single, white female. She is the lead ballerina in a prestigious New York Ballet Company. She has been under an intense amount of stress due to the pressures of her job and her demands from her ballet director. She suffers from hallucinations and paranoid delusions. She describes her delusions and hallucinations as bizarre and sometimes violent. She has trouble recognizing what is real and what are her delusions and hallucinations. After struggling to get the role as the white swan in Swan lake, she is extremely paranoid and afraid that someone is trying to take her lead role in the ballet. She focuses this paranoia on a particular ballerina named Lily. She is extremely thin and shows signs of an eating disorder. She uses purging as a way to control her weight. Nina also has scars on her shoulders from self- mutilation. She seems very shy, reserved and almost childlike, but has moments of being very dark and reckless. This dichotomy in her personality causes her great distress. She feels she is under extreme pressure to be perfect for her mother and others. This obsession with perfection and her...
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...What is psychological assessment? Psychological assessment is a process of testing that uses a combination of techniques to assist in arriving at some hypotheses about a person and their behaviour, personality and capabilities which is used to make effective decisions such as those in the selection process. Psychological assessment is also referred to as psychological testing, or performing a psychological battery on a person. The South African Context Psychological assessment has developed considerably compared to the past during period the apartheid era. This is mainly due to the introduction of Employment Equity and Affirmative Action in South Africa which brought about an immense amount of changes especially in that of procedures taken in the workplace. Changes had to be made to incorporate the diversity that is experienced in South Africa, aswell as incorporating new legislation. Various factors in South African workplaces ranging from unemployment and equity considerations to rapid occupational change driven by technological inputs, have placed greater emphasis on effective selection and development of human resources. This leads to greater demands on psychological assessment in the organizational setting with respect to ensuring responsible, ethical and equitable assessment. (Paterson; 2005:pg12) Post-apartheid psychological assessors started to realize that the selection process was indeed unfair and not equitable; they became aware of new assessment measures...
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...Matthew Psychological Assessment PYC4807 Assignment 02 858953 Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques. I have read and understood tutorial letter PSYHONM/301/0/2013 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism. Matthew Table of contents This essay looks at the process you would follow in developing a psychological assessment measure. To better understand how this is achieved this paper will examine the principles of psychometric theory and how they are used to develop a psychological measure. To achieve this one must look at norm-referenced and criterion-referenced measures, the process used to develop a psychological measure, and the principles of reliability and validity. Norms When attempting to examine and understand what goes in to developing a psychological measure, one must first understand why psychological measures are used. In psychology psychological measures are used to measure characteristics of an individual, or a group of individuals, and compare them to others. However, when trying to measure an individual’s characteristics and compare them to others, one must first understand that there are different tests used to compare the results of these tests. These are referred to as norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. As Roodt explains, “with...
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...Response Paper: The Usage of Utility Psychological Measurement for Mental Illness Diagnosis Winifred Gordon Southern New Hampshire University Abstract This week assignment we are asked to write a response paper discussing the utility of using psychological measures that are in relations to mental illness diagnosis. With so many changes that are ongoing, there is a movement in the psychology world for the use of psychological measures to further aid in diagnosing mental illnesses and to push for specific measures as part of the diagnostic criteria. In this week paper I will respond to both articles and give my response to my thoughts when it relates to the usage of utility psychological measurements in relations to mental illness. Response Paper: The Usage of Utility Psychological Measurement for Mental Illness Diagnosis “The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) marks the first significant revision of the publication since the DSM-IV in 1994. Changes to the DSM were largely informed by advancements in neuroscience, clinical and public health need, and identified problems with the classification system and criteria put forth” (Regier, Kuhl, and Kupfer, 2013). Because of the new movement in psychology, the requirements of utility usage in psychological measurements, can now help aid with diagnosing mental illness. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia that causes a change in the brain resulting in the loss of memory, changes...
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...History of Psychological Assessment XXXXXXXXXX PSYCH/525 August 29, 2011 Dr. Alexis Hernandez History of Psychological Assessment The history of psychological assessment is a fascinating story and has abundant relevance to present-day practices. Psychological assessment refers to scientific techniques psychologists often use to identify the human personality. Psychological assessment is a process that involves the integration of information from multiple sources, such as tests of normal and abnormal personality, tests of ability or intelligence, tests of interests or outlooks, as well as information from interviews (Framingham, J. 2011). Psychological assessment is one of the most important parts in applied psychology. In this paper writer will explore the historical roots of psychological assessment, explain why the event is significant, and how it has affected the development of psychological testing in the 21st century. Psychological Testing is the core of Clinical Psychology focusing on the measurement of traits, human abilities, and characteristics. Psychologists primarily use the various tests to measure cognitive, intelligence, and personality traits (Framingham, J. 2011). For example, the civil service selection system in China is used to recruit officials according to merits rather than political or family association. Exams were introduced in the Han dynasty. This played a very important role in Chinese intellectual and social life from as early as 2200 B...
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...Ethics in Psychological assessments Consider the American psychological Association writing the first formal code of ethics in 1942, detailing professional use of assessments. Addressed were qualifications for the test users, responsibilities, principles, guidelines, application and use of assessments for psychologists. Additionally the American counseling Association code of ethics provides expectations for conduct with the primary emphasis being on the role of the professional counselor. Again MFT provides the some code of ethics in which to provide expectations of the licensed Marriage and Family therapist. Examples of provisions within those guidelines for the use of assessments, but more specifically the responsibility of the professional counselor, plus implications for not following ethical decision making model of principles. While considering the foundation set forth by those professionals with wisdom, experience and knowledge whom submitted a draft for approval, the American psychological association created an empirically developed code that was based on ethical dilemmas. Although the American Psychological Association had been in existence since 1892 with no formal code of ethics for over 59 years, there was a scientific /professional ethics, and code of conduct observed in 1950. A survey was used to gather actual descriptions of professional activities providing that guideline which set precedence for years to come in the APA profession. This was done with the...
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...Assignment 02: Psychometric properties of psychological assessment measures LIST OF CONTENT PAGES 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. STEPS IN DEVELOPING A PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURE 3 1. Planning phase 3 1. The aim of the measure 3 2. Defining the content of measure 4 3. The test plan 4 2. Item writing 5 1. Writing the items 5 2. Reviewing the items 5 3. Assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 1. Arranging the items 6 2. Finalizing the length 6 3. Answer protocols 6 4. Developing administration instructions 6 5. Pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 4. Item analysis phase 7 1. Item difficulty (p) 7 2. Discrimination power 7 3. Preliminary investigation into item bias 8 5. Revising and standardizing the final version of the measure 8 6. Technical evaluation and establishing norms 8 1. Issues related to the reliability of a psychological measure 8 1. Definition 8 2. Measurement error 8 3. The reliability coefficient 9 4. Standard error of measurement 9 ...
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...Psychological Testing Name Instructor Course: Date Submitted: Introduction Psychological tests are useful instruments both in the social, economic and medical sectors as they help in the selection of individual for either job placements or therapeutic purposes. This paper will mainly focus on the application of these tests in identifying, recruiting, employing and promoting of candidates in different job positions in companies and industries. Some organizations have devised methods for carrying out these activities. Among them are the psychological assessment tests, usually given at the inception stage of the recruitment to help in identifying a candidate with the desired traits and qualifications for the jobs. What is the meaning of a psychological test? According to (Gilliland, 1993), a psychological test is a mechanism used by organizations to identify the suitable people for the right positions. The tests involve the use of legally and professionally developed methods of measuring intellectual and personality strengths, communication ability, and leadership skills of the individual in question. Interviews and structured questionnaires are commonly used during the process. These tests are however not 100% efficient. For one, some of the answers to the questions given depend solely on the honesty of the interviewees. In this case, the candidate may decide to keep some necessary information. In this case...
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...Psycho-Educational Assessment: Principles and Practices Name Institution Psycho-Educational Assessment: Principles and Practices Question A The key objectives of psychological assessment for Jimmy based on the assessment process entail testing using different techniques. This will help in arriving at a hypothesis concerning Jimmy’s behavior. The assessment process for Jimmy may entail conducting of a norm-referenced test. This is a standardized psychological test, which is a task that is conducted under standard conditions. This is a key objective in Jimmy’s assessment process because it will help assess some aspects of Jimmy’s knowledge, personality, or skills. The norm-referenced psychological test is standardized on a defined group, which is known as the norm group. This is scaled to ensure that every person’s score reflects a rank in the norm group (Andrews, Janzen, & Saklofske, 2001, p. 51). The norm-referenced test will be essential for Jimmy’s assessment process because it assesses areas such as intelligence, visual motor skills, and adaptive behavior. Interviews may also be conducted during the assessment process because they help in obtaining valuable information. An examination of Jimmy’s case shows that different individuals will be involved during the process. For example, Jimmy’s parents, his teachers, and other people familiar with him like his grandmother may be interviewed (Andrews, Janzen & Saklofske, 2001, p. 59). The other objective of the...
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...Question 1 1.1 Discuss the differences between the following: a) Psychological Testing b) Psychometrics c) Psychological Assessment a) Psychological testing Psychological tests are basically an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behaviour; it can be referred to as a measuring instrument or procedure that was developed to measure variables related to the field of psychology. They set out three apparent characteristics: 1. It is a random sample test of for behaviour. 2. The random sample is obtained under standardized conditions 3. There are set rules for the marking of the instruments or obtaining of quantitative information of the random sample test. b) Psychometrics It is defined as a systematic and scientific way in which psychological measures are developed and the technical measurement standards required of measures. It is designed to show someone’s personality, mental ability, opinions, etc. c) Psychological assessment Psychological assessment is a process orientated activity aimed at gathering a wide array of information by using assessment measures and information from many other sources such as interviews, the information is then evaluated and integrated to make a conclusion or a decision. 1.2 Research participants want to know what anonymity and confidentiality are, explain. The data that is collected should be private, an individual has the right to privacy which means he has the right to decide how much he wants to...
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...Anastasi and Urbina (1997) note that all psychological tests are tools that can be beneficial or harmful depending upon how they are applied to people and situations. Their first chapter cogently explores all of the contributing reasons to their assertions about both positions. Basically, there are several elements that determine the quality and suitability of a psychological test’s ability to be a good predictor of one’s behavior. First, the test should be an objective and standardized measure of a small sample of an individual’s behavior, such as intellectual skills, vocational suitability, or personality functioning. Implicit to these parameters are the concepts of reliability and validity. A test is reliable in that it is consistent in what it measures over time. For example, a test that measures a student’s IQ as being 80 on Monday, but 130 on Thursday would demonstrate weak reliability. To be reliable, the test should be measuring what it states it is set up to measure. A second important quality of good psychological tests is that of validity, or the measure of a test’s usefulness. For example, we might think that one who scores high on a scale of anger may have interpersonal problems across a variety of situations. Thirdly, psychological tests must be administered to large groups of people of all ages ( i.e., IQ tests) to determine how the scores may be typically obtained. Standardization provides a mean (average) and a standard deviation (i.e. spread of scores...
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...Psychological Measure Paper Psy 475 May 18, 2015 Psychological Measure Paper It is well known fact that people suffer from various kinds of depression. They might be from some health problems that they have developed and some issues associated with factors that are attributed to the way they feel about themselves. There are many ways to measure depression or how to scale it on the degrees of danger. In our Paper we are analyzing depressions psychological measures. The measure that is analyzed by us is the Depression Inventory for adolescents. The Depression Inventory for adolescents is an auto- report tool that employs a twenty seven item questions. We will be choosing 2 articles that explain the use of the Depression Inventory for adolescents. In our paper, we will be describing who are qualified for administering and interpreting the setting and measure. This means academic, counseling or occupational in which we optimize the usage of the measure. At the end of our paper, we will classify among the populations for whom the Depression Inventory for adolescents is valid or not valid as a psychological measure. Article One Becks Depression Inventory is used to measure many different depression circumstances. Above it (what is it?) discusses how the inventory is used and the measurement of how deep depression can go based on Becks inventory. The following article on Becks Depression Inventory involves the connection between two epidemics including depressiveness among...
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...ASSESSMENT IN AN INDUTRIAL CONTEXT The assessment process in an industrial context Three broad areas in assessment in industry * First concerned with psychological measurements of attributes of individuals in the workplace. Measures used here can be classified as psychological measures or techniques * Second and third is concerned with assessment of groups and organizations and measures used are not classified as psychological measures even though the process follows a psychometric process. Assessments of individuals The goals for individual assessment in the workplace are to assess: * Individual differences for selection and employment purposes * Inter and intra individual differences for placement, training, development, compensation and reward purposes Where measures which coply with technical standards of psychometry can be used? Personal selection Two approaches used in the application of psychological measures for selection purposes are * Input based approach where individuals are compared with the job specifications in terms of their personal characteristics or personality traits, also called the psychometric evaluation of testing approach * Output based approach where individuals are compared in relation to the required output standards of a job.also called the competency assessment approach, eg the copmtency to write, use a computer programe. Measures that are used to assess the competencies of individuals should be reliable and valid even...
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