...,Introduction * Anthropology -The study of the lives and cultures of human beings, alive or dead. -They also study the evolution of these cultures over time as well as significant changes. * Sociology -Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. -They also study the interactions among these groups and the individuals within them. * Psychology -The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. -Psychologists look at how the brain functions and what is the result on peoples personalities, behaviors, and attitudes. <Introduction to Sociology> * What is sociology? - The social science discipline that looks at the development and structure of human society (institutions) and how it works - Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior * Sociology subjects matter - Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts * Hierarchy - Hierarchy is the ranking system used in any particular environment based on authority or power - Each position or role requires a certain type of expertise which is valued by society - In order to distinguish between these roles people are expected to dress and act in a certain way - On any given day we can play many different roles in society – eg. A parent can drive their kids to school and then go to work and teach their students * The roles...
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...Meaning a lot of people are being locked up for the use of drugs when they could be receiving treatment instead.(FBI) Portugal is the first country to have taken a different approach to drug addiction and it seems to be working. With five years of decriminalizing all drugs for personal use, teenage drug use had dropped significantly, new HIV rates had dropped 17%, and the rate of people seeking treatment more than doubled and even more importantly the use of drugs did not increase. These statistics may not hold a lot of value on such a small scale, but it does show us a few things about drug problems. One is that drugs are glamorized in a way because they are seen as a way to look cool among rebellious teens. Two, we can fight a more important war against deadly diseases, three people who have drug addictions are likely to seek help if the options are made more...
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...Anthony Soares Professor Minnis English 1A November 9, 2013 The Decriminalization of Drugs It goes without saying that America faces a drug addiction that is beyond anything we could have ever anticipated. It is reported that an estimated 22.5 million Americans suffer from a dependency from a drug of some sort, whether it may be stimulants, depressants or hallucinogens (NIDA 2). However these victims of addiction are often demonized for their condition and are treated as criminals by the infallible U.S. Government. As a result there is a trend of 1 in every 100 adults will end up incarcerated for a drug related offense such as possession (Drug Policy Alliance 1). So instead of treating addiction itself, many politicians decide that it is necessary to place these undesirables into prison in an effort to reform their ways. This trend of mass incarceration gained momentum in the early 70’s during the Nixon Administration with his “War on Drugs”, but in reality over the past 4 decades we have only seen the increase of drug addiction, overdose and any hardly any progress as a result. So where do we go from here? Well many liberals would whole-heartedly suggest that we legalize all controlled substances for recreational use, but that is a pipe dream reserved for a utopian society in a novel. Therefore I suggest a similar yet more conservative approach to this problem: the decriminalization of drugs. Instead of legalizing, which involves taxation and regulation of controlled substances;...
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...French non-governmental organization. Reminder of the definition of a NGO : A nongovernmental organization is an organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any form of government and of course a non-profit organization. Even if MSF was created in 1971, we can say that the real foundation of it happened with the Nigerian-Biafra War. This was started in July 1967 and ended up in January 1970, it was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. With the development of photojournalism this war was turned into a media event in the international political scene and permit the Western to realize what the third-world was living at this time. “We were young and we were 20” : A group of young French doctors, with political believes, pledged in the army, decided to join “La Croix-Rouge Française” which was looking for volunteers. But before going in Nigeria, they had to signed a contract which said that when they'll came back in France they had no right to testify. Back in Paris, Bernard Kouchner one of the French doctor, decided to broke the contract, and explained everything in a French Magazine “le Nouvel Observateur” in January 1970 with the motto “Back from Biafra, a doctor accuse” : “With almost nothing, we were able to help malnourished children... and they...
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...Ones and Dilchert’s article: the creation of organizational cultures. Here, we will develop the idea of how culture, value creation, and competitive advantage are linked to environmental sustainability. We will briefly illustrate our arguments with findings from our case-study research in the hospitality industry in 13 Iberoamerican countries.1 1. Ours is research in progress, based on qualitative and mixed research methods. It aims to analyze the role of sustainability in the hospitality sector in Iberoamerica: Spain, Portugal, and Latin America (concretely, in Chile, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic). Organizational culture and sustainability Sustainability and Organizational Culture There is a nascent body of literature that aims to understand how companies can embed sustainability in their organizational cultures (Howard-Grenville & Bertels, 2012). For these authors, culture has been conceptualized as shared norms or values (reinforced through the role of leaders and ‘‘champions,’’ the allocation of resources, the use of incentives, and the existence of corporate policies), as a frame or filter (that is, as recursive connections between people’s day-to-day actions and the meanings associated with them), and as a toolkit (made malleable by individual actors who use cultural resources in new ways). Among the myriad of conceptualizations available, Ulrich and Brockbank...
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...Scientific Merit Sharon Morrow PSY7650 Introduction The study discussed in this paper is attempting to determine if there is a connection between age and gender and these individuals’ well-being and satisfaction as it relates to their job. This study included both men and women of various ages, various educational differences, and of various work or job positions within the corporate and industrial realms. This study is a quantitative study that investigates an avenue to develop a plausible explanation for the connection between age and gender and these individuals’ job well –being and satisfaction. In addition, the study looks for this connection to be a generalized concept that can relate to other individuals in other regions and places. We will look at how the study advances the knowledge base for this type of research, this study’s contribution to theories, the procedure of data collection and if this is appropriate for this type of study, the methodology used for this study, and assess the validity and reliability of the information and the research study. Ethics will be another concept that will be examined. Ethics is a very prominent aspect of research and this study involves human participants so these individuals’ rights are of utmost importance. Lastly, the overall scientific merit of the study will be examined and how the study meets the criteria of a good research study. Advancing the Knowledge Base The topic that is covered by this study...
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...20th International Seminar on Urban Form Conference Sub-Theme Pushing the Edge – New technologies and new techniques Title: Humanized Urbanism - [Human behavior in public spaces in a contemporary city] - A action methodology Abstract As a social being, human being interacts with everything around him, promoting exchanges between various objects that surround it and a range of environments that populate their feelings, cognitions and expectations. Human being houses in the entire world are a reflection of socio-cultural values of time and region. When human being builds houses, builds a physical and a psychological environment. However, the built environment is becoming increasingly inappropriate to the context of life. Population density, degeneration of the central areas, pollution and disposal are some of the environmental stresses to which the urban human is subject. To understand an environment, it is essential to understand the people who inhabit it, with all its cultural, social, economic and psychological factors. Architects should be aware of the individual’s social and cultural sphere. Their performances contribute to solidify the architectural foundation and allow the approaching to a more appropriate response. It’s essential to the cities understanding and behaviors factors that individuals have in relation to these spaces, leading to the creation of new meeting and entertainment places for people, revitalizing the concept of enjoying the historical places...
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...declared in 1971 by President Richard Nixon and is still very prominent in our society today. The War on Drugs has been studied since its inception and copious amounts of data have been collected from it. The War on Drugs has a long history; since it has been enacted the government has utilized large sums of money funding it, made illicit drug use rise in percentage overall, and created an artificial and thriving black market. There is an ongoing debate on whether the War on Drugs is effective and organizations like the DPA (Drug Policy Alliance) are fighting to change it. However, the Obama administration is continuing the War on Drugs and has changed the name to the “National Drug Control Policy.” The first U.S law that restricted the distribution and use of certain drugs was the “Harrison Narcotics Tax Act” of 1914. This act regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and Cocaine products. This Act pushed a more restrictive handling of certain drugs that would inevitably lead to the creation of more drug policies and the current drug war. On June 18th 1971, ongoing policies, laws, and counter culture built up and President Richard Nixon declared a “War on Drugs” stating that the drug problem in the U.S. had become “public enemy number one”. From that time the war has reached 40 years of age and counting. The Prohibition was the first example of large scale governmental intrusion based upon a substance, but this intrusion did not last long...
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...what to do, she doesn’t give orders, and she isn’t bossy or pushy. She doesn’t throw Germany’s weight around or make demands. She simply sets parameters, and then lets everybody else make ‘choices’ themselves.” Merkel’s leadership style is prudent, democratic, and modest. Merkel prefers discussion, deliberation and consensus (Zeeb, 2013). The Germans call her “Mutti” (mummy), because she understands what her country wants and makes sure her country gets it (Zeeb, 2013 & The Guardian, 2013). Angela Merkel is a no nonsense leader that is well respected. Merkel and the Euro Debt Crisis The European sovereign debt crisis started in 2008, with the collapse of Iceland's banking system, and spread primarily to Greece, Ireland and Portugal during 2009. The debt crisis led to a crisis of confidence for European businesses and economies. A strong German economy put Merkel in the middle of the crisis, as banks... This dissertation will discuss Angela Merkel’s Leadership style and ethics during the Euro crisis....
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...Psychological Testing Name Instructor Course: Date Submitted: Introduction Psychological tests are useful instruments both in the social, economic and medical sectors as they help in the selection of individual for either job placements or therapeutic purposes. This paper will mainly focus on the application of these tests in identifying, recruiting, employing and promoting of candidates in different job positions in companies and industries. Some organizations have devised methods for carrying out these activities. Among them are the psychological assessment tests, usually given at the inception stage of the recruitment to help in identifying a candidate with the desired traits and qualifications for the jobs. What is the meaning of a psychological test? According to (Gilliland, 1993), a psychological test is a mechanism used by organizations to identify the suitable people for the right positions. The tests involve the use of legally and professionally developed methods of measuring intellectual and personality strengths, communication ability, and leadership skills of the individual in question. Interviews and structured questionnaires are commonly used during the process. These tests are however not 100% efficient. For one, some of the answers to the questions given depend solely on the honesty of the interviewees. In this case, the candidate may decide to keep some necessary information. In this case...
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...To what extent do you agree that learning is a social process? Everything we learn takes place in a social context. Social learning can be applied to many scenarios ranging from a group of children collaboratively trying to solve the question of how to make a kite, to a university professor writing a research paper with a colleague, both illustrate the case of a social side to learning. On the other hand some people believe that learning is an individual process, such as reading, researching and searching online, and the social element only occurs when you engage with your network. This essay will discuss both arguments, but focus strongly on the contention that daily observations and experiences, as well as many academic theories suggest that learning takes place beyond the confines of the individual mind, and is therefore a very social process. Learning and social process are defined in various ways. The Collins Dictionary (2012) defines learning as knowledge gained by study; instruction or scholarship, the act of gaining knowledge. It also provides a more specific definition with relation to psychology being any relevant permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a direct result of experience. Further to this both the Oxford and Collins Dictionaries (2012) offer the definition of social process as societal change. Some thinkers associate this with socialisation, socialisation is social learning. During different stages of our lives, we belong to different...
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...Introduction: Psychological theories assume cultures and cross-cultures as stable and homogenous. But democracy, globalization, and high immigration rate brought a new interest for psychologists to think about cultural diversities in terms of psychology. Culture refers to many characteristics of a group of people, including attitudes, behaviors, customs and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next. (In this term paper I had put more stress on “Emotions in cross-culture”.) Emotions in cross-cultures: Although emotions are universal phenomena, they are affected by culture. While some emotions are universal and are experienced similarly as a reaction to similar events in all cultures but some emotions are particularly culture specific and are experienced, reacted and provoked and perceived by surrounding society in complete different manner. Though Ethnographic studies shoe considerable cultural differences, no general conclusions can be drawn regarding what cultural aspects affect emotion or to how much extend do they influence emotion. It might be the same emotion but the event that revokes that specific emotion may be different in different cultures. The way a person perceives himself in a relation with the society affects his emotions. Primary motives are common across all parts of the world. For example Hunger, Thirst is felt by every individual. But secondary motives such as success etc. depends on what society expects one to do and also external motivation...
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...Explaining Student Performance Evidence from the international PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS surveys Final Report November 2005 Explaining Student Performance Evidence from the international PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS surveys Jens Henrik Haahr with Thomas Kibak Nielsen, Martin Eggert Hansen and Søren Teglgaard Jakobsen www.danishtechnology.dk jens.henrik.haahr@teknologisk.dk This study was carried out on behalf of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Education and Culture. Views expressed represent exclusively the positions of the authors and do not necessarily correspond to those of the European Commission. Contents Index 1. .......................................................................................................................... 2 2. 3. 4. Executive Summary................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Education Systems and Basic Skills................................................................. 4 1.2. Student Background Characteristics and Basic Skills.................................... 10 1.3. School Characteristics and Basic Skills ......................................................... 13 1.4. Individual Student Characteristics and Basic Skills....................................... 17 1.5. New Analysis and Data Collection Activities................................................ 19 Introduction........................................................................................
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...Explaining Student Performance Evidence from the international PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS surveys Final Report November 2005 Explaining Student Performance Evidence from the international PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS surveys Jens Henrik Haahr with Thomas Kibak Nielsen, Martin Eggert Hansen and Søren Teglgaard Jakobsen www.danishtechnology.dk jens.henrik.haahr@teknologisk.dk This study was carried out on behalf of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Education and Culture. Views expressed represent exclusively the positions of the authors and do not necessarily correspond to those of the European Commission. Contents Index 1. .......................................................................................................................... 2 2. 3. 4. Executive Summary................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Education Systems and Basic Skills................................................................. 4 1.2. Student Background Characteristics and Basic Skills.................................... 10 1.3. School Characteristics and Basic Skills ......................................................... 13 1.4. Individual Student Characteristics and Basic Skills....................................... 17 1.5. New Analysis and Data Collection Activities................................................ 19 Introduction....................................................................
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...however, corresponds to a much broader use of the word which is common among social anthropologists: this is ‘culture two’. In social anthropology, 'culture' is a catchword for all those patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting referred to in the previous paragraphs. Not only those activities supposed to refine the mind are included in 'culture two', but also the ordinary and menial things in life: greeting, eating, showing or not showing feelings, keeping a certain physical distance from others, making love, or maintaining body hygiene. CULTURE It is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. It is a collective phenomenon, because it is at least partly shared with people who live or lived within the same social environment, which is where it was learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one's social environment, not from one's genes. Culture should be distinguished from human nature on one side, and from an individual's personality on the other: 1 Cultural relativism there are no scientific standards for considering one group as intrinsically superior or inferior to another. 'Cultural relativism affirms that one culture has no absolute criteria for judging the activities of another culture as "low" or "noble". Symbols, heroes, rituals, and values Cultural differences manifest themselves in several ways - symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. The ‘onion diagram’: Manifestations...
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